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Journal of Southern Medical University logoLink to Journal of Southern Medical University
. 2020 Oct 20;40(10):1415–1421. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2020.10.06

一站式手术对房颤消融成功率及心功能的影响:一项倾向评分匹配研究

Success rate of one-stop procedure for atrial fibrillation ablation and its impact on cardiac function: a propensity-matched study

朱 世杰 1, 郑 慕晗 2, 颜 如玉 1, 谭 振林 1, 赵 海玉 1, 张 建武 1,*, 彭 健 1,*
PMCID: PMC7606248  PMID: 33118507

Abstract

目的

探讨在房颤消融术的基础上加行左心耳封堵术对房颤消融成功率及患者心功能的影响。

方法

回顾性纳入2015年5月~2019年5月就诊于我院同时行房颤消融术及左心耳封堵术(一站式手术)的56名患者作为病例组,并运用倾向评分匹配的方法按1:1的比例从同时期行房颤消融术的具有高卒中风险的患者(n=375)中筛选出与一站式组在临床基线资料上匹配的房颤消融组(n=56),对比两组房性心律失常的复发率以及心功能情况,同时对比两组围术期并发症和血栓栓塞事件的发生率。

结果

一站式组和房颤消融组在年龄、性别、BMI、房颤病程、类型、合并症、CHA2DS2-VASc和HAS-BLED评分上差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。一站式组和房颤消融组在围术期并发症的发生率上并无差异(17.9% vs 12.5%,P=0.430),一站式组血栓栓塞事件的发生率有较房颤消融组下降的趋势(1.8% vs 3.6%),但差异无统计学意义(P=1.000)。一站式手术并不提升房颤消融的成功率(OR:1.338,95%CI:0.451~3.973,P=0.600),一站式术后患者的心功能较术前明显改善(NT-pro BNP:945.3±1401.6 pg/mL vs 1520.7±2089.1 pg/mL,P=0.010;LVEF:(60.8±7.0)% vs(58.6±7.8)%,P=0.044;左心房内径:43.9±7.5 mm vs 45.6±6.3 mm,P= 0.076),但房颤消融组术后心功能的改善程度更佳(P < 0.005)。

结论

在房颤消融术的基础上加行左心耳封堵术具有足够的安全性,且不影响房颤消融的成功率。虽然一站式术后患者的心功能明显较术前改善,但改善程度不如房颤消融术。

Keywords: 房颤, 一站式手术, 复发, 心功能


心房颤动是现代人群的主要健康问题之一。2010年全世界有3350万人罹患房颤[1],预计至2030年,欧洲将有1400~1700万人罹患房颤,并且将以每年12~21万的新发房颤速度持续增长[2]。导管消融术是治疗房颤的一线手段,肺静脉电隔离是导管消融术的基本策略。但是,尤其是对于持续性房颤患者,存在许多肺静脉以外的房颤触发点。多项研究证实,左心耳可能是诱发房颤的潜在靶点[3-4]

近年来,同时进行房颤消融术和左心耳封堵术(简称一站式手术)的安全性已被证实[5-9]。既往研究报道,左心耳电隔离[10]或使用LARIAT系统从心外膜夹闭左心耳[11]会增加房颤消融的成功率; 在心功能方面,与房颤消融术相反,左心耳封堵术(LAAC)会增大患者左心房的容积,长期存在的房颤可能会进一步干扰患者的心功能[12-14]

目前尚未有研究系统的探讨一站式手术对房颤消融成功率和心功能的影响。本研究运用倾向评分匹配的统计学方法,以具有高卒中风险的行房颤消融术的患者作为对照,探讨一站式手术是否能通过阻断左心耳心内膜面的血流来减低左心耳的电活动,从而增加房颤消融的成功率;同时探讨一站式手术对心功能的影响,旨在为临床医生认识一站式手术的疗效提供一些参考。

