Safety, feasibility, and efficacy of associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy in treating hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review

Abstract

Associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy (ALPPS) allows radical resection of colorectal liver metastasis (CRLM). However, the effect of ALPPS on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is not completely understood. This systematic review aimed to examine the existing data on the safety, feasibility, and oncologic effect of ALPPS on HCC. Electronic databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase, were systemically searched to identify articles on ALPPS and HCC. Additional articles were identified manually. The feasibility (liver hypertrophy between two stages), safety (90-day mortality), and therapeutic effect (long-term survival) were analyzed. Nine published articles that satisfied the retrieval standards were included, and these studies involved 176 patients. The evidence level of the enrolled studies was low, among which, the greatest Oxford evidence level was 2c. Additionally, the average median increase in future liver volume was 178 mL, the average interval between two stages was 11.2 days, the interval was remarkably longer in radiofrequency-assisted ALPPS (RALPPS) patients (28 days), and the average 90-day mortality was 17.6% (range, 0–50%). However, the oncological outcomes were not well documented. Survival following ALPPS was evidently improved compared with that after transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE). This value was comparable to that following the one-stage hepatectomy and portal vein embolization (PVE), and it was similar to that in CRLM patients over the long term. Publication biases caused by case series and single-center reports are common in the review. It is concluded in this review that ALPPS is a safe and feasible approach to treat selected patients with unresectable HCC, but its oncological outcome requires further study. RALPPS is not recommended for HCC patients because of the long waiting time between the two stages.

Introduction

Liver cancer has the sixth highest morbidity rate, and it is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related death in the world (1). Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which comprises 75–85% of liver cancers, is one of the most common malignancies in China, and it is often related to hepatitis B and cirrhosis. HCC patients are mainly treated by surgical resection, which is the only chance for curative treatment (2). However, many patients are diagnosed at an advanced stage, and are deprived of the chance for surgical treatment because of a small future liver remnant (FLR) (3).

Associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy (ALPPS), which was first introduced in 2012 by Schnitzbauer et al., has been widely adopted and applied in a large number of clinical situations with numerous variations (4,5). On the basis of the results of meta-analyses and clinical trials, ALPPS can improve resectability and achieve great FLR hypertrophy compared with those of conventional two-stage hepatectomy, such as portal vein embolization (PVE) and portal vein ligation (PVL), for patients with advanced colorectal liver metastasis (CRLM) (6,7). However, only a single-center experience has been reported when it comes to unresectable HCC with hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection (8-12).

Consistent results have not been obtained in these studies. For example, some studies have shown that it is feasible and safe to apply ALPPS in HCC patients, which can result in an FLR hypertrophy that is equivalent to that in non-HCC patients (8,9). However, other studies have demonstrated the high morbidity and mortality for HCC (10-12), and controversy remains about ALPPS. For example, the extent of cirrhotic involvement cannot be accurately determined before surgery, which may lead to different indications under various institutions, and the different time intervals between the first and second stages. Moreover, many critics argue that ALPPS presents an unreasonable risk because of its high morbidity and mortality rates (13). Therefore, it remains controversial whether such a high price should be paid in exchange for the greater liver hypertrophy.

The aim of this work was to assess the safety, feasibility, and efficacy of ALPPS for HCC cases through a systematic review. We present the following article in accordance with the PRISMA reporting checklist (available at http://dx.doi.org/10.21037/atm-20-2214).

Methods

Data sources and retrieval strategy

Three data sets, including the Web of Science, Embase, and Medline, were systemically retrieved using the following retrieval strategy [(associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy OR in situ split OR ALPPS) AND (carcinoma hepatocellular OR carcinomas hepatocellular OR hepatocellular carcinomas OR liver cell carcinoma adult OR liver cancer adult OR adult liver cancer OR adult liver cancers OR cancer adult liver OR cancers adult liver OR liver cancers adult OR liver cell carcinoma OR carcinoma liver cell OR carcinomas liver cell OR cell carcinoma liver OR cell carcinomas liver OR liver cell carcinomas OR hepatocellular carcinoma OR hepatoma OR hepatomas)], to identify the related human studies. The last electronic search was performed on December 30, 2019. To avoid omitting any relevant study, the reference lists in all included studies were reviewed, along with several recent review articles that seemed to fulfill our requirements. Additional information was obtained from the authors upon reasonable request.

