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Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment logoLink to Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment
. 2020 Oct 28;16:2519–2528. doi: 10.2147/NDT.S270614

LncRNA MEG3 Reduces Hippocampal Neuron Apoptosis via the PI3K/AKT/mTOR Pathway in a Rat Model of Temporal Lobe Epilepsy

Hongyan Zhang 1, Jiuyun Tao 2, ShuXia Zhang 3, XinXin Lv 4,✉
PMCID: PMC7604460  PMID: 33149593

Abstract

Purpose

Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is a common neurological disorder, which is characterized by recurrent spontaneous seizures. Exploring the mechanisms of epileptogenesis has been considered as a priority. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of LncRNA MEG3 in spontaneous recurrent epileptiform discharges (SREDs) and rats with TLE.

Methods

Rat model of TLE was produced by intraperitoneal injection of lithium chloride and pilocarpine. Rat hippocampal neuronal model of SREDs was established by Mg2+-free treatment. MEG3 was overexpressed by transfection of AAV-MEG3 in TLE and SREDs model. The expression of MEG3, interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and recombinant human tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) was detected by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Malondialdehyde (MDA) content and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were detected by corresponding kit. The apoptosis of hippocampal neurons was detected by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase transfer‑mediated dUTP nick end‑labeling (TUNEL) assay and flow cytometry. The expression of proteins related to apoptosis (Caspase-3, Bax, and Bcl-2) and the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway was detected by Western blot.

Results

MEG3 expression was downregulated in SREDs and rats with TLE. Overexpression of MEG3 reduced the expression of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, MDA content, apoptosis rate of hippocampal neuron, increased SOD activity, and inhibited the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in rats with TLE. In addition, overexpression of MEG3 enhanced cell viability and inhibited apoptosis through the activation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in SREDs.

Conclusion

MEG3 reduced proinflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress, and apoptosis rate of hippocampal neuron and enhanced cell viability through the activation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in SREDs and rats with TLE. Our findings may contribute to find a new therapeutic target for the treatment of epilepsy.

Keywords: LncRNA MEG3, temporal lobe epilepsy, PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, apoptosis, inflammatory cytokines

Introduction

Epilepsy is a common neurological disease, affecting more than 50 million people worldwide.1 Its clinical feature is a sudden abnormal discharge of neurons that leads to short-term nerve dysfunction and behavior abnormalities including awareness, sensation, and movement disorders.2,3 Epidemiological data show that the incidence of epilepsy in the elderly is high, and its etiology is complex and diverse. Approximately 25% of patients with epilepsy are refractory temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), and the effects of various antiepileptic drugs are not satisfactory.4 Moreover, long-term administration may make patients more vulnerable to a range of serious adverse reactions such as damage to the hematopoietic system, severe dysfunction of the liver or worsening cognitive dysfunction.5 Therefore, exploring the mechanisms and finding a novel therapeutic approach for epilepsy are of great priority.

Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) is a kind of non-coding RNA (ncRNA) with a length greater than 200nt, and it does not have the ability to encode proteins.6 In recent years, studies have found that lncRNA can participate in the regulation of gene expression and plays a role in some molecular processes such as transcriptional activity, mRNA stability, and mRNA translation.7 Furthermore, some studies have indicated that lncRNAs are specifically expressed in the brain tissue and involved in nervous system diseases, including cerebral infarction, gliomas, and epilepsy.8–10 Maternally expressed gene 3, also known as MEG3, is a well-known tumor suppressor gene. Overexpression of MEG3 can inhibit proliferation and promote apoptosis in U251 and U87 cells (human glioma cell lines).11 However, the biological role of MEG3 in the occurrence and progression of epilepsy remains unknown.

At present, most scholars believe that the pathogenesis of epilepsy is related to the changes in ion channels, immunity, neurotransmitters, glial cells, and the abnormal discharge of neurons.12 Many studies have indicated that multiple signaling pathways may be related to epilepsy, including PI3K/AKT/mTOR, Notch, and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways.13–15 Viscomi et al have found that CB2R protects neuron axons from damage by regulating the PI3K/AKT pathway.16 We speculated that MEG3 may participate in disease progression through this pathway. However, there is no evidence to prove this mechanism.

