Abstract
Background
There is no consensus on the clinical utility of ‘routine’ diagnostic cardiac catheterisation in patients with Fontan palliation in the absence of symptoms or haemodynamic lesions.
Objective
We sought to evaluate whether diagnostic cardiac catheterisation for a variety of indications led to a change in the clinical management of patients with a Fontan circulation.
Methods
All adult patients (≥16 years) with Fontan palliation undergoing diagnostic cardiac catheterisation at our institution from 2016 to 2019 were included retrospectively. Patients undergoing electrophysiological studies were excluded as haemodynamic measurements were not taken. Routine cardiac catheterisation at our institution is considered in adult patients who have not had a diagnostic cardiac catheter for more than 5 years.
Results
Thirty-eight patients, mean age 27 ± 7 years, 60% NYHA I, 31% NYHA II, 8% NYHA III, at mean duration post Fontan of 20 ± 6 years, lateral tunnel (LT) n = 20, extracardiac (EC) n = 14 and atriopulmonary (AP) n = 4, underwent 41 diagnostic cardiac catheterisation procedures. Indication for cardiac catheterisation was as follows: haemodynamic lesion identified on cross-sectional imaging in 12; routine catheterisation in 9; cyanosis in 8; dyspnoea in 8; significant liver stiffness on ultrasound hepatic elastography in 2; and arrhythmia in 2. Of the 9 patients undergoing routine diagnostic catheterisation, 3 had not had any diagnostic catheterisation since their Fontan completion and, in the remaining six, the mean time lapsed since the last diagnostic catheter was 8 ± 3 years. The diagnostic catheterisation led to a recommended change in clinical management on 24 occasions (59%): catheter intervention in 17 (40%); surgery in 4 (10%); medication change in 3 (17%); and transplant referral in 2 (5%). The clinical indications that led to changes in clinical management were: cyanosis (8/8), dyspnoea (7/8), haemodynamic lesions on cross-sectional imaging (8/11) and arrhythmia (1/2). None of the 9 patients listed for routine diagnostic catheterisation or as a result of findings on ultrasound hepatic elastography had a recommended change in clinical management.
Conclusion
Diagnostic cardiac catheterisation frequently leads to changes in the clinical management of patients with Fontan palliation presenting with dyspnoea, cyanosis, and for further evaluation of potential haemodynamic lesions identified on cross-sectional imaging. Routine cardiac catheterisation in the absence of the above indications had limited impact on clinical management in our cohort.
Keywords: Fontan palliation, Routine diagnostic catheterisation, Clinical indicated catheterisation, Long term follow up
Introduction
Most Fontan patients reach adulthood [1–3]; however, a standardised long-term follow-up strategy has not been agreed, partly reflecting the non-standardised management of these challenging patients across institutions. Fontan patients can develop several complications such as atrial arrhythmias, heart failure, protein losing enteropathy, plastic bronchitis, progressive cyanosis due to veno-venous collateral formation, and Fontan-associated liver disease (FALD), which are the mainstay of Fontan morbidity and mortality [3, 4] (Table 1). The risk and severity of these complications increases over time and with advancing age, and early identification and treatment of any haemodynamic drivers for the development of these complications is essential [3]. Surveillance protocols differ substantially across centres and the unification of these patients’ follow-up remains challenging. Previous studies suggested that these patients present a bimodal pattern, with a cumulative risk of death from thromboembolism increasing during the first 3 years after Fontan palliation and again 15 years after surgery [4, 5], reiterating the importance of surveillance. Recent findings indicate that the use of cardiac MRI for post-Fontan surveillance follows this bimodal trend [1], with significantly greater odds of a change in management following clinically indicated MRI after Fontan as compared to screening MRI. We here present complementary observations based on cardiac catheterisation.
