. 2020 Sep 23;12(10):2911. doi: 10.3390/nu12102911

Table 1.

Energy and nutrient intake during the program.

Outcomes	Changes from Baseline				Time	Group	Interaction	Between Groups	Re	rE	Re
Variables	All	Re	rE	re	Effect	Effect		Differences	vs re	vs re	vs rE
Energy Intake (kcal/day)					0.003	0.233	0.499		0.490	0.341	0.769
D0	1821 ± 499	1894 ± 460	1893 ± 619	1684 ± 391
D21	1574 ± 117	1583 ± 96	1624 ± 91	1521 ± 135	***		0.195	Re > re	0.024	0.239	0.528
M3	1599 ± 275	1655 ± 320	1585 ± 250	1551 ± 239	*		0.046	Re = rE = re	0.095	0.059	0.570
M6	1623 ± 257	1670 ± 265	1693 ± 287	1516 ± 186	**		0.647	Re = rE = re	0.315	0.683	0.704
M12	1591 ± 226	1632 ± 249	1631 ± 226	1520.0 ± 187	***		0.164	Re = rE = re	0.141	0.199	0.868
Protein Intake (g/day)					<0.001	0.112	0.339		0.640	0.775	0.467
D0	80.1 ± 20.3	81 ± 17.8	85.8 ± 25.1	74.2 ± 16.6
D21	102.7 ± 9.9	102.4 ± 8.2	106.2 ± 9.2	99.9 ± 11.4	***/^‡‡‡/^###/^¥¥¥		0.178	Re = rE = re	0.196	0.220	0.875
M3	83.1 ± 13.5	82.8 ± 12.7	85.2 ± 14.5	81.7 ± 13.8	**/^†††		0.052	Re = rE = re	0.085	0.076	0.706
M6	83.3 ± 15.0	83.3 ± 11.8	91.7 ± 12.0	76.2 ± 16.5	^†††		0.433	Re = rE = re	0.893	0.451	0.344
M12	81.9 ± 11.1	80.6 ± 11.0	88.3 ± 9.6	78.4 ± 10.4	^†††		0.383	Re = rE = re	0.179	0.466	0.710
Carbohydrate Intake (g/day)					<0.001	0.237	0.932		0.821	0.959	0.870
D0	191.8 ± 60.2	200.0 ± 61.8	196.8 ± 69.5	178.9 ± 47.8
D21	174.3 ± 20.5	176.8 ± 19.3	181.6 ± 19.0	165.5 ± 20.4	*		0.868	Re = rE = re	0.327	0.884	0.470
M3	171.6 ± 30.0	178.9 ± 33.0	173.4 ± 30.2	162.3 ± 24.6	**		0.649	Re = rE = re	0.615	0.618	0.990
M6	169.1 ± 31.1	175.3 ± 30.5	180.7 ± 33.1	152.9 ± 23.2	***		0.458	Re = rE = re	0.857	0.406	0.397
M12	165.9 ± 39.5	176.4 ± 55.5	167.9 ± 29.7	154.3 ± 21.1	***		0.775	Re = rE = re	0.943	0.707	0.806
Carbohydrate Intake (% kcal)					<0.05	0.175	0.133		0.866	0.015	0.010
D0	44.4 ± 5.7	45.6 ± 5.5	43.7 ± 6.5	43.8 ± 5.3
D21	44.4 ± 3.1	44.8 ± 3.2	44.8 ± 3.5	43.7 ± 2.7			0.634	Re = rE = re	0.727	0.676	0.544
M3	44.8 ± 4.4	45.4 ± 4	45.8 ± 4.8	43.2 ± 4.2	^¥		0.285	Re = rE = re	0.510	0.363	0.468
M6	43 ± 4.6	43.6 ± 4.7	44 ± 4.5	41.5 ± 4.4	*		0.317	Re = rE = re	0.747	0.390	0.460
M12	43.5 ± 14.3	42.3 ± 3.2	47.7 ± 26.6	41.5 ± 3.3	**/^†		0.018	rE > Re = re	0.488	0.036	0.016
Complex Carbohydrate (g/day)					<0.001	0.382	0.987		0.757	0.851	0.631
D0	128.6 ± 48.5	132.9 ± 46.0	134.9 ± 55.9	118.5 ± 43.4
D21	110.9 ± 19.7	113.1 ± 18.3	118.9 ± 18.1	101.6 ± 19.2	***		0.892	Re = rE = re	0.739	0.855	0.663
M3	112.4 ± 23.9	114.8 ± 24.1	116.9 ± 25.7	105.9 ± 21.4	*		0.608	Re = rE = re	0.543	0.571	0.934
