Abstract
Objectives
This study aimed to assess the effect of the admission time (on-hours versus off-hours) on in-hospital mortality in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI) in a region without STEMI network.
Methods
We analysed in-hospital the mortality among 300 consecutive ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients treated with PPCI between March 2012 and February 2017. Patients were divided according to admission time into on-hours admission (08:00 AM until 08:00 PM on weekdays) versus off-hours admission (08:00 PM until 08:00 AM on weekdays and 24 h on weekends and holidays). Demographic and clinical data as well as in-hospital mortality were compared between the two groups.
Results
One hundred and seventy eight (59.3%) patients were admitted during on-hours, and 122 (40.7%) patients were presented in off-hours. The mean door-to-balloon time was 42.3 min in the off-hours group and 34.2 min in the on-hours group with no statistically significant difference (p = 0.39). The mortality rate was 3.9% at on-hours presentation versus 4.09% in off-hours admission (p = 0.58). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that off-hours presentation was not associated with in-hospital mortality. [odds ratio (OR) 0.74; 95% CI, 0.21–2.61, p = 0.64].
Conclusion
Despite no efficient STEMI network in present study, off-hour presentation had no significant impact on in-hospital prognosis in patients with STEMI treated with PPCI. Larger studies are warranted in order to determine the prognostic role of off-hour presentation in patients with STEMI undergoing PPCI.
Keywords: Acute myocardial infarction, In-hospital mortality, Off-hours, Primary percutaneous coronary intervention, STEMI network
1. Introduction
Treatment of ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) has been revolutionized drastically since the introduction of primary percutaneous coronary intervention (pPCI) [1]. However, only timely pPCI is the preferred therapy for this purpose indicating that “time is muscle”. Although challenging, “timely” is generally defined as the shortest time from the onset of symptoms to the balloon inflation, which is associated with higher myocardial salvage and lower mortality rates [2].
Another factor that may influence the outcome of STEMI patients is on-hours versus off-hours (i.e., non-working hours, weekends, and holidays) presentation. There is controversy about effect of off-hour admission time on short and long-term outcomes of patients treated with primary coronary angioplasty. Some studies have shown a higher mortality rate when it occurs over off-hours mainly due to logistic reasons [3,4] while others have shown contrary result as pPCI during off-hours was not associated with increased mortality rates [4,5].
The dilemma is further complicated because some evidence suggests that total ischemic time, may be longer in subjects who arrive at the pPCI-capable hospitals over on-hours than those presented during off-hours. This could be due to low traffic load in off-hours during transfer of patients from other non-pPCI-capable facilities [6].
On the other hand, most of these studies comes from countries with well-developed STEMI network with established transfer facilities and prehospital well-trained staffs. Little is known about the impact of off-hour admission in regions like Middle East with poor financial resources and major health problems including lack of efficient STEMI network. So, this study aimed to assess the effect of the admission time (on-hours versus off-hours) on in-hospital prognosis in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI) in a region without STEMI network.
2. Methods and Materials
This was a retrospective single study that enrolled 300 patients with acute STEMI treated with pPCI in Madani hospital as main tertiary teaching heart center in Tabriz city in northwest of Iran between March 2012 and February 2017 (Fig. 1). Tabriz, the city in which the study was conducted, is an industrial city located in the northwest of Iran and has a population of about one million and seven hundred thousand according to 2016 census (https://www.amar.org.ir/).
Fig. 1.
Flow chart of the study.
Also, population density in this city is about 7559 per Km2 (http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf). There are six hospitals in this city which perform coronary intervention, two of them including Madani heart center are public and the rest are private. The Madani heart center has four catheterization laboratory and eight interventional cardiologist work in this hospital.
Like most of other regions of country, there was no established STEMI network in this region at the time of study. Although, there has been some efforts for implementation of such network in recent years. The STEMI protocol applied in the hospital was based on diagnosis by the emergency physicians: if patient was eligible for reperfusion therapy, the decision on the type of reperfusion was made by the emergency physician considering availability of interventional devices like coronary guidewires, guiding catheters, balloons and stents in the hospital as shortage of these devices were not uncommon in the hospital during study period. If so, main reperfusion strategy was thrombolysis, otherwise patients were transferred to catheterization laboratory for primary angioplasty. All fibrinolysis were done in emergency room in this center and not in pre-hospital setting.
