Abstract
Background
We investigated the outcomes of displaced intra-articular calcaneal fractures (DIACFs) treated by percutaneous reduction and hollow screw fixation (PRHCF) versus open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF).
Material/Methods
Seventy-one patients were randomly allocated to group A (by PRHCF) and group B (by ORIF). Operative time, visual analogue scale (VAS) score, time from injury to operation, postoperative hospital stay, preoperative and postoperative radiographic measurements, and complications were recorded. Functional outcomes were assessed using the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) scores.
Results
Finally, 59 patients were followed up for at least 12 months (range, 12–24 months). Group A showed significantly more advantages than group B in term of operative time, intraoperative blood loss, time to operation, postoperative hospital stay, and postoperative pain relief during the first 3 days (P<0.001). However, more intraoperative fluoroscopy was required in group A than in group B (P<0.001). The calcaneal width, height, length, Böhler angle, and Gissane angle in each group were significantly improved postoperatively (all P<0.001), although not significantly different in the postoperative comparisons between both groups. The AOFAS scores were slightly superior in group A than in group B (88.3 vs. 86.4, P=0.08). The rate of incidence of postoperative complications was lower in group A than in group B (3.2% vs. 10.8%, respectively; OR, 0.28, 95% CI, 0.03 to 2.84), although there was no significant difference (P=0.337).
Conclusions
PRHCF showed comparable clinical and radiological outcomes as ORIF, demonstrating it is a safe and effective alternative in treating DIACFs.
MeSH Keywords: Calcaneus; Internal Fixators; Surgical Procedures, Minimally Invasive
Background
Calcaneal fractures comprise approximately 2% of all human fractures, and approximately 75% of these are displaced intra-articular fractures (DIACFs), which are more common in adults [1,2]. These fractures are considered to be a consequence of high-energy injuries such as from traffic accidents or a fall from height, among which 15% are open injuries and 5–10% are bilateral fractures [3]. DIACFs especially damage the subtalar joint, cause joint stiffness and other complications, and even lead to disability in severe cases.
Currently, DIACFs require surgery for mainly restoring the consistency of the subtalar joint and the width, height, and shape of the calcaneus, thereby avoiding medial and lateral impacts and restoring their normal function in patients [4]. Open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF), which is considered the criterion standard for treating DIACFs [3], can provide good exposure and allow direct reduction to better restore the anatomical position of the subtalar joint. However, the incidence of ORIF wound complications such as wound infection, dehiscence, skin necrosis, and soft-tissue damage has been reported to be as high as 30% [5]. These complications have been the main cause of poor prognosis. To reduce postoperative complications, scholars have proposed various minimally invasive treatment alternatives such as external fixation, percutaneous fixation, Schanz assisted reduction and fixation, and arthroscopically assisted operation [6–8]. These techniques effectively reduce soft-tissue damage, thereby decreasing the incidence of wound-related complications, while still allowing satisfactory fracture reduction [9–11].
To further explore the optimal treatment for DIACFs, we aimed to compare the therapeutic effects and complications between ORIF with L-shaped lateral approach and percutaneous reduction and hollow screw fixation in treating DIACFs.
Material and Methods
We analyzed patients with DIACFs admitted to our trauma center from July 2015 to December 2018. We conducted a prospective randomized controlled trial (RCT). The inclusion criteria were as follows: age of 18–60 years; with unilateral, closed intra-articular calcaneal fractures displaced >2 mm; with Sanders type II, III, or IV fractures according to CT scans; and patients who accepted the treatment plan designated using a random number table. Meanwhile, patients with previous history of calcaneal fracture; other fractures in addition to DIACFs; long-term smoking and diabetes which may affect the prognosis; and who were followed up for <12 months were excluded.
All patients signed an informed consent form prior to participation. This study was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of the Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University. This study conformed to the provisions of the Declaration of Helsinki.
Preoperative management
A researcher who was not involved in the clinical treatment of patients used a random number table to divide patients into group A (percutaneous reduction and hollow screw fixation) and group B (ORIF), and collected information such as age, sex, fracture side, and Sanders classification. All patients were evaluated using lateral and axial radiographs and computed tomography (CT) scans preoperatively. According to the CT scan results, the degree of injury was graded according to Sanders classification, and the radiological parameters of the calcaneus were measured. All surgeries were performed by 2 orthopedic surgeons with >10 years of experience in managing orthopedic trauma. The radiological parameters were measured using PACS (medSynapse 5.0.1.3) by a third orthopedic surgeon who was not involved in the surgery. Each value was measured 3 times, and the average was recorded for final analysis. Postoperative pain and functional outcomes at follow-ups were evaluated by an experienced orthopedic surgeon who was blind to the patient grouping to ensure impartial and comparable evaluation.
