Table 3. Associations of fetal and maternal genetic scores with other birth measures in South Asian populations.
| Trait | fGS adjusted for sex and gestational age* | mGS adjusted for sex and gestational age* | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | Effect | L95 | U95 | P | I2 | Het-P | N | Effect | L95 | U95 | P | I2 | Het-P | |
| Birth length (Z) | 2544 | 0.004 | 0.000 | 0.009 | 0.048 | 44.1 | 0.097 | 1820 | 0.003 | -0.002 | 0.008 | 0.153 | 42.5 | 0.122 |
| Ponderal Index (Z) | 2517 | 0.009 | 0.004 | 0.013 | 2.1×10-4 | 28.3 | 0.213 | 1796 | 0.000 | -0.004 | 0.006 | 0.906 | 14.3 | 0.323 |
| Head circumference (Z) | 2564 | 0.005 | 0.000 | 0.009 | 0.030 | 48.0 | 0.073 | 1844 | 0.002 | -0.002 | 0.007 | 0.425 | 0 | 0.741 |
| Chest circumference (Z) | 1586 | 0.012 | 0.007 | 0.017 | 8.2×10-6 | 23.1 | 0.273 | 1477 | 0.002 | -0.002 | 0.007 | 0.383 | 3.7 | 0.374 |
| Abdominal circumference (Z) | 1586 | 0.014 | 0.008 | 0.019 | 3.4×10-7 | 68.5 | 0.023 | 1477 | 0.002 | -0.003 | 0.007 | 0.554 | 62.0 | 0.048 |
| Mid-upper arm circumference (Z) | 1953 | 0.014 | 0.009 | 0.019 | 1.3×10-7 | 0 | 0.485 | 1844 | 0.005 | 0.000 | 0.010 | 0.045 | 0 | 0.982 |
| Triceps skinfold (Z) | 1564 | 0.013 | 0.007 | 0.018 | 3.6×10-6 | 44.6 | 0.144 | 1455 | 0.003 | -0.001 | 0.009 | 0.181 | 61.7 | 0.050 |
| Subscapular skinfold (Z) | 1563 | 0.012 | 0.006 | 0.017 | 2.4×10-5 | 42.3 | 0.158 | 1454 | 0.003 | -0.002 | 0.008 | 0.260 | 25.7 | 0.258 |
Association analysis was performed using linear regression with standardized birth measures adjusted for sex and gestational age as the dependent variables for each cohort independently and finally the summary results were meta-analyzed. The effect size is in standard deviation units of the birth measure per unit change in genetic score. The South Asian populations include PMNS, Pune Maternal Nutrition Study; PS, Parthenon Study; MMNP, Mumbai Maternal Nutrition Project from India; MBRC, Mysore Birth Records Cohort; Dhaka-WP2 of GIFTS; Dhaka-WP3 of GIFTS; UK-Bang, London UK Bangladeshi cohort. *, In MMNP, allocation group was additionally adjusted for, and in MBRC only sex was adjusted for since gestational age data was not available for the majority of the sample. N, number of term babies; L95, U95, 95% confidence interval; I2, heterogeneity; Het-P, P value for heterozygosity; P, P value; fGS, fetal genetic score; mGS, maternal genetic score. The N was different for each trait due to missingness of some phenotype data in MBRC, Dhaka-WP2 and Dhaka-WP3.