We excluded patients with incomplete data, unsuitable coronary anatomy, paced rhythm and non -diagnostic electrocardiogram (ECG) as well as patients receiving thrombolysis in this center or other centers. We also exclude rescue PCI cases. Patients were eligible if they were age 18 years or older and admitted with acute STEMI within 12 h of the onset of the symptoms. STEMI was diagnosed based on following criteria: typical chest pain lasting more than 30 min, ST segment elevation 0.1 mV in at least two contiguous leads and elevated troponin levels. A 12-lead ECG was recorded on admission and 60 min after PCI. ST-segment elevation was recorded 20 msec after the J point. ST-segment resolution ≥50% 1 h after primary angioplasty in the lead with maximal ST-segment elevation in baseline electrocardiogram were measured and recorded. All patients were given oral aspirin (325 mg) and Clopidogrel (600 mg) on admission in the emergency room. A bolus of 100 IU/kg of IV heparin was administrated before angioplasty. Thrombectomy device and Eptifibatide use was dependent on operator's decision. Baseline and post-PCI coronary flow were assessed by Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) flow grading system in the infarct-related artery. Patients were divided according to admission time into on-hours admission (08:00 AM until 08:00 PM on weekdays) versus off-hours admission (08:00 PM until 08:00 AM on weekdays and 24 h on weekends and holidays). Demographic and clinical data as well as in-hospital mortality as main outcome measure were compared between two groups. The study protocol conforms to the ethical guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki and was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of the Tabriz University of Medicine. Informed written consent was obtained from all patients or appropriate legally authorized representatives.
3. Statistics Analysis
For continuous variables, data were expressed as means ± SD or median (quartile range) if the data were not normally distributed and categorical data as prevalence and percentages. Quantitative variables were compared using student t-test or Wilcoxon signed-rank test for non-normally distributed data and categorical variables using chi-square test or Fisher's exact test. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to identify the determinants of in-hospital mortality. For this analysis, the following variables (potential confounders) were included in the model: age, sex, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, total ischemic time, door to balloon time, ST-segment resolution >50%, initial TIMI flow, anterior wall myocardial infarction, and off-hours presentation.
All tests of significance were two-tailed, and p values of <0.05 were considered significant. The statistical analyses were performed by SPSS version 17.0 for Windows (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).
4. Results
Among 300 patients, (59.3%) patients were admitted during on-hours, and 122 (40.7%) patients were presented in off-hours. The majority of patients (86%) presented to hospital by themselves and not ambulance services or other medical facilities. Table 1 summarizes baseline clinical and angio-graphic data for each of the 2 groups. Baseline findings were comparable although in the off-hours group there was a higher prevalence of hypertensive patients (43.4% vs 30.9%, p = 0.02).
Table 1.
Baseline patient characteristics.
| Variables | On-hours n = 178 | Off-hours n =122 | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (mean ± SD, years) | 58.53 ± 11.9 | 57.53 ± 12.2 | 0.48 | |
| Male n (%) | 151 (84.8) | 104 (85.2) | 0.92 | |
| Previous PCI n (%) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.8) | 0.4 | |
| Previous MI n (%) | 1 (0.5) | 1 (0.8) | 0.6 | |
| Hypertension n (%) | 55 (30.9) | 53 (43.4) | 0.02 | |
| Hyperlipidemia n (%) | 1 (0.5) | 2 (1.6) | 0.36 | |