In this study, we investigated the effects of MEG3 on proinflammatory cytokines, apoptosis of hippocampal neurons, oxidative stress, and the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in a rat model of TLE. More importantly, the regulation of this pathway was investigated in the spontaneous recurrent epileptiform discharges (SREDs) model. The results of our study may provide a new direction and target for the treatment of TLE.

Materials and Methods

Experimental Animals

Male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats (6–8 weeks, 180 ± 220 g, from Shandong Experimental Animal Research Center in Jinan, Shandong, China) were used in this study. All animals were housed in a room (23°C±2°C, 12 h light/dark cycle) and had free access to food and water. All experiments were approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Animal Center of Jining First People’s Hospital and complied with the National Institute of Health Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals.

Establishment of TLE Model

The rats were randomly divided into Control (n = 10), Sham (n = 10) and TLE groups (n = 50). TLE model was produced by intraperitoneal injection of lithium chloride (LiCl, 125 mg/kg; Sigma-Aldrich, Merck KgaA, Darmstadt, Germany) followed by intraperitoneal injection of pilocarpine (20 mg/kg, 18–20 h later; Sigma-Aldrich). After the first injection of pilocarpine for 30 min, the behavior of rats was observed and graded according to Racine criteria, wherein successful modeling is achieved for a score of 4–5.17 If no epileptic seizures were observed, 10 mg/kg pilocarpine administration was repeated every 30 min until reaching Racine IV–V grade. Similarly, pilocarpine injection was administered for a maximum of six times. After continuous epileptic activity for 30 min, rats received diazepam (10 mg/kg; intraperitoneal injection; Shharvest, Shanghai, China) to inhibit epilepsy activity. Rats in the Sham group were intraperitoneally injected with the same volume of 0.9% saline (125 mg/kg; Shharvest), and the other operations were the same as TLE group. After modeling for 28 days, all rats were euthanized using pentobarbital sodium (30 mg/kg, Sigma-Aldrich) anesthesia, and the hippocampus was collected, fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde or frozen in liquid nitrogen until further tests. Meanwhile, rats in the Control group did not receive any treatment.

MEG3 Overexpression Experiments

Rats in TLE group were randomly divided into TLE (n = 10), TLE + NC (n = 10) and TLE + MEG3 group (n = 10). The AAV9 vectors carrying MEG3 (AAV9-MEG3) and empty adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector (AAV-NC) were constructed by Shanghai Genechem Co., LTD. (Shanghai, China). After modeling for 2 h, the right dorsal hippocampus (3.12 mm posterior to the bregma, 3.0 mm lateral to the midline and 3.4 mm ventral to the bregma) and ventral hippocampus (5.04 mm posterior to the bregma, 5.0 mm lateral to the midline, and 6.4 mm ventral to the bregma) of rats in TLE + NC and TLE + MEG3 group received 6 μL corresponding AAV vector (3 μL at each location in the dorsal-ventral plane) through a microsyringe (Legato 130, KD Scientific, USA) at a speed of 0.2 μL/min. After injection, the pipette stayed in place for 5 min to prevent backflow of viral particles.

Reverse Transcription-Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-qPCR)

TRIzol reagent (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA) was used to extract the total RNA from cells and hippocampus tissues of rats. The RevertAid First Strand cDNA synthesis kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific) was used to synthesize cDNA. qPCR was performed with SuperReal PreMix Plus (SYBR Green, TIANGEN) on ABI Mx3000P qPCR system (Stratagene; Agilent Technologies, Inc., Santa Clara, CA, USA) at 95°C for 30 s, 95°C for 15 s and 60°C for 30 s for a total of 40 cycles. The primer sequences (Sangon Biotech Co. Ltd, Shanghai, China) of RT-qPCR are shown in Table 1. Relative mRNA expression was normalized to GAPDH using the 2−ΔΔCt method.

