Abstract
Application of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) using positive blood cultures (BCs) is a revolution in identification of microorganisms in clinical microbiology laboratories. Although there are several commercial pretreatment protocols they are expensive. Here, we evaluated the performance of a locally produced Bioyong pre-treatment kit for the direct identification of microorganisms in positive BCs by MALDI-TOF MS method. The mocked positive BCs were performed using 200 Thermo aerobic blood culture bottles and 200 aerobic Scenker blood culture bottles. A total of 200 organisms were invovled, including 91 strains of Gram-positive bacteria, 97 strains of Gram-negative bacteria and 12 strains of Candida. The positive BCs were subcultured and identified by classical biochemical Vitek II testing as the gold standard of identification. The Bioyong pre-treatment kit could successfully identify microorganisms in 189 (94.5%) Thermo positive BCs and 189 (94.5%) Scenker positive blood cultures, respectively. In total, 94 (96.9%) Gram-negative bacteria, 86 (94.5%) Gram-positive bacteria and 9 (75.0%) candida isolated from Thermo positive BCs were correctly identified to species level and 95 (97.9%) Gram-negative bacteria, 86 (94.5%) Gram-positive bacteria and 8 (66.7%) candida isolated from Scenker positive BCs were correctly identified to species level. This method provides a rapid, accurate identification of bacteria and Candida within one hour in positive blood cultures. Routine application of this technique will improve the antimicrobial treatment within 24 h among the patients with bacteremia and candidemia.
Keywords: MALDI-TOF MS, blood culture, bacteremia, candidemia, Vitek II, Bioyong® kit
Introduction
Blood stream infections (BSIs) remain one of the most serious infections with high morbidity and mortality. Rapid identification of the causative microorganism and the correct initial anti-infection treatment is especially critical for sepsis patients. The delay of appropriate anti-infection treatment may increase the mortality of patients (1). Moreover, appropriate anti-infection therapeutic option determines the survival rate of patients (2). Accurate and rapid diagnosis of etiological diagnosis is the key to reduce the time and cost of hospitalization (3). Blood culture is still the most important diagnostic method for BSIs.
For positive blood cultures, the traditional laboratory process is performed based on Gram staining, subculture, biochemical identification and antimicrobial susceptibility tests. The laboratory reports commonly need 48-72 h. If the pathogen grows harsh or inert, the cycle will be even longer. In recent years, a variety of new rapid identification methods such as real-time quantitative PCR, multiple PCR, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and peptide nucleic acid hybridization (PNAFISH) have been introduced into the field of microbial identification (4). However, these methods are limited to detecting the target microorganisms. In addition, the cost of reagents and instruments of these methods is high.
In 2009, MALDI-TOF MS was firstly introduced into the field of clinical microbiology identification directly from positive blood cultures (BCs) (5). At present, MALDI-TOF MS is becoming more mature for pure colony identification with high accuracy and repeatability. In almost all studies, the identification accuracy of this method was better than the routinely used biochemical identification method, with the test cycle shortened and the required cost reduced (6).
There are several in-house methods for the identification of pathogens directly from BCs or other primary specimens developed. However, none is commonly used because there is no standardization. There are also several imported commercial kits in China, but the prices are relative high for routine operation in clinical laboratories. Bioyong kit is a recently developed pretreatment method to improve the performance of direct MALDI-TOF MS identification from positive BCs. The Bioyong sample preparation kit was produced in China locally, aimed to cut down costs and increase sensitivity. The aim of the present study was to analyse the performance of this method in flow of positive culture in clinical microbiology laboratory. To eliminate differences caused by the diversity of blood volume and blood component, mock-inoculated BCs were conducted. Moreover, to eliminate interference of different BCs bottles, Thermo and Scanker blood culture bottles were used in parallel.
Materials and methods
Collection of isolates
A total of 200 test strains (36 genera and 61 species) collected at Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University (Jinan, China) during August 2017 to February 2018 were recovered from the -80°C refrigerator. In total, 91 strains of Gram-positive bacteria, 97 strains of Gram-negative bacteria and 12 strains of the fungi were adopted. Escherichia coli ATCC 8739 was recovered as a calibration.