| Diabetes mellitus (%) | n | 32 (17.9) | 29 (23.7) | 0.22 |
| Smoking n (%) | 59 (33.1) | 48 (39.3) | 0.27 | |
| Total ischemic time (minutes) (Median (IQR)) | 480 (390e570) | 487 (390e600) | 0.34 | |
| Door to balloon time (minutes) (Median (IQR)) | 120 (90e150) | 120 (90e165) | 0.71 | |
| ST-segment resolution >50% n (%) | 127 (71.4) | 79 (64.8) | 0.22 | |
| Anterior MI n (%) | 97 (54.5) | 67 (55) | 0.94 | |
| 1 | 147 (82.6) | 104 (85.5) | ||
| Killip class | 2 | 26 (14.6) | 16 (13.3) | |
| n (%) | 3 | 5 (2.8) | 2 (1.1) | 0.76 |
| 4 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | ||
| Angiographic data | ||||
| Initial coronary TIMI flow | 0 | 128 (71.9) | 88 (72.2) | |
| n (%) | 1 | 12 (6.8) | 9 (7.3) | 0.8 |
| 2 | 15 (8.4) | 13 (10.6) | ||
| 3 | 23 (12.9) | 12 (9.9) | ||
| Final coronary TIMI flow | 0 | 1 (0.5) | 0 (0) | |
| 1 | 2 (1.1) | 0 (0) | 0.23 | |
| n (%) | 2 | 0 (0) | 2 (1.6) | |
| 3 | 175 (98.4) | 120 (98.4) | ||
| BMS n (%) | 51 (29.6) | 23 (18.9) | 0.45 | |
| DES n (%) | 127 (71.4) | 99 (81.1) | 0.99 | |
| Culprit Vessel | ||||
| LM n (%) | 16 (8.9) | 14 (11.5) | 0.44 | |
| LAD n (%) | 130 (73.2) | 79 (64.7) | ||
| LCX n (%) | 9 (5) | 10 (8.2) | ||
| RCA n (%) | 23 (12.9) | 19 (15.6) |
BMS: Bare metal stent; DES: Drug eluting stent; LAD: Left Anterior Descending artery; LCX: Left Circumflex artery; LM: Left Main artery; MI: Myocardial infarction; PCI: Percutaneous coronary intervention; RCA: Right coronary artery; TIMI: Thrombolysis in myocardial infarction; Total ischemic time: The time from the onset of chest pain to the first balloon inflation.
Overall in-hospital mortality was 4% (n = 12). The mortality rate was 3.9% at on-hours presentation versus 4.09% in off-hours admission (p = 0.58). In multivariate logistic regression analysis, off-hour presentation was not associated with the inhospital mortality. [odds ratio (OR) 0.74; 95% CI, 0.21–2.61, p = 0.64]. On the other hand, diabetes mellitus and anterior wall myocardial infarction were independent predictors of in-hospital mortality (Table 2).
Table 2.
Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis for in-hospital mortality.
| Variables | Univariate
|
Multivariate
|
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95%CI) | P-value | OR (95%CI) | P-value | |
| Age | 0.97 (0.93–1.02) | 0.372 | ||
| Sex | 1.95 (0.51–7.51) | 0.330 | ||
| HTN | 0.26 (0.07–0.91) | 0.034 | 1.87 (0.47–7.36) | 0.366 |
| DM | 0.165 (0.5–0.54) | 0.003 | 5.94 (1.57–22.47) | 0.009 |
| Initial coronary TIMI flow | 0.77 (0.48–1.24) | 0.293 | ||
| Total ischemic time | 1 (0.99–1) | 0.580 | ||
| Door to balloon time | 1 (0.99–1) | 0.3 | ||
| ST-segment resolution ˃50% | 1.1 (0.32–3.74) | 0.879 | ||
| Anterior MI | 3.8 (1–14.33) | 0.049 | 0.21 (0.05–0.87) | 0.032 |
| Off-hour presentation | 1.04 (0.32–3.36) | 0.943 | 0.748 (0.21–2.61) | 0.649 |
DM: Diabetes mellitus, HTN: Hypertension, TIMI: Thrombolysis in myocardial infarction. p values of <0.05 were considered significant.
Also, angiographic data were similar in both groups. With respect to delay times, total ischemic time as well as door to balloon time were not significantly different between two groups. Longer total ischemic time in both groups could be due to lack of an integrated STEMI network in our region as mentioned previously. Complete ST-segment resolution as the main determinant of reperfusion success was comparable in both groups (71.4% vs. 64.8%; p = 0.22).
5. Discussion
The main findings of this study can be summarized as follows. First, Off-hour presentation didn't increase in-hospital mortality of patients with STEMI treated with pPCI in a region without efficient STEMI network. Second, time delay between symptom onset and mechanical reperfusion was relatively similar in on-hours and off-hours presenters. Third, off-hour presentation was not independent predictor of in-hospital mortality.
