Table 1.
Personal, anthropometric, and socioeconomic data by gender and age group in the Spanish Pediatric Population (EsNuPI) study. Adapted from [30].
| Spanish Reference Cohort (SRS) | Adapted Milk Consumers Cohort (AMS) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | Boys | Girls | Total | Boys | Girls | ||
| Total population, n (%) | n | 707 (48.8%) |
357 (50.5%) |
350 (49.5) |
741 (51.2%) |
371 (50.1%) |
370 (49.9%) |
| Age group, n (%) |
1 to <3 years | 162 (22.9%) |
84 (23.5%) |
78 (22.3%) |
294 (39.7%) |
144 (38.8%) |
150 (40.5%) |
| 3 to <6 years | 244 (34.5%) |
122 (34.2%) |
122 (34.9%) |
262 (35.4%) |
128 (34.5%) |
134 (36.2%) |
|
| 6 to <10 years | 301 (42.6%) |
151 (42.3%) |
150 (42.9%) |
185 (25%) |
99 (26.7%) |
86 (23.2%) |
|
| Anthropometric characteristics, median (interquartile range) | Weight (kg) | 19.0 (14.6–26.0) |
19.0 (15.0–26.6) |
19.0 (14.0–26.0) |
15.0 *** (12.0–20.0) |
16.0 *** (12.0–22.0) |
15.0 *** (12.0–20.0) |
| Height (cm) | 110.0 (95.0–126.0) |
110.0 (95.0–127.0) |
110.0 (94.0–126.0) |
98.0 *** (86.0–115.0) |
98.0 *** (87.0–118.0) |
98.0 *** (95.0–110.0) |
|
| BMI (kg/m2) | 16.5 (15.2–18.0) |
16.5 (15.3–18.0) |
16.5 (15.1–18.0) |
16.3 (15.1–18.0) |
16.4 (15.3–17.9) |
16.3 (14.9–18.0) |
|
| Z-BMI/Age | 0.6 (−0.3–1.5) |
0.6 (−0.3–1.5) |
0.6 (−0.3–1.4) |
0.5 (−0.3–1.4) |
0.45 (−0.3–1.4) |
0.5 (−0.3–1.4) |
|
| Z-Weight/Age | 0.5 (−0.3–1.2) |
0.4 (−0.4–1.2) |
0.6 (−0.3–1.3) |
0.6 (−0.3–1.4) |
0.6 (−0.1–1.4) |
0.5 (−0.3–1.4) |
|
| Z-Height/Age | −0.3 (−1.2–0.9) |
−0.2 (−1.1–1.0) |
−0.4 (−1.3–0.7) |
−0.4 ** (−1.4–0.6) |
−0.4 ** (−1.4–0.6) |
−0.4 (−1.5–0.6) |
|
| Physical Activity Level (PAL), median (interquartile range) |
1 to <3 years | 1.6 (1.3–1.8) |
1.6 (1.4–1.8) |
1.5 (1.3–1.8) |
1.5 (1.3–1.7) |
1.5 (1.3–1.8) |
1.5 (1.3–1.7) |
| 3 to <6 years | 1.6 (1.4–1.7) |
1.6 (1.4–1.7) |
1.5 (1.4–1.7) |
1.5 (1.4–1.7) |
1.5 (1.4–1.7) |
1.5 (1.4–1.7) |
|
| 6 to <10 years | 1.6 (1.4–1.7) |
1.6 (1.4–1.8) |
1.6 (1.5–1.7) |
1.6 (1.5–1.7) |
1.6 (1.5–1.8) |
1.6 (1.5–1.7) |
|
| Size of the municipality, n (%) |
50.001 a 300.000 people | 376 (53.2%) |
193 (54.1%) |
183 (52.3%) |
406 (54.8%) |
204 (55.0%) |
202 (54.6%) |
| >300.000 inhabitants | 331 (46.8%) |
164 (45.9%) |
167 (47.7%) |
335 (45.2%) |
167 (45.0%) |
168 (45.4%) |
|
| Highest level of education achieved by one of the parents, n (%) |
≤10 years of education | 23 (3.3%) |
10 (2.9%) |
13 (3.8%) |
14 (1.9%) |
7 (1.9%) |
7 (1.9%) |
| Secondary education | 416 (60.5%) |
219 (62.9%) |
197 (57.9%) |
414 (57.0%) |
208 (57.5%) |
206 (56.6%) |
|
| University studies | 249 (36.2%) |
119 (34.2%) |
130 (38.2%) |
298 (41.0%) |
147 (40.6%) |
151 (41.5%) |
|
| Income Level (€/month), n (%) |
Low (<1500 €) |
171 (24.2%) |
79 (22.1%) |
92 (26.3%) |
163 (22.0%) |
84 (22.6%) |
79 (21.4%) |
| Medium (1501 to 2000 €) |
126 (17.8%) |
67 (18.8) |
59 (16.9%) |
134 (18.1%) |
64 (17.3%) |
70 (18.9%) |
|
| High (>2000 €) |
226 (32.0%) |
123 (34.5%) |
103 (29.4%) |
238 (32.1%) |
110 (29.6%) |
128 (34.6) |
|
| No answer/Does not know | 184 (26.0%) |
88 (24.6%) |
96 (27.4%) |
206 (27.8%) |
113 (30.5%) |
93 (25.1%) |
|
| Number of feeding bottles or glasses of milk per day, n (%) | Less than 2 | 222 (32.9%) |
110 (32.0%) |
115 (33.8%) |
178 (24.1%) |
92 (24.9%) |
86 (23.3%) |
| 2 or more | 459 (67.1%) |
234 (68.0%) |
225 (66.2%) |
561 (75.9%) |
278 (75.1%) |
283 (76.7%) |
|
BMI: Body Mass Index; PAL: Physical Activity Level. The PAL was calculated for individual and group level according to the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) protocol to assess misreporting [22]. Values are presented as median (interquartile range) or percentage per group. ** p < 0.01 difference vs. reference cohort (Mann-Whitney’s U test). *** p < 0.001 difference vs. reference cohort (Mann-Whitney’s U test).