To the Editor
Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory disorder that causes physical disfigurement and impacts mental health and quality of life.1 Sexual minorities (SMs) report higher rates of mental health and chronic medical issues,2,3 and other chronic skin diseases, such as acne vulgaris, have been found to disproportionately affect mental health among SMs.4 This study assesses the impact of sexual orientation on the relationship between psoriasis, mental health and physical health among U.S. adults.
We conducted a secondary analysis of population-based, cross sectional data from the 2003-2006 and 2009-2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, including heterosexual and SM (lesbian, gay, bisexual or “something else”) participants aged 18-59 years. Among all participants (by psoriasis status) and in analyses stratified by psoriasis status (by sexual orientation), we calculated prevalence rates and prevalence odds ratios using unadjusted and multivariable-adjusted logistic regression analyses for primary outcomes including clinical depression (based on a Patient Health Questionnairre-9), mental healthcare utilization, overall health, frequent physical distress, and frequent mental distress. Interaction analyses were conducted between SM identity and psoriasis status. All statistical analyses were weighted and performed using STATA version 16.1. This study using publicly-available, de-identified data was exempt from institutional review board review.
The study included 14,932 heterosexual (371 with psoriasis, 14,561 without psoriasis) and 1,004 SM (30 with psoriasis, 974 without psoriasis) participants (Supplemental Figure 1; Table I). In multivariable analyses, participants with psoriasis compared to those without had higher odds of clinical depression, mental healthcare utilization, frequent physical distress, and frequent mental distress. Among those without psoriasis, sexual orientation was associated with all primary outcomes. Among those with psoriasis, SMs compared to heterosexuals had higher odds of clinical depression, reporting fair or poor health and frequent physical distress. Interaction analyses may have been underpowered, but we found an interaction between SM identity and psoriasis for mental healthcare utilization (p=0.04) (Table II). Data on psoriasis severity and medical comorbidities were not included in multivariable analyses, but are available by SM identity among participants with psoriasis in Supplemental Table I.
Table I. Demographic and clinical characteristics by psoriasis status and by sexual orientation stratified by psoriasis status among adults aged 18-59 years, NHANES 2003-2006 & 2009-2014.
| All Participants (N=15,936)b |
No Psoriasis a (N=15,535) b |
Psoriasis a (N=401) b |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristicc | No Psoriasisa (N=15,535)b % (SE) |
Psoriasisa (N=401)b % (SE) |
Heterosexual (N=14,561)b %(SE) |
Sexual Minority (N=974)b %(SE) |
Heterosexual (N=371)b %(SE) |
