Abstract
肥胖是一种全球性的慢性疾病, 严重影响着肥胖个体的身心健康, 给家庭和社会带来沉重的负担。减重手段从传统内科→内镜→外科手术呈梯次发展, 不同人群根据自身需求可以选择不同的减重方式。胃内水球(IGB)是一种内镜下无创的减肥方法, 通过在胃内放置占位性球囊, 实现优于药物治疗的减重效果。本文简述了IGB的发展史, 综述其减重效果及机制, 探讨了适用人群, 强调了IGB联合高强度的术后管理对维持长期减重的重要性以及未来发展趋势, 旨在引导患者理性认识:IGB较高的安全性、减重效果的有限性和对术后管理的依赖性。患者可以根据身体状况、经济条件、心理状态及生活工作性质结合IGB的适应证进行合理选择。在IGB放置后结合高强度的术后管理, 积极干预患者的生活方式和饮食习惯, 才有可能实现长期减重及改善肥胖相关伴发病。
Keywords: 胃内水球, 肥胖, 减重方法
Abstract
Intragastric balloon (IGB) placement under endoscopy is a non-invasive method for weight loss.By placing a space-occupying balloon in the stomach, IGB treatment can achieve better effect of weight loss than medications.Herein we review the development of IGB, its effect on weight loss and the mechanism, and the eligible individuals for IGB treatment.We also examine the high-intensity postoperative management following IGB placement, which is important for maintaining long-term weight loss, and discuss the future development of IGB.The patients should understand that on the basis of ensuring a high safety, the weight-losing effect of IGB can be limited and relies heavily on postoperative management.Patients should make a decision on IGB placement after careful consideration of their own physical, economic, and psychological conditions, lifestyle and the line of work in addition to the indications of IGB.IGB placement combined with high-intensity postoperative management and active interventions of lifestyle and dietary habits help to achieve long-term effect of weight loss and improve obesity-related complications.
Keywords: intragastric balloon, obesity, weight loss methods
肥胖是许多疾病的主要危险因素,近几十年来,肥胖在世界范围内的患病率急剧上升,是造成当代社会经济负担的一个重大健康问题。世界卫生组织最新预测,到2030年全球近60%的人口可能是超重或肥胖[1]。外科手术在减重和改善肥胖相关伴发病被证实是唯一长期有效的方法。然而外科手术的侵入性、安全性及术后远期可能的不良反应使得接受外科手术的患者不足其适应人群的1% [2]。近二十年来欧美国家已逐渐将减肥手段转向内镜治疗,胃内水球(IGB)是美国最广泛用于Ⅰ级和Ⅱ级肥胖患者的内镜无创减肥方法,通过在内镜下胃内放置占位性球囊4~12个月,减少胃容量,增强饱腹感,减少进食从而减轻体质量。本文通过分析IGB的优势与局限,引导患者理性认识和合理选择IGB,强调专业的健康管理团队指导高强度术后管理对IGB放置后维持长期减重的重要意义。
1. IGB的发展史
IGB最早应用于20世纪80年代[3]。1985年美国FDA首个批准的IGB是220毫升空气填充的球囊— Garren-Edwards Gastric Bubble,内镜下放置3个月后移除[4]。因缺乏有效的减重效果和高发的术后严重并发症,如胃穿孔、胃溃疡、小肠梗阻、球囊移位等,导致其最终被撤出市场[5]。为了提高胃水球的耐受性和减重效果,学者们尝试着改变球囊的形状、填充量、填充物的性质、球囊留置时间和放置方式等等。现有多种不同类型的IGB,FDA批准应用的有3种:Orbera intragastric balloon (OIB)、ReShape Duo Balloon System、Obalon Gastric Balloon(表 1)。
1.