Surgical procedure
Group A patients underwent percutaneous reduction and hollow screw fixation with minimally invasive technology (Figure 1). One 3.5-mm Steinmann pin was first inserted at the calcaneal tubercle transversely from the medial to lateral sides and was used as the traction pin. The pin was then pulled along the axis of the posterior part of the calcaneus to primarily restore the height and length. Another 3.5-mm Steinmann pin was introduced from the superoposterior portion of the calcaneus into the fracture fragment along its axis to reduce the posterior facet. The pin tip was placed on the major fracture fragment and not beyond the fracture line. Subsequently, the surgeon performed repeated percutaneous leverage by using the pins inserted sagittally through the calcaneus fragment. The reduction was assessed under fluoroscopic control. If satisfactory reduction could not be achieved after repeated leverage, a 0.3-cm stab incision was made at the bottom side of the calcaneus below the lateral malleolus. The top of the vascular forceps or a 3.5-mm Kirchner wire was placed under the collapsed articular bone, which was pulled up to correct the angular malformation of the calcaneus and reduce the collapsed articular surface. Thereafter, the calcaneal width was restored by manually squeezing the surface of both sides of the calcaneal bone, and the 2.0-mm Kirchner wire was used for temporary fixation. After satisfactory reduction confirmed using the C-arm fluoroscopy intensifier, a guide pin was inserted adjacent to the lateral edge of the Achilles tendon from the superoposterior portion of the calcaneal tubercle to the distal part of the fracture. Another guide needle was inserted percutaneously from the site 0.5 cm below the insertion point of the Achilles tendon across the fracture line to the anterior part of the calcaneus. After the satisfactory position of the guide pin was confirmed radiologically, a 6.5-mm diameter hollow screw was inserted to achieve the axial support fixation of the calcaneus. If the fracture of the lateral wall of the calcaneus expanded outwards, 1 to 3 guide pins were inserted percutaneously at the bone block of the lateral side of the calcaneus below the lateral malleolus, and a 4.0-mm hollow screw was inserted to maintain the calcaneal width. Gaskets were used for incomplete bone block.
Figure 1.
A 53-year-old woman had a left lateral calcaneal fracture caused by a fall from height. Preoperative skin condition of the patient (A). Preoperative X-ray: lateral view (B) and axial view (C) showed intra-articular calcaneal fractures. A preoperative CT scan (D, E) showed a Sanders Type-III. 3.5-mm Steinmann pins as the traction pins were inserted at the calcaneal (F); and the top of the 3.5 mm Kirchner wire was placed under the collapsed articular bone to reduce the collapsed articular surface (G); then the 2.0-mm Kirchner wire was used for temporary fixation (H); and the hollow screw was inserted to achieve the axial support fixation of the calcaneus (I). Postoperative CT scan (J, K) showed smooth articular surface and restoration of the width of calcaneus, and postoperative minimally invasive skin incision (L).
The standard extended lateral approach with an L-shaped incision was used in group B (Figure 2). A curvilinear, L-shaped incision was made at the affected foot. Once the lateral wall of the calcaneus and the subtalar joints were exposed, the full-thickness flap was held in place with three 2.0-mm Kirschner wires (1 each in the fibula, talar neck, and navicular). A Steinmann pin or traction bow was used for reducing the displaced articular surface to allow restoration of the calcaneal shape. After satisfactory reduction, a lateral plate designed for the calcaneus was generally used for rigid fixation. The rubber drains were then inserted into the incision, and the incision was closed in a layered fashion followed by compression bandaging.
Figure 2.
A 47-year-old woman had a left lateral displaced intra-articular calcaneal fracture caused by a fall from height, which was treated with the standard extended lateral approach with L-shaped incision. A curvilinear, L-shaped incision was made on the affected foot (A); a lateral plate designed for the calcaneus was used for rigid fixation (B, C).
Postoperative management and follow-up
All patients underwent the same postoperative management protocol in both groups. Postoperatively, the patients were encouraged to move the toes and ankles frequently and elevate the affected limbs, and they were provided antithrombotic treatment. A visual analogue scale (VAS) was used to evaluate the pain degree of the patients at 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h postoperatively. Non-weight-bearing exercises involving extension and plantar flexion were performed on the first day (group A) and 2–3 days (group B) postoperatively, and the incision sutures were removed 2 weeks later. Partial weight-bearing was allowed after 4 postoperative weeks, and then gradually increased until X-ray photographs confirmed bone healing (generally 12–16 weeks postoperatively) to allow full weight-bearing. The patients were seen for follow-up at one, 3, 6, and 12 months postoperatively and then yearly thereafter. A physical examination was performed, and lateral and axial radiographs of the injured foot were taken at each follow-up evaluation. The Böhler angle, Gissane angle, and calcaneal height, width, and length were measured on the radiographs. The functional outcomes were evaluated according to the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) hindfoot scores during the follow-up.