Study selection and inclusion criteria

Studies were identified in accordance with standard procedure that is described below. First, duplicate studies were excluded. Second, titles were screened, and only articles that were relevant to HCC and ALPPS were selected. In addition, abstracts and full-texts were reviewed if it was not possible to exclude the studies by titles alone.

The inclusion criteria were as follows: (I) studies investigating ALPPS and HCC; (II) human studies; (III) studies with available relevant data; and (IV) studies published in English. The exclusion criteria were as follows: letters, editorials, and case reports (study that reported ≤3 patients).

Data extraction

Baseline characteristics of cases that received ALPPS were collected from the enrolled studies. Typically, information on age, surgical approach, tumor type, interval between two stages, preoperative volumetry, and kinetic growth (mL/day), was analyzed in all the included studies. The indications for ALPPS that were suggested in each of the enrolled studies were assessed. Typically, ALPPS was reported in liver cancers with FLRs that were too small for one-stage surgery (“marginally resectable”), and it was also reported to be the salvage strategy following certain previous portal vein manipulations that did not lead to sufficient growth for resection (“salvage”), such as PVE. We also collected the surgical methods and main topics from each study.

Data about feasibility, safety, and efficacy were collected in accordance with previous methodology by Schadde (14). Remnant liver hypertrophy between the two stages and microscopic tumor clearance in the stage 2 procedure were related to feasibility. Death or ≥ grade IIIa complications were associated with safety. Complete resection (R0) or incomplete resection (R1), overall survival (OS), as well as disease-free survival (DFS) were related to efficacy.

Quality assessment

Manuscripts were divided on the basis of the evidence level in accordance with the definition by the Evidence-Based Medical Center at Oxford (http://www.cebm.net/ index.aspx?o=1025). Because of the small number of studies, most of which were single-center experiences, we included all the studies for quantitative analysis if they reported relevant data.

Results

Included studies

The flow diagram for literature retrieval is displayed in Figure 1. Overall, 571 articles were primarily retrieved from the above-mentioned databases, and 341 articles were retrieved from the references. First, 334 duplicates were initially eliminated. After screening the titles of 578 studies, those regarding ALPPS for other tumors and animal experiments were excluded. Fifty-nine studies that satisfied the inclusion criteria were identified, and the full text of each of these studies was reviewed. Finally, nine eligible articles were included in this systematic review.

Figure 1.

Flow diagram of the study selection process. ALPPS, associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy.

Classification into evidence-level groups

Four out of the nine included studies were case-series, with an evidence level of 4 (11,12,15,16). There were four comparative studies involving 108 HCC patients who underwent ALPPS. Two studies enrolling 91 HCC patients who were treated using ALPPS and the control group were classified as having an evidence level of 3a because of their individual study nature, in which the confounding factors were adjusted through multivariate analysis (8,9). Two studies comparing HCC patients with non-HCC patients who were treated by ALPPS were assigned an evidence level of 3b because they had small sample sizes (17,18). The study analyzing the ALPPS registry of 260 cases was assigned as “outcome research”, and it had an evidence level of 2c (10).

Patient features

There were 176 patients in the included studies, with an age range of 23 to 83 years and an average age of 56.4 years (Table 1). Additionally, 127 patients were from Asia. Indications for ALPPS were mentioned in 136 cases. FLR/standard liver volume (SLV) of <30% in normal liver and <40% in patients with cirrhosis were the most common indications for ALPPS. Two studies advocated FLR/SLV <40% as an indication for HCC patients, regardless of the presence or absence of cirrhosis. The Metavir grade, which is a score that determines the degree of liver fibrosis via liver biopsy, was used in most studies to evaluate the degree of cirrhosis.