M6	109.3 ± 24.0	113.8 ± 24.2	118.5 ± 24.4	96.8 ± 18.0	***		0.684	Re = rE = re	0.931	0.660	0.755
M12	109.3 ± 36.4	116.5 ± 52.0	113.9 ± 24.9	98.9 ± 20.3	***		0.828	Re = rE = re	0.826	0.728	0.667
Simple Carbohydrate (g/day)					0.012	0.134	0.101		0.439	0.585	0.202
D0	65.2 ± 24.9	72.7 ± 30.7	61.9 ± 22.3	60.4 ± 18.5
D21	63.5 ± 8.3	63.7 ± 7.8	62.7 ± 9.9	63.8 ± 7.3	^‡/^#/^¥¥		0.468	re = rE > Re	0.003	0.507	0.043
M3	59.3 ± 15.0	64.1 ± 15.0	56.6 ± 17.5	56.4 ± 11.5	^†		0.942	Re = rE = re	0.420	0.917	0.507
M6	59.8 ± 14.8	61.5 ± 13.3	62.2 ± 14.5	56.1 ± 16.2	^†		0.349	rE > Re	0.140	0.293	0.022
M12	56.6 ± 11.2	59.9 ± 11.6	54.1 ± 10.8	55.4 ± 10.7	^††		0.811	Re = rE = re	0.128	0.779	0.257
Lipid Intake (g/day)					<0.001	0.365	0.128		0.394	0.101	0.409
D0	72.9 ± 24.9	75.8 ± 26.3	76.4 ± 29.3	66.6 ± 17.5
D21	51.3 ± 4.7	51.3 ± 4.5	52.0 ± 4.7	50.7 ± 4.8	***/^‡‡‡/^###/^¥¥¥		0.071	Re < re	0.028	0.077	0.884
M3	58.5 ± 14.9	60.4 ± 17.1	54.3 ± 12.7	60.1 ± 13.7	*/^†††		0.001	Re = rE > re	0.030	0.001	0.213
M6	62.8 ± 14.2	64.2 ± 14.6	62.3 ± 16.5	61.8 ± 11.8	^†††		0.056	Re = rE = re	0.133	0.058	0.587
M12	63.4 ± 10.8	65.0 ± 12.1	63.7 ± 11.8	61.7 ± 8.5	^†††		0.066	Re = rE = re	0.171	0.075	0.526
Lipid Intake (% kcal)					<0.001	0.829	0.239		0.946	0.105	0.093
D0	36.8 ± 5.5	36.3 ± 5.2	37.0 ± 6.9	37.1 ± 4.2
D21	29.7 ± 2.6	29.5 ± 2.6	29.2 ± 2.2	30.3 ± 2.7	***/^‡‡‡/^###/^¥¥¥		0.455	Re = rE = re	0.846	0.467	0.567
M3	33.6 ± 5.2	33.5 ± 4.8	31.9 ± 5.7	35.4 ± 4.8	*/^†††		0.031	rE < re	0.390	0.036	0.163
M6	35.4 ± 5.6	35.4 ± 5.3	33.4 ± 6.4	37.1 ± 4.8	^†††		0.016	rE < re	0.526	0.019	0.077
M12	36.5 ± 3.9	36.8 ± 3.8	35.5 ± 4.5	37.0 ± 3.4	^†††		0.243	Re = rE = re	0.720	0.236	0.146
Saturated Fat (g/day)					<0.001	0.844	0.630		0.862	0.538	0.435
D0	30.4 ± 11.1	31.1 ± 12	31.0 ± 13.2	29.0 ± 8.0
D21	20.5 ± 2.1	20.4 ± 1.8	21.1 ± 2.2	20.2 ± 2.1	***/^‡‡‡/^###/^¥¥¥		0.617	Re = rE = re	0.282	0.637	0.668
M3	24.5 ± 7.1	26.1 ± 8.5	22.2 ± 5.5	24.8 ± 6.2	***/^†††		0.050	rE < re	0.573	0.045	0.156
M6	26.4 ± 6.5	27.2 ± 6.9	26.6 ± 7.7	25.5 ± 5.0	**/^†††		0.714	Re = rE = re	0.841	0.698	0.854
M12	26.2 ± 5.4	27.3 ± 5.7	26.1 ± 6.3	25.1 ± 4.0	**/^†††		0.540	Re = rE = re	0.932	0.546	0.581
Monounsaturated Fat (g/day)					<0.001	0.428	0.008		0.360	0.012	0.100
D0	29.3 ± 10.3	29.6 ± 9.6	32.2 ± 12.7	26.3 ± 7.8
D21	21.7 ± 2.7	21.8 ± 2.7	21.5 ± 2.8	21.8 ± 2.6	***/^‡‡/^###/^¥¥¥		0.003	Re = rE < re	0.044	0.004	0.234
M3	24.1 ± 6.6	24.4 ± 7.3	22.3 ± 6.1	25.3 ± 6.2	^††		0.000	rE < Re < re	0.011	0.000	0.043