The strains were inoculated on Columbia blood agar plate, except Haemophilus influenzae which was inoculated on chocolate agar medium. The strains of candida were inoculated on the Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA). The bacteria strains were incubated at 35°C for 24 h and Candida were incubated for 48 h. Single colony was picked and subcultured for mock-inoculated blood culture.
Mock-inoculated blood culture
A total of 2000 ml blood was collected from 10 healthy volunteers for the stimulation of blood culture. Signed informed consent was obtained from the volunteers that participated in the study. The methods in this study were approved by the Ethics Committee of Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University and were carried out in accordance with the approved guidelines.
Bacterial/candidas suspension (0.5 McF) was prepared using the turbidimetric (VITEK® Compact, bioMérieux, France) and diluted 100 times to 106 cfu/ml (with 100 µl to 10 ml aseptic saline) and 50 µl of 106 dilution was added to 5 ml blood with the final concentration of 104 cfu/ml. The blood was mixed with bacterial/candidas suspension was injected into blood culture bottle using aseptic syringe after the bottle mouth was sterilized with 75% alcohol. The blood culture bottles were mixed up and down several times and loaded on the automatic blood culture system. Two different kinds of aerobic blood culture bottles, including VersaTREK™ REDOX™2 blood culture bottles (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA) and Scenker blood culture bottles (Scenker, China), were used for the parallel test.
A total of 50 µl aseptic saline was added to 5 ml blood and injected into one set of blood culture bottles used as negative control. The negative control bottles were cultured on the automatic blood culture system for 5 days to eliminate any contamination during the procedure. The bottles injected with bacterial/candidas suspension without positivity within 5 days were excluded.
Identification by the routine method
The positive bottle was analyzed by Gram staining after signaled as positive by the automatic blood culture system. The positive cultures were simultaneously transferred onto chocolate plate and Columbia agar plate (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.), and the pure colony was obtained for routine biochemical identification. The conventional biochemical identification was conducted with VITEK 2® Compact automatic biochemical identification system (VITEK 2® Compact, ΒioMérieux).
Sample pre-treatment for MALDI-TOF MS identification
The positive BCs were processed according the standard experimental procedure of Bioyong positive BC identification kits (Bioyong Technologies Inc.). A total of 200 µl of the sample was drawn from the positive blood culture bottle to 1.5 ml Eppendorf centrifuge tube; 40 µl of Reagent I of positive BCs identification kits for blood culture was added to the sample centrifuge tube and shocked for 5 sec, and the mixture was placed for 8 min at room temperature. Then 1,000 µl of Reagent II of positive BC identification kits was added to the tube and vortexed for 5 sec. The mixture was centrifuged for 3 min at 300 x g, and 1,000 µl of the supernatant of the centrifugation was transfered to a new 1.5 ml centrifuge tube. The tube was centrifuged for 3 min at 13,000 x g to precipitate bacteria and the supernatant was discarded. Then 1,000 µl of Reagent II of positive identification kits for blood culture was added in the precipitation, shocked for 5 sec, and centrifuged for 3 min at 13,000 x g, and the supernatant was removed and 40 µl of Reagent III of positive BC identification kits was added to the precipitation, shocked for 30 sec and placed for 5 min. Finally, the mixture was centrifuged at 13,000 x g for 1 min and 2 µl of the supernatant was added to the 384 target plates (Clin-ToF-II, Bioyong Technologies Inc.). All the centrifugation steps were carried out at 25̊C.
MALDI-TOF MS analysis
After drying the bacterial pellet on a MALDI-TOF MS target plate at room temperature 1 µl reagent IV and 1 µl reagent V was added onto each spot successively. After the target plate was analyzed by MALDI-TOF MS (Clin-ToF-II; Bioyong Technologies Inc.), the spectra was automatically captured by the BE V3.2 system and and matched with database (Clin-ToF-II; Bioyong Technologies Inc.).
Results of the analysis are presented as a confidence score. According to manufacturer's instructions, a confidence score <20 indicated no reliable identification, a confidence score between 20 and 25 was considered identification to the genus level, and a confidence score ≥25 indicated identification to the species level. The identification with a confidence score ≥25 was considered accurate.
Statistical analysis
Pearson's chi-square test and Fisher's exact test were performed to analyse results using the Thermo blood culture bottles and Scanker blood culture bottles. The statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS software (v18.0; SPSS). P<0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference.
