Abstract
Background
Programmed death‐ligand 1 (PD‐L1) is one of the immune checkpoint proteins, and plays an important role in the progression and microenvironment of cancer. PD‐L1 expression has been associated with poor survival in many cancers. Several studies have also shown an association between PD‐L1 expression and the prognosis of patients with thymic epithelial tumors (TETs). In this study, we systematically evaluated the prognostic and clinicopathological roles of PD‐L1 expression in TETs.
Methods
We searched the literature through PubMed, Embase and Cochrane library and chose the eligible studies, and subsequently performed a meta‐analysis to evaluate the prognostic and clinicopathological roles of PD‐L1 expression in TETs.
Results
Six of the 75 articles found in the literature were selected. PD‐L1 expression was significantly related to unfavorable overall survival (hazard ratio 1.52, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.01–2.30, P = 0.046) in TETs. PD‐L1 expression was significantly associated with male gender (odds ratio [OR] 1.55, 95% CI: 1.08–2.22, P = 0.017) and higher Masaoka stage (OR 3.93, 95% CI: 2.44–6.32, P < 0.001).
Conclusions
PD‐L1 expression was correlated with unfavorable prognosis in TETs, indicating PD‐L1 expression could help determine the prognosis of TET patients.
Keywords: Meta‐analysis, prognosis, programmed death‐ligand 1, thymic epithelial tumor
Introduction
Thymic epithelial tumors (TETs), including thymoma and thymic carcinoma (TC), are rare malignant tumors that show various morphologic appearances and clinical symptoms. 1 They are the most common mediastinal tumors in adult, with a reported incidence of 0.05 per 100 000 person‐years. 2 Complete resection is the first choice of treatment for TETs; however approximately 10%–30% of patients with TETs experience recurrence after surgery. 1 , 3 Various treatments have been tried in patients where surgery is not an option or in whom there has been disease recurrence, but the clinical outcomes are inconclusive. 3
Programmed death‐ligand 1 (PD‐L1) is one of the immune checkpoint proteins, and plays important roles in the progression and microenvironment of the cancer. 4 Clinical trials have shown favorable results of PD‐L1 targeting immunotherapy in some malignancies. 5 Recently, several studies of anti‐PD‐L1 therapy for TETs have found that about a quarter of the patients had a good response. 1
PD‐L1 expression has been associated with poor survival in many cancers, including lung, pancreatic, esophageal, breast, ovarian, bladder, renal cancers and hematologic malignancies. 6 Several studies have also shown an association between PD‐L1 expression and prognosis of patients diagnosed with TETs. 1 , 3 , 4 , 7 , 8 , 9 However, the association of PD‐L1 expression with the prognosis of TETs has not yet been systematically analyzed.
Therefore, we performed a comprehensive meta‐analysis to explore the prognostic and clinicopathological roles of PD‐L1 expression in TETs.
Methods
Search strategy
We searched the literature through PubMed, Embase and Cochrane library and chose eligible studies to include in the analysis. The search was conducted until 1 May 2020 using the following keywords: PD‐L1 or programmed death‐ligand 1; and thymic carcinoma or thymic epithelial tumor; and prognostic or predict or prognosis; or survival or outcome. This was accompanied by a manual search.
Inclusion and exclusion criteria
The analysis included studies satisfying the following conditions: (i) A study showing the correlation of PD‐L1 expression with prognosis in human TETs; and (ii) hazard ratio (HR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) was reported. Articles with inaccurate data, together with conference abstracts and reviews were excluded from the analysis.
Data extraction and quality assessment
We collected basic information reviewing the included articles. Two authors collected basic information individually and reached an agreement if there were any differences in the results. We evaluated the quality of the included articles using the Newcastle‐Ottawa Scale (NOS). The quality assessment was also conducted separately by two authors, and if there were any differences in the results, an agreement was reached.
Statistical analysis
We conducted a meta‐analysis using StataSE12 (Stata, College Station, TX, USA). I2 value was used to determine the degree of heterogeneity among the included studies. We also performed a funnel plot with filled method and Egger test to reveal the publication bias. Sensitivity analysis was performed to confirm the consistency of the pooled results. A P‐value <0.05 was considered as statistically significant.
Results
Basic information of the included studies
Six studies of the 75 articles found in the literature were selected (Fig 1) The basic information of included studies is given in Table 1 and a total of 772 patients with TETs were included. One study included TC, two studies included thymoma, and the other three included both tumors. In all studies, PD‐L1 expression was confirmed through immunohistochemical staining. The quality score of the included studies was 7 to 8 points.