Statistical analysis
SPSS 21.0 software (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA) was used for statistical analysis. Categorical data were statistically analyzed using the chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test (n<40 or t<1). Continuous data with a normal distribution were expressed as mean±standard deviation. Preoperative and postoperative calcaneal anatomical parameters were compared by a paired t test. A P-value <0.05 indicated a statistically significant difference.
Results
Altogether, 71 patients were enrolled in this study. Among them, 12 patients were excluded from the analysis as they were followed up for <12 months. Fifty-nine patients, composed of 45 men and 14 women with an average age of 39.2 years (range, 21–58 years), were followed up for an average of 18 months (range, 12–24 months) and were included for final analysis. There were no statistical differences between groups A and B regarding age, sex, fracture side, and Sanders classification (all P>0.05, Table 1). However, the operative time, intraoperative blood loss, time from injury to operation, and postoperative hospital stay in group A were significantly less than those in group B (P<0.001). Moreover, there were more intraoperative fluoroscopy images in group A than in group B (P<0.001, Table 2).
Table 1.
The general information of patients between the 2 groups preoperatively.
| General information | Group A (n=31) | Group B (n=28) | Statistics | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 39.3±9.6 | 39.1±8.6 | t=0.082 | 0.936 |
| Gender | χ2=0.048 | 0.827 | ||
| Male | 24 | 21 | ||
| Female | 7 | 7 | ||
| Fracture side | χ2=0.023 | 0.880 | ||
| Left | 16 | 15 | ||
| Right | 15 | 13 | ||
| Sanders classification | χ2=0.073 | 0.964 | ||
| Type II | 9 | 8 | ||
| Type III | 13 | 11 | ||
| Type IV | 9 | 9 |
Table 2.
Operative information on the patients in the 2 groups.
| General information | Group A (n=31) | Group B (n=28) | Statistics | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Time from injury to operation (days) | 2.8±0.8 | 9.4±2.5 | t=−13.829 | <0.001 |
| Operative time (min) | 34.0±3.1 | 60.0±7.6 | t=−17.693 | <0.001 |
| Blood loss (ml) | 29.0±6.2 | 74.5±12.0 | t=−18.444 | <0.001 |
| intraoperative fluoroscopy images | 7.6±1.5 | 2.4±0.7 | t=16.590 | <0.001 |
| postoperative hospital stay (days) | 3.3±0.8 | 7.2±1.1 | t=−16.093 | <0.001 |
VAS score
Both groups of patients had pain after complete anesthesia failure. Twenty-seven patients in group A could tolerate pain with analgesic drug use, and the other 4 patients consciously tolerated pain without analgesic drug intervention. In contrast, all patients in group B had significant pain and received analgesic drugs, and among them 7 needed multiple pain medications. As shown in Table 3, the pain scores of patients in group A were significantly lower than those in group B on the first 3 postoperative days (P<0.001). All patients in group A had no evident pain 72 h postoperatively, while 2 patients in group B still had pain, although this had no significant difference between groups.
Table 3.
The comparison of VAS scores postoperatively.
| Time | Group A (n=31) | Group B (n=28) | Statistics | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hour 24 | 5.0±0.9 | 8.0±0.7 | −14.122 | <0.001 |
| Hour 48 | 3.2±0.8 | 5.3±0.8 | −9.885 | <0.001 |
| Hour 72 | 1.7±0.7 | 2.6±0.7 | −5.034 | <0.001 |
| Week 4 | 0.7±0.6 | 1.0±0.3 | −2.661 | 0.010 |
| Week 12 | 0.2±0.4 | 0.3±0.5 | −1.145 | 0.257 |
Radiological assessment
The calcaneal width, height, and length, Böhler angle, and Gissane angle of both groups significantly improved postoperatively (all P<0.001), although there were no significant differences in preoperative and postoperative values of these between groups (all P>0.05, Table 4).
Table 4.