Sexual Minority (N=30)b %(SE) |
| Age, mean | 38.6 (0.2) | 42.1 (0.7) | 38.7 (0.2) | 37.0 (0.6) | 42.1 (0.7) | 42.3 (2.1) |
| Age, categorical | ||||||
| 18-29 years | 27.9 (0.7) | 15.4 (3.0) | 27.4 (0.7) | 35.0 (2.3) | 16.1 (2.2) | 5.2 (3.0) |
| 30-39 years | 23.2 (0.5) | 25.5 (3.0) | 23.2 (0.5) | 22.6 (1.5) | 24.5 (3.1) | 39.5 (11.0) |
| 40-49 years | 25.6 (0.6) | 26.8 (3.4) | 25.9 (0.6) | 21.1 (1.6) | 27.1 (3.5) | 22.9 (8.6) |
| 50-59 years | 23.3 (0.6) | 32.4 (2.9) | 23.4 (0.6) | 21.3 (2.0) | 32.3 (3.1) | 32.5 (10.1) |
| Sex | ||||||
| Male | 50.2 (0.4) | 48.3 (2.9) | 50.8 (0.4) | 40.9 (2.2) | 48.6 (3.0) | 45.1 (11.1) |
| Female | 49.8 (0.4) | 51.7 (2.9) | 49.2 (0.4) | 59.1 (2.2) | 51.4 (3.0) | 54.9 (11.1) |
| Race/Ethnicity | ||||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 66.4 (1.6) | 80.6 (2.1) | 66.6 (1.6) | 63.1 (2.3) | 81.0 (2.1) | 75.3 (7.5) |
| Non-Hispanic African | 12.0 (0.8) | 5.9 (1.0) | 11.8 (0.8) | 14.4 (1.5) | 5.8 (1.1) | 7.7 (4.1) |
| Hispanic | 14.9 (1.1) | 8.4 (1.5) | 15.0 (1.2) | 13.4 (1.5) | 8.0 (1.5) | 14.7 (6.0) |
| Other | 6.7 (0.4) | 5.1 (1.1) | 6.6 (0.4) | 9.1 (1.1) | 5.3 (1.1) | 2.4 (1.7) |
| Education Level | ||||||
| Less than High School | 15.6 (0.7) | 12.6 (1.6) | 15.5 (0.7) | 17.1 (1.5) | 12.4 (0.17) | 15.4 (6.6) |
| High School or GED | 22.4 (0.7) | 20.8 (2.4) | 22.6 (0.7) | 19.2 (1.6) | 21.1 (2.5) | 16.0 (8.4) |
| Some college or associates degree | 32.6 (0.7) | 30.9 (2.9) | 32.5 (0.7) | 34.0 (1.8) | 30.1 (2.8) | 43.2 (10.8) |
| College degree | 29.4 (1.1) | 35.7 (3.1) | 29.4 (1.1) | 29.7 (2.4) | 36.4 (3.2) | 25.5 (9.6) |
| Usual source for cared | ||||||
| Yes | 81.5 (0.4) | 86.6 (2.1) | 81.5 (0.4) | 81.4 (1.4) | 87.2 (2.1) | 77.3 (8.2) |
| Insurede | ||||||
| Yes | 77.0 (0.7) | 80.4 (2.6) | 77.4 (0.8) | 72.5 (1.9) | 80.0 (2.7) | 85.1 (5.3) |
| Body Mass Index | ||||||
| Underweight (<20.0) | 5.4 (0.3) | 2.8 (1.0) | 5.3 (0.3) | 6.7 (0.9) | 2.9 (1.0) | 1.3 (1.3) |
| Normal Weight (20.0 -24.99) | 28.1 (0.7) | 22.2 (2.2) | 28.0 (0.7) | 29.8 (1.7) | 21.2 (2.1) | 35.9 (10.4) |
| Overweight (25.0-29.9) | 31.9 (0.6) | 33.7 (2.9) | 32.3 (0.6) | 25.7 (1.6) | 34.6 (2.9) | 21.5 (8.9) |
| Obese (>=30.0) | 34.6 (0.7) | 41.3 (3.3) | 34.5 (0.7) | 37.7 (1.8) | 41.3 (3.4) | 41.3 (9.6) |
| Smoking History | ||||||
| Never | 56.1 (0.7) | 45.9 (3.0) | 56.8 (0.8) | 46.8 (2.1) | 44.9 (2.9) | 59.2 (10.1) |
| Former | 19.1 (0.6) | 30.4 (2.6) | 19.2 (0.6) | 16.7 (1.7) | 31.4 (2.8) | 15.0 (7.3) |
| Current | 24.8 (0.7) | 23.8 (2.7) | 24.0 (0.7) | 36.5 (1.8) | 23.6 (2.8) | 25.9 (9.0) |
Psoriasis status based on response to “Have you ever been told by a healthcare provider that you had psoriasis?”
Unweighted sample sizes for reference
Reporting percentages or means (+/- standard error) based on the weighted sample.
Healthcare access status based on response to “Is there a place that you usually go when sick or need advice about your health?”
Insurance coverage status based on response to “Are you covered by insurance or some other kind of health care plan?”
