Revaluating the relationship between keratoplasty and intraocular lenses

We read the article published this month with interest and raising awareness of this concern should be relevant to all specialists and not just those with an interest in corneal disease.

The treatment for corneal endothelial pathology has altered over time from full thickness corneal transplantation (first performed in 1905 by Zirm) [1], posterior lamellar keratoplasty techniques (performed by Melles in 1998) [2] to recent advances where Descemet’s membrane (DM) and endothelium were stripped from the host cornea (descemetorrhexis) and replaced with a donor button consisting of posterior stroma, DM and endothelium—Descemet’s stripping endothelial keratoplasty—clinical results published first by Price in 2006 [3]. Transition has now occurred from microkeratome donor dissection—termed (ultrathin) Descemet stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty (DSAEK) [4], to Melles’ technique involving only donor DM and endothelium being transplanted—termed Descemet’s membrane endothelial keratoplasty in 2006 (DMEK) [5].

Penetrating keratoplasty to DS(A)EK to DMEK has allowed progressively better visual outcome, less corneal astigmatism and rapid visual recovery [6]. DMEK has been shown to provide better visual outcomes compared to DSAEK [7] with the advantage of a smaller incision (2.4 versus around 5 mm, respectively) [8]. The donor graft preparation for DMEK can be challenging and there is evidence to show that there is an increased risk of rebubbling compared to DS(A)EK [9].

Risks of endothelial keratoplasty (EK) include but are not limited to graft dislocation, failure, rejection, interface opacification, pupillary block, cystoid macular oedema, and epithelial ingrowth [6, 10]. Most common adverse events do not impact the long-term visual outcome [10], but there has been growing evidence of hydrophilic intraocular opacification (IOL) following DSAEK and more recently with DMEK surgery (Table 1).

Table 1.

Studies reporting IOL opacification after DMEK surgery.

Authors	Year	Cases	Diagnosis	Endothelial operation	IOL model	Postoperative course	Interval to IOL opacification	Management
Maier et al.	2015	7	FED (all)	DSAEK (5), DMEK (2)	Acri.Smart 46LC (2), CT Asphina 409 M (3), Alcon MA60AT (1), unknown (1)—all hydrophilic lenses	Redo DSAEK (1), redo PK (4), redo DMEK (1)	9–73 months	IOL exchange (2)
MacLean et al.	2015	2	FED (1), PBK (1)	DMEK (2)	Rayner Sulcoflex piggback IOL (1)—hydrophilic lens. Zeiss AT TORBI 709 M (1)—hydrophilic acrylate with hydrophobic surface	Otherwise uneventful	5–6 months	IOL exchange (2)
Milojcic et al.	2016	1	FED and PBK	DMEK	Acri.Lyc 44S-5	Graft failure, redo PK	9 months	IOL exchange
Giers et al.	2017	13	FED (8), Not reported (5)	DSAEK (8), DMEK (3), DMEK then DSAEK (2)	Akreos Adapt AO (1), Rayner 620 H (3), Rayner Centerflex 970 H (1), Rayner Sulcoflex Toric 653 T (1), Rayner Superflex aspheric 920 H (2), Rayner C-flex aspheric (1), Acri.Tec AcriLyc 44S-S (1), Rayner C-flex 570 C (1), Zeiss CT Asphina 409 M (1), Unknown (1)—all hydrophilic lenses	Redo DSAEK (3), redo PK (2)	6–120 months	IOL exchange (13)
Schrittenlocher et al.	2017	14	Unknown	DMEK (6), Triple DMEK (8)	PhysIOL Micro AY (1), Rayner Superflex 920 H (3), Rayner 574 R (1), Rayner c-flec 970 C (6)—all hydrophilic lenses. Zeiss Spheris 209 M (1)—hydrophilic acrylate (25%) with hydrophobic surface, Sensar AR40E (2)—hydrophobic lenses	Graft failure—redo DMEK (1)	2–21 months	IOL exchange (1)

FED Fuchs endothelial dystrophy, PBK pseudophakic bullous keratopathy, PK penetrating keratoplasty.

Intraocular gas injection has been routinely used in vitreoretinal surgery for around 4 decades, and similarly in the last 2 decades for EK. Due to the risk of rebubbling, some surgeons prefer to use sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) 16–20% to allow for a longer period of tamponade of the graft. There have been concerns about use of intraocular long acting gases such as SF6 or perfluoropropane (C2F6) causing an increase in intraocular pressure during nitrous oxide anaesthesia [11], or during changes in atmospheric pressure. Furthermore, it is important that the recipient base is smooth without any residual DM so again some surgeons do a larger area of descemetorrhexis and ensure the DM is stripped without any agitation of the overlying posterior stroma. Some surgeons may do this under air. With the higher risk of rebubbling, there is a higher risk of IOL opacification [12].