Figure 1.
Flow diagram of study selection.
Table 1.
Basic information of the included studies
| Study | Country | Tumor type | Sample size | Gender (Male/female) | Mean or median age (years) | Masaoka stage | Treatment | Study period | Mean or median follow‐up (months) | Survival outcome | PD‐L1 detection method | Cutoff value of PD‐L1 expression | Survival analysis | NOS |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Funaki et al. (2019)4 | Japan | TC | 43 | 26/10 | NA | I–IV | Surgery and/or induction chemotherapy and/or radiation | 1996–2017 | 51 | DFS | IHC | ≥50% | UVA | 7 |
| Hakiri et al. (2019)7 | Japan | Thymoma | 81 | 41/40 | 61 (25–81) | I–IV | Surgery and/or induction chemotherapy | 2004–2015 | 37 (1–137) | OS, DFS | IHC | >1% | MVA | 8 |
| Song et al. (2019)1 | South Korea | TET | 302 (thymoma) 60 (TC) | 193/169 | 52 (thymoma) 54 (TC) | I–IV | Surgery and neoadjuvant and/or postoperative adjuvant radiation and chemotherapy | 1996–2014 | NA | OS (thymoma) | IHC | ≥50% | MVA | 7 |
| Owen et al. (2018)8 | USA | TET | 32 (thymoma) 3 (TC) | 18/17 | 55 (33–71) | I–IV | Surgery | NA | 74 | OS (TC) | IHC | ≥3 (semi‐quantitative scoring system) | UVA | 7 |
| Wei et al. (2018)3 | Taiwan | TET | 100 (thymoma) 69 (TC) | 62/38 | 52.5 (thymoma) 55 (TC) | I–IV | Surgery and neoadjuvant and/or postoperative adjuvant radiation and/or chemotherapy | 1988–2013 | 78.7 (thymoma) 43 (TC) | OS, PFS (thymoma, TC) | IHC | 3+ 2+ and >50% | MVA | 8 |
| Yokoyama et al. (2016)9 | Japan | Thymoma | 82 | 32/50 | 60.5 (27–82) | I–IV | Surgery and/or radiation and/or chemotherapy | 2000–2013 | 34 (1–144) | DFS | IHC | >38% | MVA | 8 |
DFS, disease‐free survival; IHC, immunohistochemistry; MVA, multivariate analysis; NA, not available; NOS, Newcastle‐Ottawa Scale; OS, overall survival; PD‐L1, programmed death‐ligand 1; PFS, progression‐free survival; TC, thymic carcinoma; TET, thymic epithelial tumor; UVA, univariate analysis.
Association between PD‐L1 expression and overall survival
The analysis of the association between PD‐L1 expression and overall survival (OS) included four studies with 555 TET patients. Hakiri et al. 7 and Song et al. 1 reported the HR in thymoma, Owen et al. 8 in TC, and Wei et al. 3 in both. This analysis was performed to include each HR reported in Wei et al. 3
The pooled HR was evaluated using a fixed effect model (I2 = 24.5%, P = 0.258). The pooled HR was 1.52 (95% CI: 1.01–2.30, P = 0.046), implying there was a relationship between PD‐L1 expression and unfavorable OS in TETs (Fig 2). We also identified that PD‐L1 expression could be an independent prognostic factor for OS in thymoma patients through multivariate analysis (HR 1.89, 95% CI: 1.09–3.28, P = 0.023). Additionally, we conducted subgroup analyses according to tumor type (thymoma vs. TC) and sample size (fewer than 100 vs. more than 100). The results showed that the relationship between PD‐L1 expression and poor OS was still significant in the group with thymoma (HR 1.89, 95% CI: 1.09–3.28, P = 0.023) (Table 2) (Fig 3a). No significant results were obtained in the groups with TC and sample size (Table 2) (Fig 3a,b).
Figure 2.
Forest plot of the association between PD‐L1 expression and overall survival (OS).
Table 2.
Subgroup analysis of the association between PD‐L1 expression and overall survival (OS) in thymic epithelial tumors (TETs)
| Heterogeneity | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Subgroup | Number of studies | Number of patients | Pooled HR (95% CI) | P‐value | I2 (%) | P‐value |
| Tumor type | ||||||
| Thymoma | 3 | 483 | 1.89 (1.09–3.28) | 0.023 | 20.0 | 0.286 |
| Thymic carcinoma | 2 | 72 | 1.14 (0.61–2.15) | 0.680 | 28.5 | 0.237 |
| Sample size | ||||||
| Fewer than 100 | 3 | 153 | 1.37 (0.75–2.48) | 0.302 | 51.9 | 0.125 |
| More than 100 | 2 | 402 | 1.69 (0.95–3.00) | 0.076 | 0.0 | 0.343 |
CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio; PD‐L1, programmed death‐ligand 1.