Table II. Mental and physical health outcomes by psoriasis status and by sexual orientation in analyses stratified by psoriasis status among adults aged 18-59 years, NHANES 2003-2006 & 2009-2014.
| Stratified Analysis | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All Participants | No Psoriasis | Psoriasis | |||||
| No Psoriasis |
Psoriasis | Heterosexual | Sexual Minority |
Heterosexual | Sexual Minority | p-interactiong | |
| Clinical Depressiona | |||||||
| PHQ-9 Score, Mean (SE) | 3.0 (0.1) | 4.0 (0.3) | 2.9 (0.1) | 4.8 (0.3) | 3.9 (0.3) | 6.0 (1.5) | |
| Clinical Depression, % (SE) | 7.6 (0.3) | 11.2 (2.2) | 7.0 (0.3) | 18.0 (1.9) | 9.9 (2.1) | 30.5 (9.1) | |
| Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.53 (1.01-2.39) | 1.0 (Ref) | 2.94 (2.26-3.82) | 1.0 (Ref) | 3.98 (1.31-12.08) | 0.59 |
| Adjusted OR, (95% CI)f | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.51 (1.01-2.48) | 1.0 (Ref) | 2.45 (1.87-3.21) | 1.0 (Ref) | 3.75 (1.26-11.13) | 0.58 |
| Mental Health Care Utilization in Last 12 Monthsb | |||||||
| Seen Mental Health Care Provider, % (SE) | 8.9 (0.4) | 13.2 (2.2) | 8.3 (0.4) | 19.1 (1.9) | 13.2 (2.4) | 11.7 (4.2) | |
| Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.55 (1.07-2.25) | 1.0 (Ref) | 2.63 (2.02-3.42) | 1.0 (Ref) | 0.87 (0.25-3.06) | 0.09 |
| Adjusted OR (95% CI) f | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.45 (1.01-2.14) | 1.0 (Ref) | 2.40 (1.84-3.13) | 1.0 (Ref) | 0.78 (0.23-2.63) | 0.04 |
| Overall Healthc | |||||||
| Poor or Fair Health, % (SE)* | 14.8 (0.5) | 16.6 (2.3) | 14.5 (0.5) | 19.3 (1.5) | 15.2 (2.1) | 36.9 (9.5) | |
| Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.15 (0.84-1.57) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.41 (1.16-1.72) | 1.0 (Ref) | 3.25 (1.29-8.18) | 0.08 |
| Adjusted OR (95% CI)f | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.17 (0.84-1.65) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.36 (1.09-1.69) | 1.0 (Ref) | 4.05 (1.27-12.88) | 0.08 |
| Frequent Physical Distressd| | |||||||
| Physical Unhealthy Days in Last Month, Mean (SE) | 3.1 (0.1) | 4.1 (0.5) | 3.1 (0.1) | 4.1 (0.4) | 3.8 (0.5) | 9.4 (2.3) | |
| Frequent Physical Distress, % (SE) | 8.9 (0.4) | 13.2 (2.2) | 8.6 (0.4) | 13.2 (1.5) | 11.8 (2.2) | 33.7 (9.9) | |
| Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.56 (1.04-2.33) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.61 (1.23-2.10) | 1.0 (Ref) | 3.80 (1.42-10.16) | 0.09 |
| Adjusted OR (95% CI)f | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.54 (1.01-2.17) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.47 (1.11-1.93) | 1.0 (Ref) | 3.76 (1.19-11.91) | 0.10 |
| Frequent Mental Distresse | |||||||
| Mental Unhealthy Days in Last Month, Mean (SE) | 4.2 (0.1) | 5.5 (0.5) | 4.1 (0.1) | 6.8 (0.5) | 5.4 (0.5) | 6.7 (2.0) | |
| Frequent Mental Distress, % (SE) | 12.5 (0.5) | 17.9 (1.9) | 11.9 (0.4) | 22.2 (1.9) | 17.6 (2.0) | 22.3 (7.1) | |
| Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.53 (1.19-1.96) | 1.0 (Ref) | 2.11 (1.69-2.63) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.34 (0.50-4.31) | 0.43 |
| Adjusted OR (95% CI)f | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.44 (1.10-1.88) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.92 (1.54-2.38) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.46 (0.42-5.15) | 0.61 |
Clinical depression score based on responses to a 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) with possible scores ranging between 0 to 27. Clinical depression was defined as a PHQ-9 score of 10 or greater.