In present study, despite no established network for diagnosis and rapid transfer of patients with acute STEMI for timely mechanical reperfusion, presentation during weekends or holidays and out of regular times (namely off-hours) wasn't associated with poor in-hospital outcomes. This was evident in angiographic finding and complete ST-segment resolution rate between study groups. ST-segment resolution ≥50% as one of the most determinant factor for reperfusion success was similar between on-hours patients and off-hours patients. Also, TIMI flow ш after procedure as one of the main predictor of myocardial salvage was identical in both groups. Longer ischemic time in present study may be due to lack of efficient STEMI network, as most patients in present study didn't use ambulance transportation (only 14%). Though, this long time could potentially affect patient's prognosis in present study, this was not the case. It seems that well-trained personnel staffs and physicians as well as high volume coronary angioplasty procedures in our hospital has attenuated the un-favorable effects of long ischemic time.
Timing of hospital admission (i.e., on-hours vs. off-hours) may partially affect the outcomes of STEMI patients undergoing pPCI. However, findings were not universal, and not all studies support the mentioned hypothesis. The results of present study are similar to recent studies that mostly conducted in countries with well-known and established STEMI network and “24/7 PPCI facilities” [7–9]. On the other hand, our results contradicts with the finding by Cubeddu et al. published in 2009 [4]. Better interventional device and improvement in pharmacotherapy during primary angioplasty in recent years may explain this difference.
Opposed to the findings of the present study and previous literature a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis of 48 studies [10–15] conducted on 1 896 859 patients assessed the impacts of off-hours presentation on the outcomes in patients with STEMI undergoing pPCI. The findings of this meta-analysis showed that off-hour presentation in subjects with STEMI was associated with higher short term mortality (OR 1.06, 95% confidence interval 1.04 to 1.09). This study also revealed that patients presented during off-hours tended to have lower rates of pPCI within 90 min (OR 0.40, 0.35 to 0.45) and longer door to balloon time as much as 14.8 min (95% confidence interval 10.7 to 19.0) [16].
The discrepancy found between the finding of this large meta-analysis and presented study could arise from several facts. These studies were mostly observational and non-randomized. As mentioned earlier, the country in which the study is performed seems to exert an important effect of the results. Publication bias is also a contributing factor to the observed differences between studies. Some confounding factors such as differences in sample sizes, race, culture, etc. could account for the observed effects and a high rate of heterogeneity between the existing data which could affect the outcomes. Differences between cares providing in off-times in different countries may also change the outcomes. This was visible in Becker et al., a study which showed that hospitalization during off times namely weekends provoked delayed provision of intensive procedures such pPCI and increased one-year mortality rate for patients presenting with STEMI [17].
Our study has several limitations: 1) limited number of patients, 2) retrospective, non- randomized and single center nature of the study and 3) lack of long-term follow-up. These shortcomings should be meticulously addressed in future studies.
In conclusion, despite no efficient STEMI network in present study, off-hour presentation had no significant impact on in-hospital prognosis in patients with STEMI treated with primary PCI. Larger studies are warranted in order to determine prognostic role of off-hour presentation in patients with STEMI undergoing primary angioplasty.
Acknowledgement
None.
Abbreviations
- AM
before midday
- BMS
Bare metal stent
- DES
Drug eluting stent
- ECG
Electrocardiogram
- LAD
Left Anterior Descending artery
- LCX
Left Circumflex artery
- LM
Left Main artery
- MI
Myocardial infarction
- PPCI
primary percutaneous coronary intervention
- PM
after midday
- PCI
percutaneous coronary intervention
- RCA
Right coronary artery
- STEMI
ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction
- TIMI
Thrombolysis in myocardial infarction
- 24/7
twenty-four hours a day and seven days a week
Funding
This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
Author Contribution
Elnaz Javanshir: Conception, Analysis And/Or Interpretation, Writer, Critical Review. Ahmad Separham: Conception, Analysis And/Or Interpretation, Writer, Critical Review. Naser Aslanabadi: Design, Critical Review. Samad Ghaffar: Supervision, Fundings, Critical Review. Babak Nasiri: Supervision. Elham Darzi Ramandi: Materials, Data Collection And/Or Processing, Critical Review. Ghiti Davarmoin: Literature Review. Haleh Bodag: Literature Review.
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare no potential conflict of interest.
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