Figure 3.
Forest plot of the association between PD‐L1 expression and overall survival (OS) stratified by (a) tumor type; and (b) sample size.
Association between PD‐L1 expression and disease‐free survival
The analysis of the association between PD‐L1 expression and disease‐free survival (DFS) or progression‐free survival (PFS) included four studies with 375 TET patients. Hakiri et al. 7 and Yokoyama et al. 9 reported the HR in thymoma, Funaki et al. 4 in TC, and Wei et al. 3 in both. In this meta‐analysis, PFS was regarded as DFS, and the HRs reported by Wei et al. 3 in both types of tumors was included.
The association between PD‐L1 expression and DFS was analyzed as a fixed effect model because of the low heterogeneity between the included studies (I2 = 0.0%, P = 0.771). The pooled HR was 1.36 (95% CI: 0.97–1.92, P = 0.074) (Fig 4). In subgroup analyses according to tumor type (thymoma vs. TC) and sample size (fewer than 80 vs. more than 80), no groups showed significant results (Table 3) (Fig 5a,b).
Figure 4.
Forest plot of the association between PD‐L1 expression and disease‐free survival (DFS).
Table 3.
Subgroup analysis of the association between PD‐L1 expression and disease‐free survival (DFS) in thymic epithelial tumors (TETs)
| Heterogeneity | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Subgroup | Number of studies | Number of patients | Pooled HR (95% CI) | P‐value | I2 (%) | P‐value |
| Tumor type | ||||||
| Thymoma | 3 | 263 | 1.43 (0.93–2.22) | 0.105 | 0.0 | 0.444 |
| Thymic carcinoma | 2 | 112 | 1.26 (0.73–2.18) | 0.404 | 0.0 | 0.816 |
| Sample size | ||||||
| Fewer than 80 | 2 | 112 | 1.26 (0.73–2.18) | 0.404 | 0.0 | 0.816 |
| More than 80 | 3 | 263 | 1.43 (0.93–2.22) | 0.105 | 0.0 | 0.444 |
CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio; PD‐L1, programmed death‐ligand 1.
Figure 5.
Forest plot of the association between PD‐L1 expression and disease‐free survival (DFS) stratified by (a) tumor type; and (b) sample size.
Association between PD‐L1 expression and clinicopathological factors
PD‐L1 expression was significantly associated with male gender (odds ratio [OR] 1.55, 95% CI: 1.08–2.22, P = 0.017) and higher Masaoka stage (OR 3.93, 95% CI: 2.44–6.32, P < 0.001), but not with age, tumor size and grade, and myasthenia gravis (Table 4, Fig 6a–f).
Table 4.
Association between PD‐L1 expression and clinicopathological factors in patients with thymic epithelial tumors (TETs)
| Factor | Number of studies | Number of patients | Pooled OR (95% CI) | P‐value | Heterogeneity | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| I2 (%) | P‐value | Model | |||||
| Age (old vs. young) | 2 | 251 | 1.54 (0.85–2.77) | 0.152 | 0.0 | 0.509 | Fixed |
| Gender (male vs. female) | 3 | 613 | 1.55 (1.08–2.22) | 0.017 | 0.0 | 0.744 | Fixed |
| Tumor size (large vs. small) | 2 | 444 | 0.81 (0.52–1.26) | 0.349 | 5.6 | 0.347 | Fixed |
| Tumor grade * (high vs. low) | 2 | 182 | 7.32 (0.81–65.82) | 0.076 | 82.4 | 0.017 | Random |
| Masaoka stage (III, IV vs. I, II) | 5 | 737 | 3.93 (2.44–6.32) | < 0.001 | 0.0 | 0.465 | Fixed |
| Myasthenia gravis * (present vs. absent) | 3 | 484 | 2.35 (0.86–6.39) | 0.094 | 73.5 | 0.023 | Random |
CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio; PD‐L1, programmed death‐ligand 1.
The analysis included only thymoma.
Figure 6.
Forest plot of the association between PD‐L1 expression and clinicopathological factors. (a) Age; (b) gender; (c) tumor size; (d) tumor grade; (e) Masaoka stage; and (f) myasthenia gravis.