1. 资料和方法

1.1. 研究对象

本研究回顾性纳入了2015年5月~2019年5月因房颤就诊于南方医院并行一站式手术的患者(一站式组,n=56),其中手术策略为射频消融术结合左心耳封堵术者(RFCA+LAAC组)共40例,采用冷冻球囊消融术结合左心耳封堵术者(CA+LAAC组)共16例。纳入标准为:年龄 > 18岁,且≤ 90岁的非瓣膜性房颤患者;具有高卒中风险(男性CHA2DS2-VASc评分≥ 2分,女性则≥ 3分);至少具有以下不适合长期服用抗凝药物治疗的指征之一:明确的出血病史和/或出血倾向;对抗凝药物过敏;对长期口服抗凝药物的依从性差;规范抗凝的情况下仍发生血栓栓塞事件;高出血风险(HAS-BLED评分≥ 3分)。排除标准为:房颤有明确诱因者,如甲亢性心脏病;左心内存在血栓者;术前3月内出现过心肌梗死的患者;手术失败者。

本研究还纳入了同时期于我院行消融术的具有高卒中风险的房颤患者作为对照组(n=375),纳入标准为:年龄 > 18岁,且≤ 90岁的非瓣膜性房颤患者;具有高卒中风险(男性CHA2DS2-VASc评分≥ 2分,女性则≥ 3分),排除标准同病例组。通过倾向评分匹配的方法得到在临床基线资料上与一站式组相匹配的房颤消融组(n=56)。本课题通过了南方医科大学南方医院医学伦理委员会审批(审批号:NFEC-2017-032)。

1.2. 手术方式

所有手术均在心血管内科介入导管室进行,在全身麻醉或芬太尼镇静的状态下完成手术。一站式手术均按照先消融后封堵的顺序进行。患者平卧于手术台上,以Selldinger法穿刺右侧股静脉并完成房间隔穿刺,置入鞘管,在Carto3或Ensite NavX系统的指引下完善左心房建模,经上述通路送入射频消融导管或冷冻球囊,完成肺静脉电隔离,并通过起搏确认双向传导阻滞,必要时行辅助径线消融及电复律。后行左心耳封堵术,利用猪尾巴导管进行左心耳造影,测量锚定区的直径及左心耳深度,并结合术前经食道心脏超声(TEE)和/或心脏CTA的结果选择封堵器的种类和尺寸,封堵器完全展开后评估封堵器的位置、封堵器周围残余分流,如封堵器类型为Lambre、Lagger或Amplatzer Cardiac Plug,则还需评估封堵器有无覆盖左肺静脉开口;如为Watchman封堵器,则需评估装置的压缩比、露肩情况;如封堵效果不满意,则可行全回收或半回收后再次释放,必要时更换其他尺寸的封堵器。如封堵效果满意,则在TEE下行牵拉试验评估装置的稳定性,如无明显移位且牵拉试验后再次评估封堵效果满意时,则释放封堵器,撤出鞘管,压迫股静脉创口,弹力绷带包扎止血。

1.3. 预后情况

我们对一站式组和房颤消融组的房性心律失常的复发率以及心功能情况(氨基末端脑钠肽前体(NT-pro BNP)水平,经胸心脏超声测量得到的左心室射血分数(LVEF)和左心房内径(LAD)进行组间比较。其中,早期复发是指房颤消融手术后3月内出现的大于30 s的房性心律失常,晚期复发则是指消融术后3月以上出现的大于30 s的房性心律失常。同时,我们还对比两组围术期并发症和随访期间血栓栓塞事件(缺血性卒中、短暂性脑缺血发作(TIA)、系统性栓塞)的发生率。

1.4. 统计学方法

我们通过倾向评分匹配的方法按照1:1的比例得到与一站式组在年龄、性别、BMI、CHA2DS2-VASc评分、HAS-BLED评分、卒中史、房颤病程和类型上相匹配的房颤消融对照组。计量资料用均数±标准差的形式表示,计数资料用频率(百分比)的形式表示。采用独立样本t检验或Wilcoxon秩和检验进行计量资料的对比,采用χ2分析进行计数资料的对比。采用协方差分析进行心功能相关指标的比较,将术前相应指标作为协变量纳入,以消除术前相应指标的影响。为了探究手术方式对房性心律的影响,我们调整了相关混杂因素(如年龄、房颤类型等),进行了Logistic回归分析。所有数据均由SPSS 22.0进行分析,P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2. 结果

2.1. 研究对象基线资料

本研究共纳入一站式手术的患者56例。一站式组患者年龄为65.2±6.6岁,男性占58.9%,CHA2DS2-VASc评分为4.3±1.8,HAS-BLED评分为2.0±1.3,既往出现缺血性脑卒中/TIA的患者共17例(30.4%)。同时期于我院行房颤消融术的具有高卒中风险的房颤患者共375例,运用倾向评分匹配的方法得到在临床基线资料上与一站式组相匹配的对照组(表 1),一站式组与匹配后的房颤消融组在年龄、性别、BMI、房颤病程、类型、CHA2DS2-VASc、HAS-BLED评分和合并症上差异均无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。

1.