Radiological assessment for the 2 groups.
| Group A (n=31) | Group B (n=28) | Statistics | P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Height (mm) | Preoperative | 41.4±1.7 | 41.6±1.6 | −0.421 | 0.676 |
| Postoperative | 45.2±2.0 | 44.6±1.8 | 1.082 | 0.284 | |
| Width (mm) | Preoperative | 52.4±2.6 | 52.3±2.0 | 0.074 | 0.942 |
| Postoperative | 42.9±1.9 | 42.5±1.5 | 0.885 | 0.380 | |
| Length (mm) | Preoperative | 71.9±3.6 | 72.3±2.2 | −0.522 | 0.604 |
| Postoperative | 79.2±3.4 | 80.7±2.3 | −1.909 | 0.061 | |
| Böhler’s angle (°) | Preoperative | 10.1±1.7 | 10.4±1.2 | −0.799 | 0.428 |
| Postoperative | 30.2±2.1 | 30.7±1.2 | −1.134 | 0.261 | |
| Gissan’s angle (°) | Preoperative | 107.1±4.7 | 108.4±1.9 | −1.371 | 0.176 |
| Postoperative | 134.2±3.5 | 132.9±1.9 | 1.830 | 0.072 |
AOFAS score
As shown in Tables 5 and 6, according to the AOFAS scoring system, good-excellent outcomes were reported in 27 cases (87.0%) in group A, and the good-excellent rate in group B was 85.8%. Although the AOFAS scores were slightly higher in group A, no significant differences were found between the groups (88.3 vs. 86.4, P=0.08).
Table 5.
AOFAS score versus Sanders classification in group A.
| Sanders type | Excellent | Good | Fair | Poor | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| II | 7 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 9 |
| III | 5 | 7 | 1 | 0 | 13 |
| IV | 0 | 6 | 1 | 2 | 9 |
| Total | 12 (38.7%) | 15 (48.3%) | 2 (6.5%) | 2 (6.5%) | 31 |
Table 6.
AOFAS score versus Sanders classification in group B.
| Sanders type | Excellent | Good | Fair | Poor | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| II | 5 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 8 |
| III | 5 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 11 |
| IV | 0 | 6 | 1 | 2 | 9 |
| Total | 10 (35.8%) | 14 (50.00%) | 2 (7.1%) | 2 (7.1%) | 28 |
Complications
Postoperative infection occurred in 4 cases (Table 7). One case in group A had superficial infection, and the infection resolved after dressing changes. In group B, 3 patients had infections, wherein 1 (3.6%) patient had superficial infection which later healed and infection that disappeared after dressing changes, 1 (3.6%) patient had deep infection which involved the hardware and required hardware removal, and 1 (3.6%) case had wound edge necrosis that was cured after debriding twice and dressing changes. Group A showed a lower rate of overall incidence of postoperative complications than group B (3.2% vs. 10.8%, respectively; OR, 0.28, 95% CI, 0.03 to 2.84), although there was no significant difference (P=0.337).
Table 7.
Soft tissue complications.
| Soft tissue complications | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Complications | Group-A | Group-B | Total | ||
| Cases | Percentages (%) | Cases | Percentages (%) | ||
| Superficial infection | 1 | 3.2 | 1 | 3.6 | 2 |
| Deep infection | 0 | 1 | 3.6 | 1 | |
| Wound edge necrosis | 0 | 1 | 3.6 | 1 | |
| Sural nerve injury | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Total | 1 (3.2%) | 3 (10.8%) | 4 (6.8%) | ||
Discussion
Our study results showed that the calcaneal width, height, and length, Böhler angle, and Gissane angle of both groups significantly improved postoperatively, and a good reduction effect was achieved. However, percutaneous reduction and internal fixation was significantly inferior than ORIF in terms of operative time and blood loss. Koski et al. [12] found that longer operative time is an important risk factor for wound complications. Levine et al. [13] found that use of small incisions could reduce postoperative swelling and scar formation around the joints, and the range of motion was also significantly improved compared with open reduction, which played a positive role in fracture prognosis. As percutaneous reduction requires reduction under X-ray monitoring, the number of intraoperative fluoroscopy images was significantly more here than in ORIF, although the reduction effect was not affected. Tornetta et al. [14] reported 46 patients with calcaneal fractures treated by percutaneous internal fixation and found that 85% of patients obtained good results. Therefore, compared with ORIF, percutaneous reduction and hollow screw fixation results in less soft-tissue damage and can restore the calcaneal anatomical shape with significant advantages.