Table 1.

The Sequences of Primers

Primers Sequences (5ʹ-3ʹ)
MEG3-F CTGCCCATCTACACCTCACG
MEG3-R CTCTCCGCCGTCTGCGCTAGGGGCT
IL-1β-F ACAAGGAGAGACAAGCAACGACAA
IL-1β-R TTTCCATCTTCTTCTTTGGGTATTG
IL-6-F AGACTTCACAGAGGA TACCACCCAC
IL-6-R CAATCAGAATTGCCATTGCACAA
TNF-α-F GCCACCACGCTCTTCTGTC
TNF-α-R GCTACGGGCTTGTCACTCG
GAPDH-F GTCAACGGATTTGGTCTGTATT
GAPDH-R AGTCTTCTGGGTGGCAGTGAT
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Detection of MDA Content and SOD Activity

The hippocampus tissue was homogenized in ice-cold 0.9% normal saline. After centrifugation (2500 × g, 4°C, 20 min), the supernatant was used to measure the activity of MDA and SOD using the malondialdehyde (MDA) kit and superoxide dismutase (SOD) kit (Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Research Institute, Nanjing, China) according to the manufacturer’s protocols.

Terminal Deoxynucleotidyl Transferase Transfer‑Mediated dUTP Nick End‑labeling (TUNEL) Assay

Apoptosis of hippocampal neurons was detected by the in situ cell death detection kit (Roche, Palo Alto, CA). After dehydration, the hippocampus tissue was sliced into sections (5 μm), incubated with a TUNEL reaction mixture for 1 h at 37°C in the dark. Next, the sections were stained with 0.1 μg/mL DAPI (Roche). Finally, the images of CA1 regions were taken under a fluorescence microscope (Olympus, Japan). The apoptotic rate was calculated as follows: number of TUNEL-positive cells/number of total cells × 100%.

Western Blot Analysis

Radio-immunoprecipitation assay buffer (Shanghai Beyotime Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China) was used to extract total protein from cells and the hippocampus tissue. Butyleyanoacrylate (BCA) method was used to detect the concentration of proteins. These were separated via 10% sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) for 2.5 h and transferred to polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes (Millipore Corp, Massachusetts, Italy). The membranes were blocked with TBST containing 5% skim milk for 1 h at room temperature. Next, the membranes were incubated with primary antibodies (Caspase-3, 14220; Bax, 14796; PI3K, 4249; AKT, 4691; p-AKT, 4060; mTOR, 2983; p-mTOR, 5536; GAPDH (control), 5174; 1:1000, Cell Signaling Technology, USA. Bcl-2, ab196495, 1:1000, Abcam, USA) overnight at 4°C. The membranes were incubated with secondary antibody (1:5000, Santa Cruz, CA, USA) for 1 h at room temperature. The bands were illuminated by chemiluminescence reagents (ECL, Thermo Scientific) and analyzed via Quantity One software (BioRad, USA).

Establishment of Hippocampal Neuronal SREDs Model and Grouping

The hippocampal neurons of SD rats were cultured within 24 h after birth. On the 7th day of culture, the hippocampal neurons were divided into Control, SREDs, SREDs+NC, SREDs+MEG3 and SREDs+MEG3+LY294002 groups. The Control group was replaced with the normal cell culture medium for 3 h and then exchanged for maintenance medium. The SREDs group was replaced with the Mg2+-free medium for 3 h and then exchanged for maintenance medium. The hippocampal neurons in SREDs+NC group were incubated with Mg2+-free medium for 3 h, exchanged for maintenance medium, and then transfected with AAV-NC. The hippocampal neurons in SREDs+MEG3 group were incubated with Mg2+-free medium for 3 h, exchanged for maintenance medium, and then transfected with AAV-MEG3. The hippocampal neurons in SREDs+MEG3+LY294002 group were incubated with maintenance medium containing 1 μmoL/L LY294002 (PI3K inhibitor, Sigma) for 24 h, incubated with Mg2+-free medium for 3 h, and then transfected with AAV-MEG3. After transfection for 48 h, the hippocampal neurons were collected for further experiments.