一站式组与匹配前后的房颤消融组的临床基线资料对比表

Baseline data of the patients in one-stop procedure group and AF ablation group before and after matching

Baseline characteristics One-stop procedure group (n=56) Unmatched control group (n=375) Matched control group (n=56) P1 P2
BMI: Body mass index; AF: Atrial fibrillation; CHD: Coronary heart disease; P1: P value before matching; P2: P value after matching.
Age (years) 65.2±6.6 63.5±9.6 64.8±8.5 0.115 0.805
Male 33 (58.9%) 216 (57.6%) 34 (60.7%) 0.851 0.847
BMI (kg/m2) 25.3±4.3 24.3±3.8 25.0±4.3 0.093 0.507
CHA2DS2-VASc score 4.3±1.8 3.8±1.6 4.1±1.7 0.098 0.621
HAS-BLED score 2.0±1.3 1.7±1.2 1.8±1.1 0.077 0.466
Duration of AF (month) 40.7±47.4 47.3±88.9 55.6±100.9 0.287 0.815
AF Type 0.024 0.493
  Paroxysmal AF 24 (42.9%) 227 (60.5%) 30 (53.6%) - -
  Persistent AF 10(17.8%) 60 (16.0%) 7 (12.5%) - -
  Long-standing persistent AF 22 (39.3%) 88 (23.5%) 19 (33.9%) - -
Comorbidity
  Hypertension 39 (69.6%) 158 (42.1%) 39 (69.6%) < 0.001 1.000
  Diabetes 13 (23.2%) 60 (16.0%) 11 (19.6%) 0.179 0.645
  CHD 15 (26.8%) 70 (18.7%) 13 (23.2%) 0.154 0.663
  History of stroke 17 (30.4%) 86 (22.9%) 18 (32.1%) 0.224 0.838

一站式组中植入Watchman封堵器的患者共34名(60.7%),植入Lambre、Lagger、ACP的患者分别有6名(10.7%)、13名(23.2%)和3名(5.4%)。封堵器植入后利用TEE或ICE评估,发现共有2例患者出现封堵器周围残余分流,大小均为3 mm。

对比RFCA+LAAC组和CA+LAAC组,阵发性房颤患者的占比无统计学差异(37.5% vs 56.3%,P= 0.200),术后服用抗心律失常药物的比例亦差异无统计学意义(65.0% vs 62.5%,P=0.860),但是RFCA+LAAC组中的LVEF明显小于CA + LAAC组(57.7% ± 7.8% vs 62.1%±6.2%,P < 0.05),且RFCA+LAAC组的NT-pro BNP水平及左心房内径均表现出大于CA+LAAC组的趋势(NT-pro BNP:1695.9±2359.0 pg/mL vs 750.1± 665.8 pg/mL,P=0.372;左心房内径:45.9±6.4 mm vs 43.6±6.7 mm,P=0.233)。

2.2. 并发症

一站式组围术期并发症的发生率为17.9%,其中行射频消融术和冷冻消融术的患者分别有7例(17.5%)和3例(18.8%)患者出现了围术期并发症,二者差异无统计学意义(P=1.000)。房颤消融对照组共有7名行射频消融术患者出现了围术期并发症(12.5%),与一站式组相比差异无统计学意义(P=0.430),与一站式组中行射频消融术的患者相比亦差异无统计学意义(P=0.145)。为了探究手术方式是否是并发症发生的相关危险因素,我们纳入了年龄、性别、BMI、CHA2DS2-VASc评分、HAS-BLED评分、房颤病程及类型、合并症、术前NT-Pro BNP、LVEF、左心房内径进行Logistic回归分析,结果发现,手术方式与围术期并发症之间并无相关性(OR:1.158,95%CI:0.318~4.215,P=0.824,表 2)。将手术方式进一步分为射频和冷冻消融术进行探讨,结果仍显示手术方式与围术期并发症之间并无相关性(以一站式射频作为参照,一站式冷冻、单独射频的OR值分别为2.331(95% CI:0.277-19.648)和1.274(95% CI:0.267- 6.084),P值分别为0.436,0.762)。(因单独冷冻只有3例,样本量过少,故未纳入回归分析)。

2.