Table 1. ALPPS patient characteristics.

Study	Year	Country	Number	Age	Tumor type	Indication	Surgery	Fibrosis	Evidence
Albert Chan	2019	China (Hong Kong)	46	58.5 [26–80]	HCC46	Unilobar: FLR/SLV <35%; bilobar: FLR/SLV <40%, ICG 15 <20%, Child-Pugh A, PLT ≥100×109/L, patent right portal vein	Anterior ALPPS	Histopathology	3a
Zhang Wang	2018	China	45	52 [24–67]	HCC45, CRLM4, HA1	Normal: FLR/SLV <30%; cirrhosis: FLR/SLV <40%	ALPPS	Metavir grade	3a
Daryl Chia	2018	Singapore	9	64.2 [54.4–69.8]	HCC9, non-HCC4	Normal: FLR/TLV <30%; cirrhosis: FLR/TLV <40%	ALPPS	Histopathology	3b
Qiang Wang	2017	China	10	41 [33–60]	HCC10	Normal: FLR/SLV <30%; cirrhosis: FLR/SLV <40%	RALPPS	Metavir grade	4
Xiujun Cai	2017	China	12	43 [32–79]	HCC12	FLR/SLV <40%	ALTPS	Histopathology	4
Chang Gung	2016	China (Taiwan)	5	55 [35–74]	HCC5	NA	NA	NA	4
Vennarecci	2016	Italy	8	61 [36–74]	HCC8, CRLM3, CC2	Normal: FLR/SLV <30%, FLR/BW <0.5%; cirrhosis: FLR/SLV <40%, FLR/BW <0.8%	ALPPS	Metavir grade	3b
D’Haese	2016	Germany ALPPS registry	35	63 [56–72]	HCC35, CRLM225	NA	ALPPS	NA	2c
Björnsso	2016	Sweden	6	70.5 [57–83]	HCC6	FLR/SLV <40%	ALPPS	NA	4

ALPPS, associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; FLR, future liver remnant; SLV, standard liver volume; ICG, indocyanine green angiography; PLT, blood platelet; TLV, total liver volume; CRLM, colorectal liver metastasis; HA, hemangioma; RALPPPS, radiofrequency-assisted ALPPS; ALTPS, tourniquet-assisted ALPPS; NA, not available; CC, cholangiocarcinoma; BW, body weight.

Feasibility for ALPPS

Seven out of nine studies reported FLR before stages 1 and 2, which occurred in 165 patients (Table 2). The average future liver volume before stage 1 was 357.4 (range, 151.1–655) mL, while that before stage 2 was 543.1 (range, 104–1,355) mL. The average median increase in volume was 185.7 mL, the average interval was 11.2 days for standard ALPPS patients, and the average interval was remarkably longer for radiofrequency-assisted ALPPS (RALPPS) patients (28 days). The average rate of performing stage II surgery was 96% (range, 80–100%).

Table 2. Feasibility of ALPPS.