Cell Viability Assay

Cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8, Dojindo Laboratories, Japan) was used to measure cell viability. After transfection for 48 h, the cells were incubated with 10 μL CCK8 solution for 2 h at 37°C. Subsequently, Multiskan MK-3 (Thermo Fisher) was used to measure the absorbance at 450 nm. Cell viability was expressed as percentages of the control values.

Flow Cytometry Assay

After transfection for 48 h, the cells were harvested and resuspended in 1×Annexin V binding buffer (500 μL). Next, the cells were incubated with Annexin V-FITC (5 μL) and propidium iodide (5 μL) for 15 min at room temperature without light. Finally, the apoptosis ratio was analyzed using FACScan flow cytometry (BD Biosciences).

Statistical Analysis

All experimental data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD) using Graphpad prism software for statistical analysis. Statistical significance was analyzed by one-way analysis of variance with Tukey’s post hoc test among multiple groups, and the samples were normally distributed. Results showed that the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05).

Results

Downregulation of LncRNA MEG3, Upregulation of Proinflammatory Cytokine and Increase Oxidative Stress in Rats with TLE

In this study, TLE model was produced by intraperitoneal injection of lithium chloride and pilocarpine. As shown in Figure 1A, the Racine score of TLE group was higher than that of Control and Sham group (P < 0.01), and the TLE group reached Racine IV–V grade on the 20th day. To explore the effects of MEG3 on TLE, RT-qPCR was used to detect MEG3 expression in the hippocampus of the Control, Sham, and TLE groups. Results showed that MEG3 expression in the hippocampus of TLE group was downregulated (P < 0.01, Figure 1B). We also detected the mRNA expression of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α) by RT-qPCR. As shown in Figure 1C–E, the mRNA expression of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in the hippocampus of TLE group was upregulated (P < 0.01). In addition, MDA content in this group was higher than that in the Control, Sham groups (P<0.01, Figure 1F), while SOD activity was decreased (P<0.01, Figure 1G).

Figure 1.

Figure 1

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Downregulation of LncRNA MEG3, upregulation of proinflammatory cytokine and increase oxidative stress in rats with TLE. (A) The Racine score of Control, Sham and TLE groups. (B and E) RT-qPCR was used to detect the mRNA expression of MEG3 (B), IL-1β (C), IL-6 (D) and TNF-α (E) in the hippocampus of Control, Sham and TLE groups. (F) Malondialdehyde (MDA) content in the hippocampus of Control, Sham and TLE groups. (G) Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in the hippocampus of Control, Sham and TLE groups. **P < 0.01 vs Control and Sham groups.

The Apoptosis of the Hippocampal Neurons is Increased and the PI3K/AKT/mTOR Pathway is Inhibited in Rats with TLE

The apoptosis of hippocampal neurons was detected using the TUNEL assay. Results suggested that epilepsy modeling resulted in a greater apoptosis of hippocampal neurons in the CA1 region than that in the Control and Sham groups (P<0.01, Figure 2A). Moreover, we examined the expression of proteins related to apoptosis (Caspase-3, Bax, and Bcl-2) using Western blot. In Figure 2B, epilepsy modeling increased the protein expression of Caspase-3 and Bax, as well as decreased the protein expression of Bcl-2 in the hippocampus tissue of rats (P<0.01). We analyzed the expression of proteins related to the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway using Western blot to investigate whether the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway participates in the occurrence and progression of epilepsy. In Figure 2C, epilepsy modeling reduced the protein expression of PI3K, p-AKT/AKT, and p-mTOR/mTOR in the hippocampus tissue of rats (P<0.01).

Figure 2.

Figure 2

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The apoptosis of the hippocampal neurons was increased and the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway was inhibited in rats with TLE. (A) The apoptosis of hippocampal neurons was detected using the TUNEL assay. (B) The expression of proteins related to apoptosis (Caspase-3, Bax and Bcl-2) was detected using Western blot. (C) The expression of proteins related to the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway was detected using Western blot. **P < 0.01 vs Control and Sham groups.