围术期并发症的Logistic回归分析

Logistic regression analysis of perioperative complications in the two groups

Perioperative complication Unadjusted Adjusted*
OR 95%CI P OR 95%CI P
Adjusted for age, gender, body mass index, CHA2DS2-VASc score, HAS-BLED score, duration and types of atrial fibrillation, hypertension, diabetes, coronary heart disease, preoperative N-terminal pro brain natriuretic peptide, left ventricular ejection fraction and left atrial diameter. AF: Atrial fibrillation.
AF ablation 1.000 - - 1.000 - -
One-stop procedure 1.522 0.534-4.333 0.432 1.158 0.318-4.215 0.824

2.3. 血栓栓塞事件

一站式组与房颤消融组术后平均随访时间无统计学差异(12.3月vs 10.1月,P=0.181)。一站式组血栓栓塞事件的发生率为1.8%,与房颤消融组相比,一站式组血栓栓塞事件的发生率下降了50%(3.6% vs 1.8%),但差异无统计学意义(P=1.000)。与相应的CHA2DS2-VASc评分所预估的血栓栓塞事件的发生率[15]相比,一站式组血栓栓塞事件的发生率下降了77.8%[1.75(/100人·年)vs 7.90(/100人·年)]。

2.4. 房性心律失常的复发

一站式组和房颤消融组术后抗心律失常药物的使用率差异无统计学意义(64.3% vs 67.9%,P=0.690)。两组在房性心律失常的复发率上无明显差异(早期复发:28.6% vs 23.2%,P=0.518;晚期复发:26.8% vs 26.8%,P=1.000)。Logistic回归分析进一步证实,一站式手术并不提升房颤消融术的成功率(OR:1.338,95% CI:0.451~3.973,P=0.600,表 3),此外,射频消融结合LAAC的一站式手术的成功率与单独射频消融术相比亦无差异(OR:1.466,95%CI:0.395~5.442,P=0.568)。

3.

晚期复发的Logistic回归分析

Logistic regression analysis of late recurrence of atrial arrhythmia in the two groups

Recurrence of atrial arrhythmias Unadjusted Adjusted*
OR 95%CI P OR 95%CI P
*Adjusted for age, gender, body mass index, CHA2DS2-VASc score, HAS-BLED score, duration and types of atrial fibrillation, hypertension, diabetes, coronary heart disease, preoperative N-terminal pro brain natriuretic peptide, left ventricular ejection fraction, left atrial diameter, supplementary ablation during the procedure, cardioversion and anti-arrhythmic drugs.
AF ablation 1.000 - - 1.000 - -
One-stop procedure 1.000 0.433-2.308 1.000 1.338 0.451-3. 973 0.600

我们对比了RFCA+LAAC组及CA+LAAC组的术后复发率,在阵发性房颤患者中,两者的术后复发率无统计学差异(13.3% vs 22.2%,P=0.675),在持续性房颤患者中,两者的术后复发率亦无统计学差异(32.0% vs 42.9%,P=0.667)。

2.5. 心功能

我们采用NT-pro BNP、LVEF、LAD来评估患者的心功能,一站式术后患者的NT-pro BNP的水平较术前下降(P=0.010),术后LVEF也较术前改善(P=0.044),一站式术后LAD有减小的趋势(P=0.076)。

我们采用协方差分析消除术前心功能的影响,结果显示:一站式术后NT-pro BNP水平比房颤消融组高(P=0.031),术后LVEF水平较房颤消融组低(P=0.020),房颤消融组术后LAD较一站式组缩小(P=0.039)。