Results
In total, 400 positive BCs were included in the study (200 Thermo BCs and 200 Scenker BCs). The results of direct MS identification of the positive BCs were compared with routine biochemical identification (Table I).
Table I.
Identification of Thermo and Scenker positive BCs by MALDI-TOF MS.
| Strains | Routine biochemical identification | Accurate nos. | Consistency of identification of Thermo positive BCs with routine biochemical identification (%) | Accurate nos. | Consistency of identification of Scenker positive BCs with routine biochemical identification (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gram-positive bacteria | 91 | 86 | 94.51 | 86 | 94.51 |
| Gram-negative bacteria | 97 | 94 | 96.91 | 95 | 97.94 |
| Candida | 12 | 9 | 75.00 | 8 | 66.67 |
| Total | 200 | 189 | 94.50 | 189 | 94.50 |
Results were analyzed for significance using the Pearson's chi-square test and Fisher's exact test for comparisons. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. There is no significant difference of consistency rate of identification between the two kinds of BCs.
As shown in Table I, microorganisms isolated from Thermo and Scenker positive BCs were identified with the accuracy of 94.5% (189/200) and 94.5% (189/200), respectively. 96.9% (94/97) and 97.9% (95/97) of gram-negative bacteria were correctly identified to species level from Thermo and Scenker positive BCs, respectively, 94.5% (86/91) and 94.5% (86/91) strains of gram-positive bacteria were correctly identified to species level from Thermo and Scenker positive BCs, respectively. A total of 9 and 8 strains of Candida species were correctly identified to species level from Thermo and Scenker positive BCs, respectively.
In general, the consistency rate of identification from Thermo BCs: G- >G+ >Candida (96.9 >94.5 >75.0%). The consistency rate of identification from Scenker BCs: G- >G+ >Candida (97.9 >94.5 >66.7%). There is no significant difference in consistency rate of identification between the two kinds of BCs.
Identification of Gram-positive bacteria by MALDI-TOF MS
As shown in Table II, 86 gram-positive bacteria isolated from Thermo positive BCs were identified with confidence scores >25, while 90 strains were identified with confidence scores >20 and 1 strain was identified with confidence score <20. A total of 18 strains of Streptococcus were identified with confidence scores >25, while 2 strains of Streptococcus anginosus were misidentified as Candida parapsilosis and Propionibacterium acnes, respectively; 43 strains of Staphylococcus were identified with the confidence scores >25, while 1 strain of Staphylococcus hominis was misidentified as Propionibacterium acnes. All 14 strains of Enterococcus from Thermo BCs were correctly identified with the confidence scores >25.
Table II.
The identity reliability of Gram-positive bacteria cultured by Thermo BC bottles.
| Reliability score | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 20-24 | ≥25.000 | <20.000 | |||||||
| Pathogens | Test strains | Strains | Distribution Ratio (%) | Strains | Distribution Ratio (%) | Strains | Distribution Ratio (%) | Wrong number | Error rate (%) |
| Staphylococcus | |||||||||
| Staphylococcus epidermidis | 10 | 0 | 0.0 | 10 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Staphylococcus aureus | 12 | 0 | 0.0 | 12 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Staphylococcus capitis | 4 | 0 | 0.0 | 4 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Staphylococcus cohnii | 2 | 0 | 0.0 | 2 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Staphylococcus haemolyticus | 5 | 0 | 0.0 | 5 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Staphylococcus hominis | 6 | 1 | 16.7 | 5 | 83.3 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 16.7 |
| Staphylococcus lugdunensis | 1 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Staphylococcus saprophyticus | 1 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Staphylococcus sciuri | 1 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Staphylococcus simulans | 1 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Staphylococcus warneri | 1 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Streptococcus | |||||||||
| Streptococcus agalactiae | 6 | 0 | 0.0 | 6 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Streptococcus anginosus group | 7 | 2 | 28.6 | 5 | 71.4 | 0 | 0.0 | 2 | 28.6 |
| Streptococcus dysgalactiae | 1 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Streptococcus gallolyticus | 1 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Streptococcus mitis group | 2 | 0 | 0.0 | 2 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Streptococcus pneumoniae | 3 | 0 | 0.0 | 3 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Enterococcus | |||||||||
| Enterococcus avium | 2 | 0 | 0.0 | 2 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Enterococcus faecalis | 6 | 0 | 0.0 | 6 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Enterococcus faecium | 6 | 0 | 0.0 | 6 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Others | |||||||||