LncRNA MEG3 Ameliorates Progression of Epilepsy and Activates the PI3K/AKT/mTOR Pathway

In this study, we found that epilepsy modeling reduced MEG3 expression. Therefore, we applied an AAV delivery system to the overexpression of MEG3 and investigated the role of MEG3 in rats with TLE. In Figure 3A, the transfection of AAV-MEG3 increased MEG3 expression in the hippocampus (P<0.01), indicating the success of the transfection. Next, the mRNA expression of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α) in the hippocampus was detected by RT-qPCR. Results showed that overexpression of MEG3 reduced the mRNA expression of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in the hippocampus when compared with that in the TLE and TLE+NC groups (P<0.01, Figure 3B–D). We also examined the levels of oxidative stress markers (MDA and SOD). This revealed that overexpression of MEG3 decreased MDA content and increased SOD activity (P<0.01, Figure 3E and F). Furthermore, overexpression of MEG3 decreased the apoptosis of hippocampal neurons in CA1 region (P<0.01, Figure 3G). Meanwhile, overexpression of MEG3 decreased the protein expression of Caspase-3 and Bax and increased the protein expression of Bcl-2 in the hippocampus tissue of rats (P<0.01, Figure 3H). In addition, the protein expression of PI3K, p-AKT/AKT, and p-mTOR/mTOR in the hippocampus tissue of rats was elevated (P<0.01, Figure 3I).

Figure 3.

Figure 3

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LncRNA MEG3 ameliorated progression of epilepsy and activated the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. (A) RT-qPCR was used to detect the mRNA expression of MEG3 in the hippocampus tissue of rats. (B–D) RT-qPCR was used to detect the mRNA expression of IL-1β (B), IL-6 (C) and TNF-α (D) in the hippocampus tissue of rats. (E) Malondialdehyde (MDA) content in the hippocampus tissue of rats. (F) Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in the hippocampus tissue of rats. (G) The apoptosis of hippocampal neurons was detected using TUNEL assay. (H) The expression of proteins related to apoptosis (Caspase-3, Bax and Bcl-2) was detected using Western blot. (I) The expression of proteins related to the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway was detected using Western blot. **P < 0.01 vs TLE and TLE+NC group.

LncRNA MEG3 Enhances Cell Viability, Inhibits Apoptosis and Activates the PI3K/AKT/mTOR Pathway in SREDs

To further assess the biological role of MEG3 in hippocampal neurons, we established a rat hippocampal neuronal model of SREDs by Mg2+-free treatment and transfected with AAV-MEG3 to increase MEG3 expression. As shown in Figure 4A, MEG3 expressions in SREDs, SREDs+NC, and SREDs+MEG3 groups were lower than that of the Control group (P<0.01), while the transfection of AAV-MEG3 increased MEG3 expression (P<0.01). CCK-8 assay was used to measure hippocampal neurons viability. Results revealed that cell viabilities in SREDs, SREDs+NC, and SREDs+MEG3 groups were lower than those in the Control group (P<0.01), but overexpression of MEG3 enhanced cell viability when compared with that in the SREDs and SREDs+NC groups (P<0.01, Figure 4B). We also detected apoptosis of hippocampal neurons by flow cytometry. This suggested that apoptosis rates in SREDs, SREDs+NC, and SREDs+MEG3 groups were higher than that of the Control group (P<0.05), but overexpression of MEG3 reduced apoptosis rate (P<0.05, Figure 4C). Meanwhile, protein expressions of Caspase-3 and Bax in SREDs, SREDs+NC, and SREDs+MEG3 groups were greater than that in the Control group (P<0.05). Similarly, Bcl-2 protein expression was decreased, but overexpression of MEG3 reduced the protein expression of Caspase-3 and Bax and increased Bcl-2 protein expression (P<0.01, Figure 4D). In addition, the expression of proteins related to the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway was detected using Western blot. In Figure 4E, protein expressions of PI3K, p-AKT/AKT, and p-mTOR/mTOR in SREDs, SREDs+NC, and SREDs+MEG3 groups were less than that in the Control group (P<0.01), while overexpression of MEG3 increased the protein expression of PI3K, p-AKT/AKT, and p-mTOR/mTOR (P<0.01).