Study	Number	FLR before stage 1 (mL)	FLR before stage 2 (mL)	FLR/SLV before stage 1 (ratio %)	FLR/SLV before stage 2 (ratio %)	Increase volume (mL)	Increase volume rate (ratio %)	Interval stages (days)	Kinetic growth (mL/day)	Stage 2 performed (ratio %)
Albert Chan	46	302.1 [181.9–524.0]	468.7 [243.0–795.7]	24.5 [15.7–37.1]	37.4 [20.5–56.9]	154.8 [18–405.0]	48.0 [8.0–133.2]	7 [6–70]	22.7 [1.2–81.0]	97.8
Zhang Wang	45	342 [221–488]	510 [384–712]	26.9 [17.9–39.2]	41.3[33.1–60.5]	NA	56.8 [8.3–103.5]	12 [6–28]	14.4 [5.4–50.6]	91.1
Daryl Chia	9	381.0 [280.0–422.0]	NA	16.1 [12.7–28.8]	NA	154.5 [85.5–166.0]	40.2 [22.1–65.3]	18.7 [5.6–23.5]	NA	77.8
Qiang Wang	10	364 [234–606]	632 [498–736]	31 [19–37]	47 [40–58]	210 [161–377]	53 [35–133]	28 [13–31]	NA	80
Xiujun Cai	12	378.7 [151.1–502.0]	479.3 [104.0–753.7]	29.2 [14.7–39.7]	38.5% [10.1–74.6]	132.1 [–47.1–366.7]	28.1 [–31.2–94.8]	10.5 [7–44]	NA	83.3
Chang Gung	5	NA	NA	28.8 [24.9–38.5]	45.3 [38.7–50.7]	NA	45.2 [31.8–75.3]	10 [8–14]	NA	NA
Vennarecci	13	421 [304–655]	723 [450–1,135]	23 [19–38]	23 [19–38]	NA	71.7	8 [7–10]	NA	87.5
D’Haese	35	420 [346–540]	639 [541–855]	NA	NA	206 [172–277]	47 [29–69]	11 [8–14]	23 [17–38]	NA
Björnsso	6	NA	NA	30 [12–41]	51 [35–62]	NA	73 [23–186]	8 [7–10]	NA	100

ALPPS, associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy; FLR, future liver remnant; SLV, standard liver volume; NA, not available.

Safety for ALPPS

Table 3 summarizes the primary safety endpoint of mortality at 90 days, which ranged from 0% to 50%, and the average 90-day mortality was 17.6%. The most common reason for the mortality was post-hepatectomy liver failure. Sepsis, recurrence, and HCC metastasis are also causes of mortality (Figure 2).

Table 3. Safety of ALPPS.

Study	Patients number	90-day mortality (ratio %)	Complication rate after stage 1 (higher than grade IIIB) (ratio%)	Complication rate after stage 2 (higher than grade IIIB) (ratio%)	Main topic	Main bias based on study design
Albert Chan	46	6.5	0	8.7	ALPPS versus PVE for hepatitis-related HCC	Single experience
Zhang Wang	45	11.1	8.8	14.6	Safety of ALPPS for HCC	Single experience
Daryl Chia	9	11.1	14.2	NA	ALPPS for HCC is associated with decreased liver remnant growth	Single experience
Qiang Wang	10	40	10	37.5	Safety and efficacy of RALPPS	Single experience
Xiujun Cai	12	50	25	4 5	The ALPPS in the treatment of hepatitis B-related HCC with cirrhosis	Single experience
Chang Gung	5	0	0	0	Safety of ALPPS for HCC	Single experience
Vennarecci	13	12.5	0	20	ALPPS for primary and secondary liver tumors	Single experience
D’Haese	35	31.4	NA	NA	Safety of ALPPS for intermediate-stage HCC	Retrospective multicenter
Björnsso	6	0	0	0	ALPPS in patients with HCC	Single experience

ALPPS, associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; PVE, portal vein embolization; NA, not available; RALPPS, radiofrequency-assisted ALPPS.

Figure 2.

ALPPS mortality rate. ALPPS, associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy; PHLF, posthepatectomy liver failure.

Most studies had used the Clavien-Dindo classification standard as the format for reporting complications. Among them, complications above IIIB were considered to be severe, which ranged from 0–25% after stage 1 and 0–45% after stage 2. The main topics of all studies focused on the safety of ALPPS in HCC.