Mental health care utilization based on a positive response to “During the past 12 months, have you seen or talked to a mental health professional such as a psychologist, psychiatrist, psychiatric nurse or clinical social worker about your health?”
Overall poor or fair health status defined a response of either “poor” or “fair” to “Would you say your health in general is (1) excellent (2) very good (3) good (4) fair, or (5) poor?”
Physically unhealthy days based on response to “Thinking about your physical health, which includes physical illness and injury, for how many days during the past 30 days was your physical health not good?” Frequent physical distress was defined as reporting ≥ 14 physically unhealthy days in the last 30 days.
Mentally unhealthy days based on response to “Thinking about mental health, which includes stress, depression, and problems with emotions, for how many days during the past 30 days was your mental health not good?” Frequent mental distress was defined as reporting ≥ 14 mentally unhealthy days in the last 30 days.
Adjusted odds ratios based on multivariable logistic regression analyses controlling for sexual orientation, age, sex, race, education level, healthcare access (usual source of care), health insurance status, body mass index, and smoking history.
P-value for the interaction term between sexual orientation and psoriasis in a multivariable logistic regression model controlling for sexual orientation, psoriasis status, age, sex, race, education level, healthcare access (usual source of care), health insurance status, body mass index, and smoking history.
This study suggests that SMs with psoriasis report poorer mental and physical health than heterosexuals with psoriasis. In particular, we found SMs with psoriasis had nearly 4-fold higher odds of reporting symptoms of clinical depression, frequent physical distress and poor overall health. Despite these differences, SMs with psoriasis were no more likely than heterosexuals with psoriasis to report receiving mental healthcare, indicating that physician interventions might be lacking. High baseline rates of mental2 and physical health3 issues among SMs likely contribute to these differences. Study strengths include the use of a nationally-representative sample. Limitations include self-reported data and the small number of SMs with psoriasis.
Futures studies are needed to better understand factors contributing to the mental and physical health impact of psoriasis among sexual minorities and the potential for intersectionality with other minority identities (e.g. race/ethnicity). Increasing routine collection of sexual orientation,5 mental health and the quality-of-life impact of psoriasis will empower dermatologists to provide the high-quality, patient-oriented care these populations need and deserve.
Supplementary Material
Acknowledgements
Funding sources
MM is supported by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (U01ES029603). The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health. SML is funded by a Wellcome Trust Senior Research Fellowship in Clinical Science (205039/Z/16/Z). SML was also supported by Health Data Research UK (LOND1), which is funded by the UK Medical Research Council, Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council, Economic and Social Research Council, Department of Health and Social Care (England), Chief Scientist Office of the Scottish Government Health and Social Care Directorates, Health and Social Care Research and Development Division (Welsh Government), Public Health Agency (Northern Ireland), British Heart Foundation and Wellcome Trust. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the funders. For the purpose of Open Access, the author has applied a CC BY public copyright licence to any Author Accepted Manuscript (AAM) version arising from this submission.
Funding/Support
SML is funded by a Wellcome Trust Senior Research Fellowship in Clinical Science (205039/Z/16/Z). SML was also supported by Health Data Research UK (LOND1), which is funded by the UK Medical Research Council, Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council, Economic and Social Research Council, Department of Health and Social Care (England), Chief Scientist Office of the Scottish Government Health and Social Care Directorates, Health and Social Care Research and Development Division (Welsh Government), Public Health Agency (Northern Ireland), British Heart Foundation and Wellcome Trust. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the funders.
Footnotes
Author Contributions
Dr. Mansh had full access to all of the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.
Study concept and design: All authors.
Acquisition, analysis, and interpretation of data: All authors.
Drafting of the manuscript: All authors
Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: All authors.
Statistical analysis: Mansh.
Obtained funding: N/A.
Administrative, technical, or material support: All authors
Study supervision: Langan.
Financial Disclosure:
None reported.
The authors have no conflict of interest to declare
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