Calcaneal fractures are often accompanied by severe tissue swelling. To reduce the complications associated with wound rupture, open surgery should be delayed sufficiently until the tissue swelling subsides, which occurs generally around 7 to 14 days after trauma [15,16]. However, percutaneous reduction and hollow screw fixation can eliminate hematoma and reduce postoperative swelling because it causes less interference with soft tissue [17], thereby eliminating the need to wait for the subsidence of swelling to allow surgery. Here, all patients who underwent percutaneous reduction and hollow screw fixation had the operation performed 2–3 days after the injury, and the operative time was relatively shorter, which reduced soft-tissue complications. None of the patients in this group had postoperative skin necrosis, and they were discharged from the hospital 3–5 days postoperatively. Compared with the open reduction group, the postoperative hospital stay was an average of 4 days.
Intra-articular calcaneal fractures caused by high-energy injuries often have serious deformities and even joint collapse. Therefore, calcaneal shape is essential for foot and ankle functions, and the best function can only be obtained after the anatomical reconstruction of the calcaneal fracture [18]. Leung et al.4[19] reported the relationship between subtalar joint reconstruction and clinical outcomes, and found that postoperative calcaneal radiological parameters are important indicators for achieving a good prognosis. Here, calcaneal traction was used to restore the length of the calcaneal bone, while percutaneous push of the bone block was effective for reduction. To avoid damaging the lateral calcaneal bone block, we opted to insert the instrument to push through the fracture line below the lateral bone block. After the joint block reduction, the lateral bone block was pressed to restore the calcaneus width, and the axial length of the calcaneus and the reduced articular surface were maintained with an internal fixator. Our reduction results showed that all cases achieved anatomical reduction, and no case was lost, which was consistent with the results of the open reduction group and confirmed the safety, reliability, and stability of the method.
Due to the dense tissue around the calcaneus, the inflammatory reaction and swelling of the tissue commonly cause severe pain, especially during the first 3 postoperative days [20]. Severe pain often greatly affects the patient’s sleep. Here, the patients who underwent the minimally invasive procedure on the day of the operation mostly felt moderate pain, which was tolerable for them. Most of them could fall asleep after taking analgesic drugs. Four cases only had mild pain, and no postoperative analgesia treatment was needed. In contrast to percutaneous internal fixation, all patients who underwent ORIF had severe postoperative pain and could not fall asleep even with analgesic drugs. Therefore, the influence of postoperative pain is also one of the key issues in the prognosis of calcaneal fracture.
The ORIF with L-shaped lateral approach has been the most commonly used operative technique for calcaneal fractures [21]. However, prolonged operative time and extensive exposure of incisions can significantly increase the incidence of infection complications [22,23]. Our study showed that the complication rate of group B was high, at 10.8%, while that of group A was only at 3.2%. The incidence of complications from the incision for percutaneous reduction and hollow screw fixation was significantly reduced, which may be related to the smaller incision and shorter operative time. A study by Zhang et al. [24] showed that the shortened operative time could reduce the incidence of wound complications. Agren et al. [25] also indicated that the reduction of soft-tissue complications was a beneficial factor for postoperative functional recovery. Percutaneous reduction and hollow screw fixation enabled patients to perform functional exercise earlier due to less trauma and pain. Chen et al. [26] demonstrated that early functional exercise and weight-bearing activity can smooth and shape the subtalar joint and reduce the residual displacement of the articular surface, thereby facilitating the functional recovery of the affected foot. Therefore, we recommend that early functional exercise should start on postoperative day 1 to improve the clinical outcomes.
A few study limitations should be noted. First, the sample size was relatively small (type II error). Therefore, further studies with larger samples are needed to obtain overall clinical data. Moreover, it was very difficult to assign all patients to only 1 surgeon in our hospital. Therefore, the differences in surgeons’ performances might have decreased the ability to extrapolate the results of this study. Finally, the validated PROMs are important parameters to evaluate functional outcomes. However, we did not include them in the initial study design. This study lays a foundation for future studies to further clarify the advantages of percutaneous reduction and hollow screw fixation in treating DIACFs.
Conclusions
Percutaneous reduction and hollow screw fixation can achieve comparable reduction and functional outcomes to ORIF in treating DIACFs. Percutaneous reduction and hollow screw fixation can minimize damage to the surrounding tissues, which can subsequently result in shorter operative time and hospital stay, and reduced intraoperative blood loss, postoperative pain, and complication rates. Therefore, percutaneous reduction and hollow screw fixation is a safe and effective treatment choice for DIACFs, and a further randomized controlled trial with a larger sample size is warranted.
Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful to the Institute of Orthopedic Research of Hebei province for their excellent technical support.
Footnotes
Conflict of interest
None.
Ethical approval
This study is a prospective randomized controlled trial, which has been reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of the Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University.
Source of support: This study was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province (CN) – Outstanding Youth Foundation (Grant No. H2017206104)
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