Therapeutic effect for ALPPS

Complete resection (R0) was attained in five studies, and all R0 ratios were 100% (Table 4). However, the detailed OS and DFS were not reported, except for in three studies (8-10). The first study compared ALPPS with traditional transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) therapy and one-stage right hepatectomy (RH), which concluded that ALPPS led to markedly superior survival compared with that after TACE, while similar survival was detected following one-stage hepatectomy (8). The second study compared ALPPS with PVE therapy, which showed that ALPPS conferred a higher resection rate in hepatitis-related HCC and had a comparable oncological outcome with PVE (9). The third study compared ALPPS in HCC with CRLM and concluded that HCC patients had the worst survival rate in the initial 90 days, and patient survival was comparable to that for CRLM cases (10). Additionally, one study reported survival in an unconventional way because of small sample size (11).

Table 4. Oncologic efficacy of ALPPS.

Study	Number of R0 resections (%)	OS at 1 year (%)	OS at 3 years (%)	Median survival, (months)	DFS at 1 year (%)	DFS at 3 years (%)	Median DFS (months)	Critical oncological discussion points by authors
Albert Chan	100	84.7	60.2	NA	63.2	34.9	NA	ALPPS same as PVE but higher resection rate
Zhang Wang	100	64.2	60.2	NA	47.6	43.6	NA	ALPPS same as one stage RH, better than TACE
Daryl Chia	100	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	ALPPS for HCC with decreased liver remnant growth
Qiang Wang	100	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	RALPPS is at the cost of a longer interval time
Xiujun Cai	100	50	28.6	NA	NA	NA	NA	FLR/SLV <30% is not recommended for ALPPS in HCC
Chang Gung	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	ALPPS procedure can be performed safely in a highly selected group of primary HCC
Vennarecci	100	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	Na	ALPPS induced FLR growth in HCC same as non-HCC
D’Haese	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	12	ALPPS for HCC should be performed only for younger than 60 years with low-grade fibrosis
Björnsso	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	ALPPS may be applied in selected patients with HCC

ALPPS, associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy; OS, overall survival; DFS, disease-free survival; NA, not available; PVE, portal vein embolization; RH, right hepatectomy; TACE, transcatheter arterial chemoembolization; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; RALPPS, radiofrequency-assisted ALPPS; FLR, future liver remnant; SLV, standard liver volume.

Discussion

ALPPS is considered to be a possible solution for managing liver cancer patients without enough FLR, and it has been shown in clinical trials and meta-analyses to achieve favorable hypertrophy for CRLM (6,7,19). ALPPS has been used for about 12 years, but it remains a source of controversy, particularly its treatment for HCC (20).

In terms of feasibility, ALPPS has been shown to improve the resectability relative to that of the conventional two-stage liver resection for advanced CRLM patients, although it is performed after preoperative chemotherapy (21). In our study, HCC patients exhibited an average volume increase of 201.8 mL, and the average FLR rate increased from 28.1% to 73%. The average rate of performing stage II surgery was 96%. Animal experiments have suggested that liver regeneration induced by ALPPS can be achieved in patients with liver fibrosis (22). Currently, the mechanism of liver regeneration for ALPPS remains unclear. Liver regeneration after ALPPS is generally known as a consequence of dramatic portal flow changes and systemic response from parenchymal transection (23).

However, there are still concerns about the feasibility of ALPPS. Most seriously, the increase in liver volume did not correspond to the increased hepatic function. Clinical trials suggest that hepatic function following ALPPS, as evaluated by hepatobiliary scintigraphy, indicates that liver volume overestimates the hepatic function (24). Additionally, histology of the remnant liver shows that the regenerative hepatocytes in ALPPS are morphologically immature relative to those after PVE (25). An experiment in rabbits found that liver parenchymal transection can increase the liver volume rather than hepatic function following the PVE (26). We believe that immature hepatic cells in the early ALPPS stage might account for the high mortality and morbidity that is caused by ALPPS. Therefore, it may be prudent to wait longer before stage 2, but the exact waiting period remains unknown.