FDA批准应用的三种水球参数对照
Comparison of three Intragastric Balloon approved by FDA
Type | Insertion method | Filler | Volume (mL) | Duration (Month) | Weight loss on removal (kg) | Rate of adverse event |
Orbera | Endoscopy | Liquid | 450-700 | 6/12 | 8.7-26.3 | Low |
ReShape | Endoscopy | Liquid | 900 | 6 | 7.3-25.9 | Low |
Obalon | Swallow | Gas | 250-750 | 3-6 | 2.5-12.2 | Very low |
通常IGB放置后前3个月的减重效果最显著,在患者能够耐受和保证球囊不发生破裂移位的基础上,延长球囊放置的时间往往能更好地维持球囊取出后的长期体质量减轻[6],由此学者们研发了新型的可调节球囊— Spatz Adjustable Balloon system,球囊体积的可调节性进一步提高了患者的耐受性和球囊放置时间[7-8]。另外Allurion公司也在研发以吞咽方式进入胃体且可自行排出的Elipse Balloon,该水球设计一个可以完全溶解的内部释放阀,胃内放置4个月后释放阀溶解,球囊内液体得以释放,球囊随粪便一同排出体外[9],这样的IGB简化了操作,方便了患者,减少了就诊次数。
2. IGB的疗效及减重机制
历经三十余年,IGB在欧美积累了丰富的治疗肥胖患者的经验,其短期疗效即水球放置期间的减重效果是明显的。世界卫生组织(WHO)建议的减肥手段是应该减少初始体质量的5%~15%,这样才能有效预防或减少肥胖相关的伴发症。与仅通过生活方式干预产生的1%~5%相比,IGB减少的总体质量百分比(TWL)约6%~15%[10-11],无疑它达到了WHO临床实践的减重要求。
我们通过文献总结,IGB治疗结束时,平均减少体质量在9.5~26.5 kg,平均多余体质量减轻百分比(EWL)和TWL范围分别为19.7%~59%和6%~15.88%[12-18]。另外研究表明IGB植入后前三个月的体质量减轻最迅速,在IGB植入3个月时,肥胖患者的平均体质量减轻为12.9 kg,占减轻总体质量的80% [19]。
除了减重以外,IGB还能改善肥胖相关伴发病,增加体力活动,提高生活质量。IGB通过减少身体脂肪面积和质量,使身体成分产生有利的变化[20],可改善心血管和肝脏代谢指标,比单纯的生活方式干预更有意义[21]。Guedes等[22]也证实在IGB治疗期间,体力活动有显著的改善。多个研究对接受IGB的患者进行生活质量问卷调查,结果都表明,放置IGB后患者各方面的生活质量都得以改善[20, 22-23]。
IGB的减重机制还在探索,有3方面:(1)IGB占据一部分胃容积,减少进食量,同时增加进食后的饱胀感。(2)IGB引起胃体扩张兴奋迷走神经,神经冲动传导至海马和杏仁体产生饱腹感。其机制是通过迷走神经和胃肠道多肽2条途径介导。一条属于中枢性调节,由于球囊刺激胃机械感受器,触发短效迷走神经信号传递到与饱腹感有关的大脑区域[15]。另一条属于外周性调节,胃壁扩张影响神经内分泌作用,改变激素如胆囊收缩素、胰腺多肽等分泌。(3)IGB可以减慢胃内食物排空,降低患者进食欲望。这一机制存有争议,一是不同材质、不同类型的IGB减重机制是否存在差异现在没有定论[10];二是不同IGB对胃排空的影响不一样。有研究表明液体充盈的球囊可以延迟胃排空,而气体充盈的气囊不会明显延迟胃排空[24]。
3. IGB的适应人群
IGB的减重效果达到了世卫组织对于合格减重手段的要求,其安全性奠定了极高的患者接受度和广泛的适应人群。
我们认为以下人群可以选择IGB:
3.1. 青少年肥胖患者,积极推荐
IGB是市场上最安全的减肥方法之一,其风险类似于无痛胃镜检查[10],而且IGB的操作完全遵循了青少年肥胖手术的四大原则:(1)“不伤害”原则;(2)在术后任何时间,已经施行的减肥手术均可以完全逆转;(3)最好不要切除任何器官,或者器官的某一部分,以避免器官功能缺失或者不全;(4)最好不要废用任何器官,或者废用任何器官的一部分,使得器官能够充分发育。
骨质疏松是代谢手术常见的术后并发症,严重影响青少年的术后生活质量,有研究表明,青少年IGB术后两年的骨密度没有发生改变[25],这也佐证了IGB适用于青少年肥胖患者。Reece等[26]的研究表明,IGB作为严重肥胖青少年生活方式干预的辅助手段,可以改善其社会心理健康、体育活动和心肺健康状况等。
3.2. 重要脏器功能障碍不能耐受手术者,积极推荐
已有文献报道接受肾移植的肥胖患者在术前放置IGB减重,能增加肥胖透析肾移植候选患者进行肾移植的安全性[27]。肥胖是充血性心力衰竭(CHF)患者心脏移植的重要限制因素,Patel等[28]报道了2例使用IGB作为桥梁成功治疗Ⅱ级肥胖和终末期CHF患者的案例,Andrew等[29]也报道1例心力衰竭的患者在心脏移植前接受IGB。另外有文献报道需要肝移植的患者术前放置IGB,可以保证患者耐受肝移植手术[30]。
3.3. Ⅰ级、Ⅱ级肥胖和超重患者,推荐
对超重、Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型肥胖患者进行体质量管理是非常必要的,IGB平均总减轻体质量在9.5~26.5 kg,这可以使超重、Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型肥胖患者的体质量回归正常,起到预防和改善肥胖相关伴发病的作用。还有研究证实较低BMI患者IGB的减重效果更好[31]。另外肥胖引起的大脑神经炎症病变先于代谢异常,肥胖患者脑部神经元内的炎症标记物高于正常人,IGB植入后,可以改善神经炎症标记物的表达,从而改善短期记忆、视觉搜索以及持续和分散的注意力等[32]。
3.4. 超级肥胖患者术前使用,推荐
IGB可以作为传统减肥手术的桥梁,术前减少总体质量的10%可以改善心血管疾病,减少总肝脏体积及内脏脂肪,减少手术难度,缩短手术时间,是降低超级肥胖患者手术风险的重要方法;同时可以减少麻醉风险和手术并发症以及获得更好的减重效果[33-34]。再者IGB还可作为“术前试验”,间接检测患者的依从性,预测他们是否适合限制性代谢手术[35]。