| Bacillus cereus | 2 | 0 | 0.0 | 2 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Clostridium tertium | 1 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Corynebacterium amycolatum | 1 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Corynebacterium jeikeium | 1 | 1 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 100.0 |
| Corynebacterium striatum | 1 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Lactobacillus paracasei | 1 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Lactococcus garvieae | 1 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Micrococcus luteus | 2 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 50.0 | 1 | 50.0 | 1 | 50.0 |
| Paenibacillus alvei | 1 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Rothia mucilaginosa | 2 | 0 | 0.0 | 2 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| All | 91 | 4 | 98.9 | 86 | 94.5 | 1 | 1.1 | 5 | 5.5 |
As shown in Table III, 86 gram-positive bacteria strains isolated from Scenker positive BCs were identified with confidence scores >25, 3 strains were identified with confidence scores <20 and 20 strains of Streptococcus were identified with the confidence scores >25, while 1 strain of Streptococcus pneumoniae was misidentified as Streptococcus dysgalactiae. In total, 42 strains of Staphylococcus were identified with the confidence scores >25, while 2 strains of Staphylococcus epidermidis were misidentified as Nocardia thailandica. All 14 strains of Enterococcus isolated from Scenker BCs were correctly identified with the confidence score >25.
Table III.
The identity reliability of Gram-positive bacteria cultured by Scenker BC bottles.
| Reliability score | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 20-24 | ≥25.000 | <20.000 | |||||||
| Pathogens | Test strains | Strains | Distribution Ratio (%) | Strains | Distribution Ratio (%) | Strains | Distribution Ratio (%) | Wrong number | Error rate (%) |
| Staphylococcus | |||||||||
| Staphylococcus epidermidis | 10 | 0 | 0.0 | 8 | 80.0 | 2 | 20.0 | 2 | 20.0 |
| Staphylococcus aureus | 12 | 0 | 0.0 | 12 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Staphylococcus capitis | 4 | 0 | 0.0 | 4 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Staphylococcus cohnii | 2 | 0 | 0.0 | 2 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Staphylococcus haemolyticus | 5 | 0 | 0.0 | 5 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Staphylococcus hominis | 6 | 0 | 0.0 | 6 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Staphylococcus lugdunensis | 1 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Staphylococcus saprophyticus | 1 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Staphylococcus sciuri | 1 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Staphylococcus simulans | 1 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Staphylococcus warneri | 1 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Streptococcus | |||||||||
| Streptococcus agalactiae | 6 | 0 | 0.0 | 6 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Streptococcus anginosus group | 7 | 0 | 0.0 | 7 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Streptococcus dysgalactiae | 1 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Streptococcus gallolyticus | 1 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Streptococcus mitis group | 2 | 0 | 0.0 | 2 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Streptococcus pneumoniae | 3 | 0 | 0.0 | 3 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 33.3 |
| Enterococcus | |||||||||
| Enterococcus avium | 2 | 0 | 0.0 | 2 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Enterococcus faecalis | 6 | 0 | 0.0 | 6 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Enterococcus faecium | 6 | 0 | 0.0 | 6 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Others | |||||||||
| Bacillus cereus | 2 | 0 | 0.0 | 2 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Clostridium tertium | 1 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Corynebacterium amycolatum | 1 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Corynebacterium jeikeium | 1 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Corynebacterium striatum | 1 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Lactobacillus paracasei | 1 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Lactococcus garvieae | 1 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Micrococcus luteus | 2 | 1 | 50.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 50.0 | 2 | 100.0 |
| Paenibacillus alvei | 1 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Rothia mucilaginosa | 2 | 0 | 0.0 | 2 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| All | 91 | 2 | 2.2 | 86 | 94.5 | 3 | 3.3 | 5 | 5.5 |
Identification of Gram-negative bacteria by MALDI-TOF MS
As shown in Table IV, 94 gram-negative bacteria isolated from Thermo positive BCs were identified with confidence scores >25, while 2 strains were identified with confidence scores >20 and 1 strain was identified with a confidence score <20. In total, 47 of 48 Enterobacter strains isolated from Thermo positive BCs were correctly identified with the confidence scores >25, while 1 strain of Serratia marcescens was misidentified as Atopobium rimae. All of 18 strains of Pseudomonas isolated from Thermo BCs were correctly identified with the confidence scores >25.