In terms of safety, we found a very different 90-day mortality rate from the nine studies that we reviewed. The 90-day mortality ranged from 0–50%, which showed a large window for improving safety. Post-hepatectomy liver failure accounted for 87.1% of mortality.

Typically, patient screening, second stage timing, and surgical technique modification are the three ways to potentially avoid hepatic liver failure after surgery. For patient screening, two out of the nine enrolled studies suggested more stringent criteria for screening HCC patients for ALPPS eligibility. Among them, one study suggested that FLR/SLV was too small (<30%) and was not recommended for ALPPS in the case of cirrhosis (11). Another study recommended application of ALPPS only in the strictly selected HCC population aged <60 years with mild fibrosis (10). Moreover, data in the ALPPS register also showed that the risk score can help to avoid futile ALPPS procedures (27). Therefore, stricter and more specific criteria for ALPPS in HCC patients are necessary to improve its safety. For the timing of stage 2, we suggested that a delayed ALPPS was safer because of the immature hepatocytes, as described above.

To improve surgery, many new surgical procedures have been suggested to make ALPPS safer. Notably, the anterior approach ALPPS in HCC patients has been well investigated, and has been shown to avoid severe adhesion formation, and improve the safety of ALPPS (9,28). There is a case report that used transhepatic arterial embolization (TAE) following the failure of stage-I ALPPS for an advanced HCC case, which is based on the theory that advanced HCC can rob the FLR of arterial blood flow, resulting in slow and restricted FLR hypertrophy (29). There are also case reports about the successful implementation of laparoscopic ALPPS for HCC only (30). For liver resection, recent research suggests that a difference in partial in situ splits among CRLM or non-HCC patients is not statistically significant compared with that of complete in situ splits; however, there are no data for HCC (31). To minimize the damage from the first step, a “mini-ALPPS” is performed, which integrates transection of the parenchyma with intraoperative PVE, and promotes superior recovery of patients before stage II (32).

Data on long-term survival in HCC patients after ALPPS are lacking. Only three studies systematically investigated the OS and DFS, which suggested that ALPPS was better than traditional TACE therapy, that it was comparable to PVE but had a higher resection rate, and that it was as effective as one-stage liver resection. The results from these studies show that ALPPS has potential merit as an option that is suitable for HCC patients.

A major strength of this study was that it was the first study to systematically review the safety, feasibility, and therapeutic effect of ALPPS on HCC patients. Second, it included data from many centers across the world, which made it more convincing. Third, this study included a quantitative analysis, which might lead to more convincing outcomes.

However, there are certain limitations. First, retrospective studies are more likely to have potential biases. Second, single-center studies on HBV-related patients were under-represented because publication bias might have strongly affected their results. Third, the limited data on long-term survival reduced the persuasiveness of this study.

Additional data on HCC patients are required to further refine indications and to show the efficacy of ALPPS for HCC patients. To further validate the advantages of ALPPS, well-designed and multi-center randomized controlled trials are needed. Additionally, ALPPS status should be established on the basis of long-term oncological outcomes, which can serve as a treatment for HCC patients. ALPPS, as a novel surgical procedure, should be further investigated regarding its feasibility, safety, and efficacy for HCC patients. ALPPS is a therapeutic procedure for HCC, but it is a double-edged sword that must be used correctly. Moreover, attention should be placed on important measures that will improve patient selection, identify the timing of the second stage, and modify the surgical techniques that are used in ALPPS.

Conclusions

In conclusion, ALPPS is safe and feasible in the treatment of selected patients with unresectable HCC. However, its oncological outcome should be shown in more studies such as well-designed clinical trials. Notably, RALPPS is not recommended for HCC patients because RALPPS requires patients to wait for a long time between stages.

Supplementary

The article’s supplementary files as

Ethical Statement: The authors are accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved. Ethical approval is not needed in this study due to its review nature. There is no need to get individual consent since it is a review article.