3. 讨论

本研究利用倾向评分匹配的方法建立了与一站式组在临床基线资料上相匹配的具有高卒中风险的房颤消融组,并证明了(1)一站式组与房颤消融组在围术期并发症的发生率上并无统计学差异;一站式组血栓栓塞事件的发生率有较房颤消融组下降的趋势,但未达统计学差异;(2)两组在术后早期及晚期房性心律失常的复发率无统计学差异;(3)一站式术后患者的心功能明显较术前改善,但改善程度不如房颤消融组。

导管消融术是房颤的一线治疗手段,但尚未有临床试验证实房颤消融术后停用抗凝药物的安全性,故2016年ESC指南[16]建议:对于高卒中风险的房颤患者,即使进行了导管消融术,也需要长期口服抗凝药物预防卒中。LAAC的安全性及有效性已经被多项大型临床试验[17-20]证实,其在预防血栓栓塞事件上相比华法林具有非劣效性,同时LAAC能显著降低患者的远期出血风险,LAAC术后部分患者仍受到心律失常的影响,在具有左心耳封堵器的前提下进行房颤消融术将会带来更大的手术难度[21]

4.

一站式组和房颤消融组手术前后心功能情况

Cardiac function in one-stop group and AF ablation group before and after the procedure

Cardiac function One-stop procedure AF ablation
Preoperation Postoperation P Preoperation Postoperation P
NT-pro BNP: N-terminal pro brain natriuretic peptide; LVEF: Left ventricular ejection fraction; LAD: Left atrial diameter.
NT-pro BNP (pg/mL) 1520.7±2089.1 945.3±1401.6 0.010 951.2±1063.9 371.5±417.4 < 0.001
LVEF (%) 58.6±7.8 60.8±7.0 0.044 56.9±7.5 63.2±7.3 < 0.001
LAD (mm) 45.6±6.3 43.9±7.5 0.076 44.5±6.2 40.8±6.1 < 0.001

越来越多的研究[5-9]证实了一站式手术的安全性及有效性,理论上,与分次手术相比,一站式手术具有以下优势:房颤消融术和LAAC具有相同的入路,一站式手术不仅可避免反复的介入操作对患者的损伤,并且可减少患者的住院天数、花销及服用抗凝药物的时间,同时达到控制心律及预防卒中的效果。目前正在进行的随机对照临床试验OPTION(NCT03795298)将前瞻性的对比一站式手术与分次手术的优缺点。

房颤介入治疗最常见的并发症包括心包积液/填塞、穿刺部位血肿、动静脉瘘等[22],据既往研究报道一站式手术并发症的发生率介于3.1%~20.0%[5-9, 23],本研究中一站式组并发症的发生率为17.9%,与既往研究相近。我们的研究还发现,尽管一站式手术延长了手术时间,并且在心腔内进行了更多操作,然而一站式组的并发症发生率与房颤消融组相近,说明一站式手术并发症更可能由房颤消融引发。房颤消融术分为导管射频消融及冷冻球囊消融两种方式,既往研究证实,尽管冷冻球囊消融术所需的手术时间明显短于射频消融术,但这两种手术方式在并发症的发生率上并无明显差异[24-26],可能与冷冻消融术会诱发膈神经麻痹有关。在本研究中,我们也未发现一站式组中采用射频消融策略的患者围术期并发症的发生率与采用冷冻消融策略的患者存在差异,但是受样本量限制,在房颤消融组中仅纳入了3例进行冷冻消融术的房颤患者,且研究人群中无患者出现膈神经麻痹,结论还需要更大样本的研究进一步验证。

目前暂未有临床研究证实房颤患者在消融术后停用抗凝药物的安全性,因为房颤的复发可能是无症状的。本研究还证实了一站式手术在降低房颤患者卒中/ TIA/系统性栓塞事件上的有效性,与既往研究[5-8]相符。相比房颤消融术组,一站式组血栓栓塞事件的发生率有下降的趋势,但差异未达统计学意义,这可能与房颤消融组中部分患者术后服用抗凝药物预防卒中有关,也可能是由于样本量过小,栓塞事件发生率低引起。