Table 1. Fontan complications and imaging modalities for assessing and following Fontan patients.
| Fontan Complications | Echo | CMR | CT | Cath | Additional imaging modalities |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Conduit Obstruction | ✓✓✓ | ✓✓✓ | ✓✓✓ | ✓✓✓ | |
| Pulmonary branches stenosis | ✓✓✓ | ✓✓✓ | ✓✓✓ | ||
| Veno-venous collaterals | ✓✓✓ | ✓✓✓ | |||
| Arrhythmias | ✓✓ | ✓✓✓ | ✓✓✓ | ||
| AV valve regurgitation | ✓✓ | ✓✓✓ | |||
| Aortic regurgitation | ✓✓ | ✓✓✓ | |||
| Decreased preload | ✓✓ | ✓✓ | ✓✓✓ | ||
| Systolic dysfunction | ✓✓ | ✓✓✓ | |||
| Increased afterload | ✓✓✓ | ✓✓✓ | ✓✓✓ | ||
| Liver abnormalities | ✓✓✓ | ✓✓✓ | ✓✓✓ | Liver Ultrasound Fibroscan | |
| Protein losing enteropathy | ✓✓✓ | ✓✓✓ | ✓✓✓ | ||
| Plastic bronchitis | ✓✓✓ | ✓✓✓ | Bronchoscopy |
Methods
We retrospectively analysed n = 38 adult Fontan patients who underwent diagnostic cardiac catheterisation between 2016 and 2019, mean follow up post-Fontan palliation: 20 ± 6 years, type of Fontan: LT n = 20, EC n = 14 and AP n = 4. We compared patients who underwent routine diagnostic cardiac catheterization (n = 9) versus clinically-indicated diagnostic catheterisation (n = 29). Routine catheterisation at our institution is considered in adult patients who have not had a diagnostic cardiac catheter for more than 5 years. Clinical indications for diagnostic catheterisation are displayed in Fig. 1 and included cross-sectional imaging study, arrhythmias, cyanosis, dyspnoea and cirrhotic liver.
Fig. 1. Clinical indications and changes in clinical management post diagnostic catheterisation.
Results
Diagnostic catheterisation led to a recommended change in clinical management in 24 occasions (59%): catheter intervention in 17 (40%); surgery in 4 (10%); medication change in 3 (17%); and transplant referral in 2 (5%) (Fig. 1). None of the 9 patients listed for routine diagnostic catheterisation had a recommended change in clinical management following the procedure.
Discussion
Similar to MRI observations [1], our findings show limited clinical utility and impact on changing management from routine testing in Fontan patients. However, no definitive conclusion could be drawn based on the small sample. Additionally, the reassurance that a favourable result from a diagnostic cardiac catheterisation study brings to the patient and medical team has not been explored, and may be important. Monitoring for complications in Fontan patients encompasses liver surveillance, single ventricle function assessment, and arrhythmias follow-up. Based on AHA guidelines [3], Fontan patients should be evaluated annually with either echocardiography or cardiac MRI (class I level of evidence C) and cardiac catheterization should be performed in adults before initial Fontan surgery or revision of a prior Fontan connection to assess suitability of pre-intervention hemodynamics for Fontan physiology (class I level of evidence C), in the context of a new onset or worsening atrial tachyarrhythmias (class I level of evidence C), or when the patient is symptomatic and non-invasive testing is insufficient to guide therapy (class IIa level of evidence C), as well as before cardiac transplantation. Evidence-based treatment strategies and preventive management schema are limited, with a need for more widespread consensus as to how best serially monitoring and managing these patients [6] in order to establish a safe protocol.
Conclusion
Clinically-indicated diagnostic catheterisation frequently leads to changes in the clinical management with Fontan palliation with limited impact on routine diagnostic catheterisation in our cohort. Nonetheless, given the fragile and delicate balance of the univentricular physiology, diagnostic catheterisation might play an essential role as part of the long term follow up in Fontan patients by identifying hemodynamic abnormalities in the context of subtle or even in the absence of clinical manifestations. Therefore, further analysis is warranted.
Acknowledgments
British Heart Foundation (BHF), Biomedical Research Center (BRC).
Funding
None.
Declarations
Authors’ contributions
Dr. Maria Victoria Ordonez collected and organized the data, analysed the results with the clinical data, was involved in the writing process. Moreover, the study was presented as a poster at the CSI conference in Frankfurt, June 2019 by Dr. Maria Victoria Ordonez. Dr. Giovanni Biglino did the statistical analysis and was involved in the writing process. Dr. Radwa Bedair set the goals, coordinated the study and was involved in the writing process as an Interventional Cardiologist. All the authors have read and approved the final manuscript.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
The present retrospective analysis was approved by the audit board at University Hospital of Bristol.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
None to declare.
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Availability of data and materials
RedCup dataset, Bristol Heart Institute and Bristol University.
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Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Data Availability Statement
RedCup dataset, Bristol Heart Institute and Bristol University.