Table 2.
Cox proportional hazards model and hazard ratios (with corresponding 95% confidence intervals) for incident stroke of any type, and by stroke sub-type and fatal strokes in the EPIC Norfolk study.
| Hazard Ratios | SF-36 vitality score quartiles | P value* | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model | Q1 (100-75) |
Q2 (75-66) |
Q3 (65-51) |
Q4 (50-0) |
|
| All strokes | |||||
| Events/population | 345/3879 | 267/3007 | 400/4077 | 497/4691 | 1509/15654 |
| Model A HR (95 % CI) | 1.00 | 1.01 (0.86-1.18) | 1.15 (1.00-1.33) | 1.29 (1.13-1.48) | <0.001 |
| Model B HR (95 % CI) | 1.00 | 1.02 (0.87-1.20) | 1.19 (1.03-1.38) | 1.49 (1.30-1.72) | <0.001 |
| Model C HR (95 % CI) | 1.00 | 1.04 (0.88-1.22) | 1.20 (1.03-1.38) | 1.49 (1.29-1.71) | <0.001 |
| Model D HR (95 % CI) | 1.00 | 1.04 (0.88-1.22) | 1.19 (1.03-1.38) | 1.48 (1.28-1.70) | <0.001 |
| Model E HR (95 % CI) | 1.00 | 1.04 (0.89-1.22) | 1.20 (1.04-1.39) | 1.49 (1.29-1.71) | <0.001 |
| Model F HR (95 % CI)* | 1.00 | 1.02 (0.84-1.25) | 1.16 (0.96-1.39) | 1.52 (1.27-1.80) | <0.001 |
| Model G HR (95 % CI)* | 1.00 | 1.12 (0.88-1.41) | 1.20 (0.96-1.49) | 1.55 (1.26-1.91) | <0.001 |
| Ischaemic stroke | |||||
| Events | 272/3879 | 218/3007 | 327/4077 | 416/4691 | 1233/15654 |
| Model A HR (95 % CI) | 1.00 | 1.04 (0.87-1.24) | 1.197 (1.02-1.41) | 1.37 (1.18-1.60) | <0.001 |
| Model B HR (95 % CI) | 1.00 | 1.06 (0.89-1.27) | 1.233 (1.05-1.45) | 1.59 (1.36-1.85) | <0.001 |
| Model C HR (95 % CI) | 1.00 | 1.08 (0.90-1.29) | 1.244 (1.06-1.46) | 1.59 (1.36-1.86) | <0.001 |
| Model D HR (95 % CI) | 1.00 | 1.08 (0.90-1.29) | 1.241 (1.06-1.46) | 1.58 (1.35-1.84) | <0.001 |
| Model E HR (95 % CI) | 1.00 | 1.08 (0.91-1.29) | 1.247 (1.06-1.47) | 1.59 (1.36-1.86) | <0.001 |
| Haemorhagic stroke | |||||
| Events/ Population | 73/3879 | 49/3007 | 73/4077 | 81/4691 | 276/15654 |
| Model A HR (95 % CI) | 1.00 | 0.87 (0.61-1.25) | 0.99 (0.72-1.37) | 0.99 (0.72-1.36) | 0.87 |
| Model B HR (95 % CI) | 1.00 | 0.89 (0.62-1.28) | 1.03 (0.75-1.43) | 1.14 (0.83-1.57) | 0.50 |
| Model C HR (95 % CI) | 1.00 | 0.88 (0.62-1.27) | 1.02 (0.73-1.41) | 1.11 (0.80-1.53) | 0.67 |
| Model D HR (95 % CI) | 1.00 | 0.88 (0.61-1.27) | 1.02 (0.74-1.41) | 1.11 (0.81-1.54) | 0.65 |
| Model E HR (95 % CI) | 1.00 | 0.88 (0.62-1.27) | 1.02 (0.74-1.41) | 1.12 (0.81-1.55) | 0.64 |
| Fatal stroke | |||||
| Events/ Population | 145/3879 | 95/3007 | 162/4077 | 216/4691 | 618/15654 |
| Model A HR (95 % CI) | 1.00 | 0.95 (0.73-1.23) | 1.01 (0.80-1.26) | 1.22 (0.99-1.50) | 0.106 |
| Model B HR (95 % CI) | 1.00 | 0.91 (0.70-1.18) | 0.96 (0.76-1.20) | 1.23 (1.00-1.53) | 0.030 |
| Model C HR (95 % CI) | 1.00 | 0.89 (0.69-1.16) | 0.88 (0.70-1.11) | 1.14 (0.92-1.42) | 0.065 |
| Model D HR (95 % CI) | 1.00 | 0.93 (0.71-1.21) | 0.89 (0.71-1.13) | 1.16 (0.93-1.45) | 0.078 |
| Model E HR (95 % CI) | 1.00 | 0.93 (0.71-1.21) | 0.89 (0.71-1.12) | 1.16 (0.93-1.44) | 0.083 |
Model A: unadjusted; Model B: age, sex (first man) systolic, BP, cholesterol, DM (first), BMI; Model C: B + smoking, alcohol intake, fruit and vegetable intake, physical activity; Model D: C+ education, social class (first), Townsend Score; Model E: D +vitamin use; Model F: E + haemaglobin levels; Model G: F+prior MI, cancer, chronic bronchitis and high TSH. *Model F and Model G include data with missing values. * P test for trend across vitality quartiles.