M6	26.1 ± 6.5	26.6 ± 6.5	25.5 ± 7.5	26.2 ± 5.7	^†††		0.002	rE << re	0.087	0.002	0.108
M12	26.9 ± 4.7	27.4 ± 5.1	26.9 ± 5.1	26.3 ± 4.2	^†††		0.006	rE >> re	0.183	0.008	0.114
Polyunsaturated Fat (g/day)					0.012	0.513	0.168		0.288	0.147	0.662
D0	12.4 ± 4.9	12.8 ± 5.4	13.2 ± 5.3	11.3 ± 3.6
D21	9.0 ± 1.6	9.0 ± 1.7	9.3 ± 1.8	8.7 ± 1.4	**/^‡‡		0.265	Re = rE = re	0.329	0.288	0.893
M3	10.3 ± 4.7	9.9 ± 2.5	9.8 ± 2.6	11.3 ± 7.2	^††		0.002	Re = rE << re	0.009	0.004	0.626
M6	10.3 ± 2.1	10.5 ± 2.1	10.3 ± 2.3	10.0 ± 2.1			0.137	Re = rE = re	0.375	0.152	0.513
M12	10.4 ± 1.9	10.3 ± 2.1	10.8 ± 1.6	10.2 ± 1.9			0.165	Re = rE = re	0.234	0.187	0.824
Cholesterol Intake (mg/day)					<0.001	0.036	0.476		0.437	0.944	0.504
D0	302.0 ± 112.1	289.1 ± 91.2	330.7 ± 138.6	289.1 ± 103.0
D21	326.5 ± 79.8	327.6 ± 75.5	318.5 ± 87.6	332.3 ± 78.7	*/^‡‡‡/^###/^¥¥¥		0.022	Re = re < rE	0.780	0.033	0.034
M3	257.1 ± 67.1	260.9 ± 78.8	253.5 ± 57.6	256.2 ± 63.2	^†††		0.132	Re = rE = re	0.985	0.147	0.134
M6	270.4 ± 68.4	271.6 ± 66.1	280.9 ± 61.9	260.2 ± 76.4	^†††		0.546	Re = rE = re	0.650	0.540	0.307
M12	275.9 ± 58.1	277.4 ± 50.0	293.0 ± 77.4	261.6 ± 45.5	^†††		0.582	Re = rE = re	0.552	0.608	0.254
Fiber Intake (g/day)					<0.001	0.004	0.127		0.458	0.754	0.695
D0	16.7 ± 6.4	17.4 ± 4.2	18.8 ± 9.5	14.1 ± 3.7
D21	30.7 ± 4.6	31.4 ± 5.0	31.2 ± 4.4	29.5 ± 4.3	***/^‡‡‡/^###/^¥¥¥		0.033	rE > re	0.237	0.043	0.283
M3	21.6 ± 4.9	22.1 ± 4.9	21.6 ± 5.0	21.2 ± 5.0	***/^†††		0.003	Re = rE > re	0.043	0.004	0.212
M6	22.7 ± 5.2	22.4 ± 4.0	24.9 ± 5.6	21.1 ± 5.5	***/^†††		0.400	Re = rE = re	0.071	0.457	0.472
M12	21.5 ± 4.6	21.8 ± 4.1	22.9 ± 4.6	20.2 ± 4.7	**/^†††		0.105	Re = rE = re	0.163	0.129	0.683
Water Intake (mL/day)					<0.001	0.036	0.050		0.342	0.837	0.488
D0	2060 ± 708	2190 ± 727	2170 ± 777	1832 ± 575
D21	2995 ± 525	2907 ± 375	3095 ± 641	2995 ± 540	***/^‡‡‡/^###/^¥¥¥		0.094	Re < re	0.001	0.088	0.203
M3	2309 ± 706	2229 ± 580	2518 ± 806	2214 ± 722	***/^†††		0.999	re = rE > Re	0.016	0.889	0.046
M6	2171 ± 599	2108 ± 508	2390 ± 776	2043 ± 458	***/^†††		0.712	re = rE > Re	0.012	0.749	0.080
M12	2149 ± 495	2151 ± 500	2255 ± 528	2069 ± 465	**/^†††		0.204	Re > re	0.044	0.175	0.646

Re, rE and re: see methods for details. Bold for significant difference. D: day; M: month.*: p < 0.05 vs. D0; **: p < 0.01 vs. D0; ***: p < 0.001 vs. D0; ^†: p < 0.05 vs. D20; ^††: p < 0.01 vs. D20; ^†††: p < 0.001 vs. D20; ^‡: p < 0.05 vs. M3; ^‡‡: p < 0.01 vs. M3; ^‡‡‡: p < 0.001 vs. M3; ^#: p < 0.05 vs. M6; ^###: p < 0.001 vs. M6; ^¥: p < 0.05 vs. M12; ^¥¥: p < 0.01 vs. M12; ^¥¥¥: p < 0.001 vs. M12.