Figure 4.

Figure 4

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LncRNA MEG3 enhanced cell viability, inhibited apoptosis and activated the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in SREDs. (A) RT-qPCR was used to detect the mRNA expression of MEG3 in the hippocampal neurons. (B) CCK-8 assay was used to measure hippocampal neurons viability. (C) Apoptosis of hippocampal neurons was detected using flow cytometry. (D) The expression of proteins related to apoptosis (Caspase-3, Bax and Bcl-2) in the hippocampal neurons was detected using Western blot. (E) The expression of proteins related to the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in the hippocampal neurons was detected using Western blot. *P < 0.05 and **P < 0.01 vs Control group, #P < 0.05 and ##P < 0.01 vs SREDs and SREDs+NC groups.

LncRNA MEG3 Enhances Cell Viability and Inhibits Apoptosis and Through the Activation the PI3K/AKT/mTOR Pathway in SREDs

To further confirm whether MEG3 and the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway interacted in the hippocampus and caused the occurrence and progression of epilepsy, PI3K inhibitor (LY294002) was used to treat the AAV-MEG3 transfected SREDs. In Figure 5A, protein expressions of PI3K, p-AKT/AKT, and p-mTOR/mTOR in SREDs+MEG3+ LY294002 group were lower than that in the SREDs+MEG3 group (P<0.01). This indicated that LY294002 reversed the promotion of PI3K, p-AKT/AKT, and p-mTOR/mTOR expression caused by overexpression of MEG3. Nonetheless, we detected the influences of LY294002 on hippocampal neurons viability and apoptosis. In Figure 5B and C, the addition of LY294002 reversed the MEG3-induced promotion on cell viability and inhibition on cell apoptosis (P<0.05), which suggested that the LncRNA MEG3 enhanced cell viability and inhibited apoptosis through activation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in SREDs.

Figure 5.

Figure 5

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LncRNA MEG3 enhanced cell viability and inhibited apoptosis and through the activation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in SREDs. (A) The expression of proteins related to the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in the hippocampal neurons was detected using Western blot. (B) CCK-8 assay was used to measure hippocampal neurons viability. (C) Apoptosis of hippocampal neurons was detected using flow cytometry. *P < 0.05 and **P < 0.01 vs SREDs group, #P < 0.05 and ##P < 0.01 vs SREDs+MEG3 group.

Discussion

The occurrence of epilepsy is closely related to hippocampus dysfunction.18 Hippocampal neurons cells are activated to form pathological neural signals, generate electrical signals and spread to the edge, and then induce epilepsy symptoms.19 There are many studies on the function of MEG3 in tumorigenesis. Moreover, recent studies have found that MEG3 is also implicated in nervous system diseases such as cerebral infarction, gliomas, and Huntington’s disease.20–22 However, the biological role of MEG3 in epilepsy remains unclear. In this study, we established TLE model in rats by intraperitoneal injection of lithium chloride and pilocarpine. It was found that MEG3 expression was downregulated after modeling. Additionally, TLE modeling increased oxidative stress, expression of proinflammatory cytokine, and hippocampal neuronal apoptosis, which are typical during epilepsy.

LncRNA does not only regulate the gene expression of the physiological process and signal pathway in the nervous system but also regulate the expression of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines.23 Vezzani et al have found that the expression of proinflammatory cytokines in glia of seizures is significantly increased in various experimental models.24 This suggested that the inflammatory response plays a very important role in the occurrence and development of epilepsy. In this study, we found that epilepsy modeling increased the expression of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in the hippocampus. Moreover, overexpression of MEG3 reduced the expression of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in the hippocampus of rats with TLE. These findings indicated that MEG3 had the function of inhibiting inflammation in rats with TLE.