Table IV.
The identity reliability of Gram-negative bacteria cultured by Thermo BC bottles.
| Reliability score | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 20-24 | ≥25.000 | <20.000 | |||||||
| Pathogens | Test strains | Strains | Distribution Ratio (%) | Strains | Distribution Ratio (%) | Strains | Distribution Ratio (%) | Wrong number | Error rate (%) |
| Enterobacter | |||||||||
| Enterobacter aerogenes | 3 | 0 | 0.0 | 3 | 100.0 | 0 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Escherichia coli | 10 | 0 | 0.0 | 10 | 100.0 | 0 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Klebsiella pneumoniae | 7 | 0 | 0.0 | 7 | 100.0 | 0 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Serratia marcescens | 4 | 0 | 0.0 | 3 | 75.0 | 1 | 25.0 | 1 | 25.0 |
| Enterobacter cloacae complex | 5 | 0 | 0.0 | 5 | 100.0 | 0 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Salmonella sp. | 5 | 0 | 0.0 | 5 | 100.0 | 0 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Proteus mirabilis | 6 | 0 | 0.0 | 6 | 100.0 | 0 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Citrobacter braakii | 1 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 100.0 | 0 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Citrobacter freundii | 1 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 100.0 | 0 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Klebsiella oxytoca | 3 | 0 | 0.0 | 3 | 100.0 | 0 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Morganella morganii | 2 | 0 | 0.0 | 2 | 100.0 | 0 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Pantoea agglomerans | 1 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 100.0 | 0 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Monomonas | |||||||||
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | 12 | 0 | 0.0 | 12 | 100.0 | 0 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Pseudomonas monteilii | 1 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 100.0 | 0 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Pseudomonas putida | 1 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 100.0 | 0 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Stenotrophomonas maltophilia | 4 | 0 | 0.0 | 4 | 100.0 | 0 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Others | |||||||||
| Achromobacter piechaudii | 1 | 1 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 100.0 | 1 | 100.0 |
| Achromobacter xylosoxidans complex | 2 | 0 | 0.0 | 2 | 100.0 | 0 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Aeromonas caviae/hydrophila/jandaei complex | 3 | 0 | 0.0 | 3 | 100.0 | 0 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Burkholderia cepacia complex | 4 | 0 | 0.0 | 4 | 100.0 | 0 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Chryseobacterium gleum/indologenes complex | 1 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 100.0 | 0 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Haemophilus influenzae | 5 | 0 | 0.0 | 5 | 100.0 | 0 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Moraxella catarrhalis | 2 | 0 | 0.0 | 2 | 100.0 | 0 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Myroides odoratus | 1 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 100.0 | 0 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Ochrobactrum anthropi | 1 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 100.0 | 0 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Pandoraea pnomenusa | 1 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 100.0 | 0 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Providencia stuartii | 1 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 100.0 | 0 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Ralstonia mannitolilytica | 1 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 1* | 100.0 | 1 | 100.0 |
| Vibrio cholerae | 1 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Acinetobacter calcoaceticusbaumannii complex | 7 | 0 | 0.0 | 7 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| All | 97 | 1 | 1.0 | 94 | 96.9 | 2 | 2.1 | 3 | 3.1 |
As shown in Table V, 95 Gram-negative strains isolated from Scenker positive BCs were identified with confidence scores >25, while 2 strains were misidentified with confidence scores in the range 20-24. All 18 strains of Pseudomonas isolated from Scenker BCs were correctly identified with the confidence scores >25.
Table V.
The identity reliability of Gram-negative bacteria cultured by Scenker BC bottles.