IOL opacification is thought to be from calcium phosphate deposits on the surface or just within the substance of the lens [13, 14]. Several mechanisms are thought to play a role in IOL opacification. Potential changes in the metabolic composition of the aqueous humour are thought to occur the presence of exogeneous gas and an exacerbated inflammatory reaction due to multiple surgeries [15]. Dehydration of the hydrophilic IOL may affect the surface that encourages the formation of crystallisation nuclei [14]. UV exposure has also been postulated to play a part with the typical findings of IOL calcification seen centrally with the periphery of the IOL protected by the iris [16].

Implementing a new technique within hospital services requires an analysis of the potential risks associated and one major factor is the use of hydrophilic intraocular lenses. The implications would be for patients needing EK who previously had cataract surgery and furthermore determining what type of IOL was used. Whether a hydrophilic lens was used, or the IOL type could not be found, the patient should be made aware of the risk regardless. The next issue would be for phakic patients who need endothelial surgery with cataract, especially in the situation where the standard IOL used is hydrophilic. This would require either a robust IOL ordering system or a hydrophobic lens bank in place.

Identification of opacification in patients can be difficult, and management complicated further if already treated with YAG capsulotomy. The process of IOL exchange with hydrophilic lenses may pose less of a challenge than other types of lenses due to the malleability of the lens substance allowing smaller incision surgery, but with a corneal graft in place there are other specific risks to consider when doing a lens exchange in EK patients. This includes damage to the endothelium during IOL removal, detachment of graft during surgery, and increased risk of rejection and failure of the graft post-surgery. The endothelial cell count may have to be considered before surgery and the patient counselled for potential need for further corneal surgery. Damage to the capsular bag and potential loss of vitreous may then result in need for a larger wound, different IOL choice and longer surgery which would have implications on the graft survival. IOL exchange can be a very challenging procedure which is made more challenging with a graft in place.

How do we address this? To minimise any risk, hydrophobic lenses should be used where possible in those with any corneal disease. I try to use hydrophobic lenses in all patients with corneal disease potentially needing a corneal graft in the future. If a patient needs a redo graft from endothelial failure, a DMEK may be an excellent option depending on the clarity and astigmatism in the current PK. If the patient has keratoconus and may need a DALK procedure in the future, there is the risk air may be needed in a microperforation of the Descemet’s. Therefore, if the patient needs cataract surgery prematurely for some other reason a hydrophobic lens would be preferable. These are some examples but with the transition towards replacing solely the diseased corneal tissue, partial thickness corneal transplant is preferable and intracameral air or gas injection may be required.

Hydrophilic IOL opacification from calcium phosphate accumulation has not been restricted to just one manufacturer or company. Despite being relatively rare, there have been certain batches or manufacturers who have had more incidences, but there seems to be a specific increased risk in those patients who have had air or gas injection into the anterior chamber. Whereas once the incidence was thought to be in the order of 1%, there are suggestions from various papers that this may have increased since the advent of EK to between 5 and 10% which is a substantial risk [17, 18]. Other substances have been found to cause a similar opacification pattern, such as use of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator [19].

The incidence may be actually higher than first thought as EK is mainly carried out in older patients; and as this is often a late complication some opacification may go unnoticed. Similar papers have shown an increased incidence in intravitreal gas injection patients [20]. IOL dehydration is thought to be the main concern expressed by the manufacturers.

It is important to give the patient the best possible long-term outcome, and to make sure they are fully informed of specific concerns such as the presence of a hydrophilic lens. However, with the increasing evidence we have now and the awareness that intracameral injection of exogenous material such as gas or air is an increased risk, any patients who (may) need EK in the future should have a hydrophobic IOL on principle. It would be difficult to address this completely, as pseudophakic bullous keratopathy or endothelial damage may not be predicted to need corneal surgery until after cataract surgery has occurred, and may have had a hydrophilic lens.

As a conclusion, the increased awareness of this problem is important, and precautions must be taken to minimise the need for further surgery. If there is a known hydrophilic IOL in the eye, and the patient needs intracameral gas insertion, there may in the future be a way of protecting the surface of the IOL with a dissolvable intracameral lens while the gas is in place or some equivalent development. The question of ultrathin DSAEK vs DMEK may also be analysed with a hydrophilic lens in place—with lower rebubbling rates in DSAEK and often just a need for air rather than gas, this may be a reason to choose DSAEK over DMEK if the risk of rebubbling is less. However, if opacification develops a fully attached and clear DMEK may fair better with less risk of detachment than a fully attached DSAEK.

Compliance with ethical standards

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.