Further studies have shown that a large number of free radicals and lipid peroxidation during metabolism are involved in the pathological process of epilepsy.25,26 MDA, which is an important free radical in the body, is considered to be a representative intermediate product of lipid peroxidation. This can also lead to dysfunction of cell metabolism and epilepsy.27 SOD, which is an important scavenger of free radical in the body, is also the key enzyme to scavenge MDA, which indirectly reflects the ability to scavenge oxygen-free radicals.28 Therefore, the detection of SOD activity and MDA content in the body can determine the degree of epilepsy nerve cell damage. In our study, it was found that epilepsy modeling increased MDA content and decreased SOD activity. In addition, overexpression of MEG3 reduced MDA content and increased SOD activity in the hippocampus of rats with TLE. These results suggested that MEG3 decreased oxidative stress in rats with TLE.

It is well known that both the onset and the persistent state of epilepsy can lead to neuronal damage. As such, apoptosis is an important cause of this damage.29,30 The occurrence of apoptosis is regulated by many genes (miRNA, Bcl-2, and Bax).13,31 The abnormal expression of apoptosis-associated genes is widely reported in TLE tissue and models. For example, Han et al have found that the protein expression of Caspase-3 is increased and Bcl-2 expression is decreased in KA-induced epileptic rats.32 In our study, we found that the apoptosis rate of hippocampal neuron was higher in rats with TLE and SREDs; meanwhile, the protein expression of Caspase-3 and Bax was upregulated and the protein expression of Bcl-2 was downregulated. Furthermore, we also demonstrated that overexpression of MEG3 decreased the apoptosis rate of the hippocampal neuron and protein expression of Caspase-3 and Bax and increased the protein expression of Bcl-2 in rats with TLE and SREDs. The results showed that MEG3 inhibited apoptosis rate of hippocampal neuron.

In previous studies, the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway has been found to play an important role in nervous system diseases such as Parkinson’s disease, neurodegenerative disease, and neuroblastoma.33–35 The PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway is widely present in nerve cells and regulates the biological functions of nerve cell proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation, and metabolism.36,37 Duan et al have found that miRNA-155 promotes the occurrence of epilepsy through the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway.13 Lu et al have reported that GLYX-13 relieves depressive-like behaviors in mice undergoing the forced swim test and upregulates the expression of phosphorylation of AKT and mTOR, while LY294002 abolished the antidepressant-like effects of GLYX-13.38 In this study, we found that overexpression of MEG3 increased the protein expression of PI3K, p-AKT/AKT, and p-mTOR/mTOR in rats with TLE and SREDs. Furthermore, the addition of PI3K inhibitor (LY294002) reversed the promotion of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and cell viability, as well as inhibition of cell apoptosis caused by overexpression of MEG3 in SREDs. These findings suggested that MEG3 enhanced cell viability and inhibited apoptosis through the activation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in TLE.

However, there are still some limitations in our study. We did not detect the role of MEG3 in the other areas of the hippocampus associated with epilepsy (CA2, CA3, dentate gyrus), which might weaken our conclusion. In addition, the role of MEG3 on TLE rats at different time points should be studied. Therefore, further studies are required.

Conclusion

MEG3 expression was downregulated in SREDs and rats with TLE. Overexpression of MEG3 reduced proinflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress, and apoptosis rate of hippocampal neurons and inhibited the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in rats with TLE. In addition, MEG3 enhanced cell viability and inhibited apoptosis through the activation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in SREDs. Our findings may contribute in developing a new therapeutic target for the treatment of epilepsy.

Funding Statement

There is no funding to report.

Data Sharing Statement

All data of this manuscript used to support the findings of this study may be released upon application to the correspondence author.

Statement of Ethics

This study was authorized by the ethical committee of Jining First People’s Hospital and complied with the National Institute of Health Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals.

Disclosure

The authors indicate no potential conflicts of interest.

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