| Reliability score | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 20-24 | ≥25.000 | <20.000 | |||||||
| Pathogens | Test strains | Strains | Distribution Ratio (%) | Strains | Distribution Ratio (%) | Strains | Distribution Ratio (%) | Wrong number | Error rate (%) |
| Enterobacter | |||||||||
| Enterobacter aerogenes | 3 | 0 | 0.0 | 3 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Escherichia coli | 10 | 0 | 0.0 | 10 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Klebsiella pneumoniae | 7 | 0 | 0.0 | 7 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Serratia marcescens | 4 | 0 | 0.0 | 4 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Enterobacter cloacae complex | 5 | 0 | 0.0 | 5 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Salmonella sp | 5 | 0 | 0.0 | 5 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Proteus mirabilis | 6 | 0 | 0.0 | 6 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Citrobacter braakii | 1 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Citrobacter freundii | 1 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Klebsiella oxytoca | 3 | 0 | 0.0 | 3 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Morganella morganii | 2 | 0 | 0.0 | 2 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Pantoea agglomerans | 1 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Monomonas | |||||||||
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | 12 | 0 | 0.0 | 12 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Pseudomonas monteilii | 1 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Pseudomonas putida | 1 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Stenotrophomonas maltophilia | 4 | 0 | 0.0 | 4 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Others | |||||||||
| Achromobacter piechaudii | 1 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Achromobacter xylosoxidans complex | 2 | 0 | 0.0 | 2 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Aeromonas caviae/hydrophila/jandaei complex | 3 | 0 | 0.0 | 3 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Burkholderia cepacia complex | 4 | 0 | 0.0 | 4 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Chryseobacterium gleum/indologenes complex | 1 | 1 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 100.0 |
| Haemophilus influenzae | 5 | 0 | 0.0 | 5 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Moraxella catarrhalis | 2 | 0 | 0.0 | 2 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Myroides odoratus | 1 | 1 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 100.0 |
| Ochrobactrum anthropi | 1 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Pandoraea pnomenusa | 1 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Providencia stuartii | 1 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Ralstonia mannitolilytica | 1 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Vibrio cholerae | 1 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Acinetobacter calcoaceticusbaumannii complex | 7 | 0 | 0.0 | 7 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| All | 97 | 2 | 2.1 | 95 | 97.9 | 0 | 0.0 | 2 | 2.1 |
Identification of candida by MALDI-TOF MS
As shown in Table VI, of these 12 Candida strains isolated from Thermo BCs, 9 strains were identified with confidence scores >25, while 1 strain was identified with a confidence score <20. Four strains of Candida albicans complex were identified with the confidence scores >20, while 1 strain of C. albicans complex was misidentified as Mycobacterium bovis. Two strains of C.glabrata were identified with the confidence scores >25, while two strains of C. glabrata misidentified as Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Candida parapsilosis, respectively. All 5 strains of Candida tropicalis from Thermo BCs were correctly identified with the confidence scores >25.
Table VI.
The identity reliability of Candida cultured by Thermo BC bottles.
| Reliability score | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 20-24 | ≥25.000 | <20.000 | |||||||
| Pathogens | Test strains | Strains | Distribution Ratio (%) | Strains | Distribution Ratio (%) | Strains | Distribution Ratio (%) | Wrong number | Error rate (%) |
| Candida | |||||||||
| Candida albicans complex | 4 | 1 | 25.0 | 3 | 75.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 25.0 |
| Candida glabrata | 3 | 0 | 0.0 | 2 | 66.7 | 1 | 33.3 | 2 | 66.7 |
| Candida tropicalis | 5 | 0 | 0.0 | 5 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| All | 12 | 1 | 8.3 | 10 | 83.3 | 1 | 8.3 | 3 | 25.0 |
As shown in Table VII, of these 12 Candida strains isolated from Scenker BCs, 8 strains were identified with confidence scores >25, while 2 strains were identified with confidence scores <20. Two strains of C.albicans complex were identified with the confidence scores >25, while 2 strains of C.albicans complex were misidentified as Alloiococcus otitis. One strain of Candida glabrata was identified with the confidence score >25, while 2 strains of Candida glabrata were misidentified as Streptococcus dysgalactiae. All 5 strains of C.tropicalis isolated from Scenker BCs were correctly identified with the confidence scores >25.
Table VII.