4. IGB+高强度的术后管理=长期减重?
IGB放置期间,首先能够实现最初理想的体质量减轻,增加患者减重的信心和继续减肥的动力[36]。其次IGB长期占据胃腔可以改变患者饮食习惯,限制患者的进食量和进食次数,通过进食后的饱胀感,让患者产生餐后的不适感,强制性改变肥胖患者暴饮暴食的习惯,让患者学习缓慢进食和减少进食份量,重塑患者饮食习惯[33],Palmisano等[37]的研究中65%患者表示,放置IGB后他们的饮食习惯得到一定程度的改善,有利于健康饮食习惯的养成。
但体质量反弹是胃内水球的一大弊端。Kotzampassi等[38]追踪了500名患者放置IGB后五年的随访记录,IGB摘除时的EWL为(42.34±19.07)%,摘除后6个月、12个月、5年的EWL分别为(42.73±18.87)%、(27.71±13.40)%和(12.97±8.54)%。
IGB取出后能否长期维持减重效果,有赖于IGB植入前患者是否能正确认识IGB,是否树立了长期肥胖管理意识,治疗期间以及取出水球后是否有高强度的术后管理来改变患者以往不良的生活方式和饮食习惯,是否能形成健康的生活方式和饮食习惯。
要实现高强度的术后管理,就需要个性化地为每一患者配备专业的健康管理团队,团队成员包括医师、营养师、健康管理师、心理治疗师、体能管理师等。自患者放置水球始就从饮食、运动、心理、行为等方面进行全方位干预及指导,最终形成健康的生活方式和饮食习惯。
专业的健康管理团队可以让生活方式和饮食习惯的改变更加容易和科学。首先,有效的饮食干预需要基于个体化的饮食特点进行,一味地使用某种“健康”的饮食模式如地中海膳食模式、梅奥诊所饮食等都是不合理的,这些基于欧美饮食特点的膳食模式让“中国胃”很难接受。所以术前对患者进行饮食营养调查,采用三天饮食记录、24 h膳食回顾、食物频率法等方式了解患者饮食,制定贴合患者习惯的个体化干预方案,更易于患者长期坚持。其次,IGB虽可以强制性减少患者的进食量,但食物的选择也是控制能量摄入非常重要的一点。谷薯类和蔬菜类中富含膳食纤维,而肉类富含优质蛋白质,能减缓食物在胃内的消化速度。对患者进行食物选择的宣教,加强患者对于食物热量的认知,多选择大体积、低热量、营养密度高的食物,可以更有效地减少热量摄入。针对患者习惯,优先选择3~4项较为简单的不良饮食生活习惯要求患者进行改变,这样易于达到的目标可以让患者建立更强的自信,从而增强减肥的动力。
专业的健康管理团队可以指导运动。加强体力活动是长期维持减重必不可少的部分,突然的高强度运动难以坚持,培养运动习惯、选择感兴趣的运动方式、逐步增加运动强度才是更为可取的方式。健康管理团队根据患者的生活方式和术前运动习惯,帮助指导患者选择更为合适的运动方式和运动时间,定期随访及时调整运动强度,通过每日打卡的方式帮助患者建立运动习惯。
5. IGB未来发展趋势
肥胖症的管理是一种慢病模式,就像高血压和糖尿病一样,需要多因素的干预。从改变生活方式、药物治疗、内镜下减肥术到传统外科手术形成一个阶梯性的方案,是未来肥胖症管理的发展趋势。IGB作为一种可门诊操作、安全的减肥手段,其短期减重效果良好且兼具创伤小、风险小、可逆转、可重复的优点[39],
其未来的发展值得关注:
首先,IGB性能的改进。一是耐受性和减重效果,IGB填充物从液体到气体、水球容积从不可调节式到可调节式、放置方式从胃镜辅助式到吞咽自溶式、球囊从单个到多个的发展都是学者们探索的热点,旨在提高患者的舒适性和减重效果。二是安全性,需要在IGB的性能和程序技术方面取得进展,解决自发漏气和难以取出等技术相关的问题。
其次,IGB减重理念的改变。必须从单纯依赖IGB植入减重转变为充分认识IGB联合高强度术后管理的重要性。树立长期肥胖管理意识,配备专业的健康管理团队实行高强度的术后管理,真正形成健康的生活方式和饮食习惯才可能达到长期减重效果。
第三,探讨IGB手术桥梁的作用。未来的研究应该把IGB作为肥胖管理的第一步,IGB取出后进行胃旁路或袖状胃切除术,与药物治疗联合减重手术进行对照研究,验证IGB的有效性和必要性。
第四,需要更多的临床研究证实IGB治疗的生理结果和治疗反应的预测因素[40]。
随着肥胖的流行,IGB的使用会更加广泛,我们应当引导患者理性认识和合理选择。
Funding Statement
广州市科技计划项目(202002020069)
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