本研究对比了一站式组和房颤消融组术后房性心律失常的复发率,结果发现,无论是早期复发还是晚期复发,两组间均无统计学差异。左心耳是潜在的房性心律失常起源点[3-4],既往研究[10]已证明在常规房颤消融策略的基础上加行左心耳电隔离会增大房颤消融的成功率,从心外膜面利用LARIAT系统夹闭左心耳也可增加房颤消融的成功率,后者可能与左心耳缺血坏死有关[11]。本研究发现在房颤消融的基础上加行LAAC,并未增加房颤消融的成功率,说明心内膜面的机械隔离,加上封堵器内皮化后导致的左心耳内部血流减少,对左心耳的电生理功能影响有限。研究发现一站式组和房颤消融术组在远期复发率上无明显差异,但是一站式组具有更高的早期复发率,他们将原因解释为一站式手术在心腔内的操作更为复杂,诱发的心房内炎症状态更为严重所致[23]。尽管炎症是公认的房颤复发的危险因素,但临床上无法定量评估心房内的炎症状态,且如心外膜脂肪质量、心功能状态等影响房颤复发的因素颇多,这可能是导致两篇研究结论不一的原因。既往研究还发现早期复发是房颤晚期复发的独立危险因素[27],这似乎更支持我们的结论。

多项临床试验[24-26]已证实,在阵发性房颤患者中,冷冻球囊消融术和射频消融术在成功率方面并无差异。但是因持续性房颤患者中容易出现肺静脉以外的房颤起源点,故冷冻消融的使用受限。Liu等[28]曾对比RFCA+LAAC组和CA+LAAC组的房性心律失常复发率,结果并未发现两组间存在差异(35% vs 40%),但是在他们的研究中,CA+LAAC组中阵发性房颤患者的占比明显较高(70% vs 50%),而在本研究中,我们根据房颤类型进行划分,结果也并未能证明二者存在差异。这可能是因为CA+LAAC组中患者心功能较RFCA+ LAAC组差,而术前NT-pro BNP水平、LVEF及左心房内径均是房颤术后复发的独立危险因素。

本研究通过NT-pro BNP和经胸心脏彩超相关参数来评估患者的心功能。左心耳封堵器植入后左心房内压力增大,影响了肺静脉的回流,再加上左心耳被排除在血液循环之外,干扰了左心室的充盈[12-14],而房颤消融术与LAAC发挥截然相反的作用[29-30]。本研究发现,结合两种手术的一站式手术,使得患者的心功能较前明显改善,说明房颤消融术改善心功能的作用强于LAAC对心功能的影响。我们还对比了一站式组和房颤消融对照组的心功能情况,结果发现,房颤消融术组后LVEF和左心房内径的改善程度均优于一站式组,这可能与封堵器的植入对左心房机械功能的影响有关。在窦性心律下,一次心动周期中,左心耳经历了两次充盈及排空的过程[31],为左心房减轻容量负荷的同时还起到了辅助左心室充盈的作用,左心耳封堵器的植入干扰了这一作用进而导致了左心房内径的增大及LVEF的改变。房颤患者的利钠肽主要来源于心房,尤其是心耳,左心耳封堵器的植入对左心耳提供了持续性的压力,压力-拉伸效应是促使利钠肽产生的重要因素[32],这就导致了一站式组术后NT-pro BNP的水平较房颤消融组升高。

本研究存在一定的局限性:本研究是回顾性临床研究,对于心功能的评价仅限于临床常用指标,未对手术前后左心房功能相关指标进行测量和对比。此外,本研究样本量不足(尤其是行冷冻消融术的患者),血栓栓塞事件发生率低,所得出的结论还需要更大样本的临床试验进行验证。

综上所述,在房颤消融术的基础上加行左心耳封堵术并不增加围术期并发症的发生率,也不影响房颤消融的成功率,但有利于改善患者的心功能。房颤消融术对心功能的改善程度优于一站式手术。

Biography

朱世杰,博士,E-mail: 854347879@qq.com

Funding Statement

广东省教育厅高水平大学建设经费南方医科大学临床研究启动项目(LC2016ZD002)

Contributor Information

朱 世杰 (Shijie ZHU), Email: 854347879@qq.com.

张 建武 (Jianwu ZHANG), Email: 117899253@qq.com.

彭 健 (Jian PENG), Email: 616174615@qq.com.

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