Publication bias
The funnel plots suggested a publication bias, but it was not statistically proven for OS (P = 0.184); and for DFS (P = 0.234) (Fig 7a,b). Thus, a trim‐and‐fill test was conducted. The pooled HR was 1.35 (95% CI: 0.91–2.01, P = 0.153) with two studies filled in for OS, and the result was unchanged for DFS (HR 1.36, 95% CI: 0.97–1.92, P = 0.074) (Fig 8a,b).
Figure 7.
Funnel plot of the association between PD‐L1 expression with (a) overall survival (OS); and (b) disease‐free survival (DFS).
Figure 8.
Trim and fill funnel plot of the association between PD‐L1 expression with (a) overall survival (OS); and (b) disease‐free survival (DFS).
Sensitivity analysis
In the sensitivity analyses, the study by Wei et al. 3 in TC showed a major effect of individual study for OS (HR 1.62, 95% CI: 1.02–2.57), and the study by Yokoyama et al. 9 revealed a great impact for DFS (HR 1.24, 95% CI: 0.79–1.93). Nevertheless, the sensitivity analysis proved that our pooled results had not changed at all, suggesting that our results were reliable and consistent for OS (HR 1.52, 95% CI: 1.01–2.30); and for DFS (HR 1.36, 95% CI: 0.97–1.92) (Fig 9a,b).
Figure 9.
Sensitivity analysis of the association between PD‐L1 expression with (a) overall survival; (OS) (
) Lower CI limit (
) Estimate (
) Upper CI limit and (b) disease‐free survival (DFS). (
) Lower CI limit (
) Estimate (
) Upper CI limit .
Discussion
PD‐L1 is a T cell coinhibitory receptor with a unique biologic function. 10 PD‐L1 negatively regulates T cell‐mediated immune responses and PD‐L1 activation allows cancer cells to escape from the immune system. 11 Thus, blocking PD‐L1 makes effective immunotherapy possible. 11
PD‐L1 is selectively expressed on various cancer and inflammatory cells within the tumor microenvironment. 10 PD‐L1 expression has been demonstrated in many cancers such as breast and ovarian cancers, pancreatic and esophagus adenocarcinoma, kidney and bladder cancers, lung cancers, melanoma, as well as hematologic malignancies, with evidence of associations with clinicopathological factors and prognosis. 6 , 12 Recently, several studies have been reported on the relationship between PD‐L1 expression and prognosis in TETs.
Here, a meta‐analysis was performed for a systematic understanding of the relationship between PD‐L1 expression and prognosis in TETs.
In the analysis of the association between PD‐L1 expression and OS, the results revealed a close correlation between PD‐L1 expression and OS (HR 1.52, 95% CI: 1.01–2.30, P = 0.046), suggesting an association between PD‐L1 expression with unfavorable OS in TETs. Nevertheless, in the subgroup analysis, the results were only statistically significant for thymoma (HR 1.89, 95% CI: 1.09–3.28, P = 0.023), and not for TC.
With respect to the association between PD‐L1 expression and DFS, the results of the analysis suggested a link between PD‐L1 expression and DFS, but were not statistically significant (HR 1.36, 95% CI: 0.97–1.92, P = 0.074).
In addition, PD‐L1 expression was significantly related to male gender (OR 1.55, 95% CI: 1.08–2.22, P = 0.017) and higher Masaoka stage (OR 3.93, 95% CI: 2.44–6.32, P < 0.001).
Despite various efforts, this study had some limitations. First, there were not many studies related to PD‐L1 expression and prognosis, so the number of studies included in our analysis was small. In particular, the fact that it contains very few cases of TC and the failure to fully consider that TC is a separate disease in terms of natural prognosis and treatment especially chemotherapy is considered a major limitation of our research. Second, all the studies included, except one, were published in Asia, which was also a limitation of our study. Finally, the cutoff value of PD‐L1 expression varied slightly from study to study, so this might have affected our results. Since there is no gold standard for cutoff value of PD‐L1 expression so far and each PD‐L1 assay applies a different automated staining system, detection system, and cutoff value to determine PD‐L1 expression, it seems reasonable that studies with various cutoff values of PD‐L1 expression are reported. 13 However, we hope to establish common standards through harmonized studies.
In conclusion, PD‐L1 expression was related to poor prognosis and higher stage in TETs. The results indicated that PD‐L1 expression could help determine the prognosis of TET patients.
Disclosure
No authors report any conflict of interest.
Acknowledgments
The authors received no funding for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
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