The identity reliability of Candida cultured by Scenker BCs.
| Reliability score | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 20-24 | ≥25.000 | <20.000 | |||||||
| Pathogens | Test strains | Strains | Distribution Ratio (%) | Strains | Distribution Ratio (%) | Strains | Distribution Ratio (%) | Wrong number | Error rate (%) |
| Candida | |||||||||
| Candida albicans complex | 4 | 1 | 25.0 | 2 | 50.0 | 1 | 25.0 | 2 | 50.0 |
| Candida glabrata | 3 | 1 | 33.3 | 1 | 33.3 | 1 | 33.3 | 2 | 66.7 |
| Candida tropicalis | 5 | 0 | 0.0 | 5 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| All | 12 | 2 | 16.7 | 8 | 66.7 | 2 | 16.7 | 4 | 33.3 |
Discussion
Blood stream infection is one of the severe infectious diseases (7), which causes systemic infections, and even multiple organ failure. The distribution of pathogens causing blood stream infection is changing constantly and the resistance is increasing (8). At present, the ‘gold standard’ for clinical diagnosis of bloodstream infection is still the traditional blood culture and identification, which needs at least 48 h (9,10). The mortality rate of septicaemia patients is as high as 25 to 50%, and the delay of antiobiotic treatment per hour will lead to a 7.6% reduction in survival rate within the first 6 h. Therefore, timely and accurate identification of pathogens of blood stream infection and shortening the reporting time is essential for optimizing the treatment of antibiotics and improving the prognosis of patients (11,12). Getting accurate etiological diagnosis and drug sensitivity test as soon as possible is crucial to the diagnosis and treatment of BSIs. With the application of MALDI-TOF MS in clinical diagnosis, researchers began to make efforts to directly identify blood culture samples by MALDI-TOF MS. La Scola and Raoult (2009), first proposed the direct detection of blood culture positive specimens with three fluoroacetic acid or formic acid to lysine protein. After preparation with three fluoroacetic acids, 370 (66%) of 562 cases of positive blood culture could be correctly identified (13). Subsequently, a large number of studies have proved that the blood culture samples were processed by the bacterial enrichment technology and identified directly by MALDI-TOF MS. Compared with traditional method, direct pathogen identification of BCs by MALDI-TOF MS meets better the needs of rapid clinical diagnosis. However, these studies showed that the identification accuracy was less than 85.0% (14-19).
There are several in-house methods developed, but none is widely used because there is no standardization and the performance depends greatly on operators' skills. Moreover, different sample processing methods have great impact on the diagnosis results (14,20). There are several imported commercial kits for sample preparation in China, but the prices are relative high and it may be an additional burden for the clinical laboratories. The Bioyong sample preparation kit was produced in China locally, aimed to reduce costs and to increase sensitivity. This study using Bioyong kit shows that the accurate identification result could be obtained within 1 h, while the traditional identification needs more 24-48 h, which is crucial for BSIs, especially for severely ill patients in need of quick treatment (18,21). Compared with previous studies, our results show that the identification accuracy of this method among Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria is above 94.0%.
Referring to the identification standard recommended by the instrument, the result shows that, the MALDI-TOF MS method is more accurate for Gram-negative bacteria identification than that of Gram-positive bacteria. Misidentification of Streptococcus and Staphylococcus is mainly related to the following factors: i) there is a high similarity among different Streptococcus groups, such as Streptococcus pneumonia, Streptococcus lactis, Streptococcus suis, Streptococcus oral, Streptococcus dysgalactiae and so on; ii) Gram-positive bacteria cell wall is relative thick which could increase its resistance to dissolution and iii) blood cell component might be an interference factor.
It should be noted that there were some limitations in this study. This study was performed by mock positive blood cultures. The evalution of the pre-treatment kit should be conducted on the clinical positive BCs further on. Furthermore, only monomicrobial growth in BCs was included in this study. The evalution of this method's performance in polymicrobial growth in BCs still need to be investigated. Only 12 yeast strains were adopted. Additional research with larger number of yeasts is needed.
In conclusion, the Bioyong kit could be used to identify rapidly and accurately common organisms in positive BCs to meet the clinical need for rapid diagnosis of pathogens.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Bioyong Technologies, Inc., for their technical support.
Funding
The study was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81902119) and Jinan Science and Technology Development Plan (201805021).
Availability of data and materials
The datasets used and/or analyzed during the present study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Authors' contributions
YW, ZL and YH contributed to the conception and design of the study. ZS carried out the bacteria identification. YB and YJ performed data analysis. YH wrote the manuscript. WC and MZ performed mock-inoculated blood culture. ZL and YH are responsible for submitting a competing interests statement on behalf of all authors of the study. All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University (Jinan, China). Signed informed consent was obtained from the volunteers that participated in the study.
Patient consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Data Availability Statement
The datasets used and/or analyzed during the present study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.