Selection and validation of optimal endogenous reference genes for analysis of quantitative PCR in four tissues pathologically associated with Kidney-yang deficiency syndrome following influenza A infection

Abstract

Kidney-yang deficiency syndrome (KYDS) infected with the influenza virus is a suitable model to imitate a population at high-risk to influenza infection with a high rate of morbidity and mortality. However, the specific molecular mechanisms underlying this disease remain unclear. A stable reference gene is essential as an internal control for molecular biology research of this condition. Reverse-transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) is considered an extremely sensitive technique used for absolute and relative quantification of target genes transcript levels. To accurately estimate the relative expression of genes in cells from mice with KYDS in response to infection with influenza A virus subtype H1N1 (A/H1N1) virus using RT-qPCR, it is necessary to identify suitable reference genes. In the present study, analysis of 10 reference genes (Act-β, β2m, GAPDH, Gusβ, Tubα, Grcc10, Eif4h, Rnf187, Nedd8 and Ywhae) was performed across a set of 4 tissue types: Lung; heart; liver; and kidney. KYDS mice were inoculated with A/H1N1 virus or a mock control. For analysis, geNorm, BestKeeper, NormFinder, and Bio-Rad Maestro^™ statistical programs were used for the estimation of the stability of the reference genes. The results were authenticated through extended experimental settings using a group of 10 samples, parallel to 3 additional innate immune system-associated genes of the host, TLR3, TLR7 and RIG-I, which were also analyzed using the same algorithms. From the 4 algorithms, taking into account the joint analyses of the ranking order outputs, the 2 genes Ywhae and Nedd8 were identified to be the most stable for mice with KYDS following infection with A/H1N1 virus. In contrast, the least stable genes in all 4 tissues were GAPDH and β2m. These results may affect the choice of reference genes in future studies that use RT-qPCR analysis of target genes in experimental conditions, such as mice with KYDS infected with influenza A virus.

Introduction

At present, reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) is an extremely sensitive method for studying absolute or relative gene expression. In absolute quantification of a particular transcript, the input copy number is calculated, whereas for relative quantification, the expression of a reference gene is measured and compared against the expression level of the target gene. Setting up and using a standard curve for relative expression can allow you to accurately estimate absolute quantification from relative quantification (1). qPCR data of target genes can be achieved by relative quantification when internal control genes are used as a reference (2). Absolute quantification is not extensively used by most researchers, whereas relative quantification is frequently used in numerous studies for analysis of gene expression (3). Without considering the experimental conditions, reference genes are designated as internal controls for which, among different samples, gene expression has to be relatively stable. Standardizing the expression profile and making use of suitable reference genes may improve the precision and consistency of qPCR (4,5). However, the expression of the reference genes may vary based on differing experimental settings, sample species, tissues, treatments, developmental stages or genotypes (6,7). Therefore, the use of a precise and consistently expressed reference gene under certain conditions is essential for reliable analysis of qPCR.

Influenza is a contagious viral infection that infects millions of people per year worldwide, and has resulted in ~1 million mortalities as a result of pandemics in the 2009 swine flu (8). Influenza virus results in a severe respiratory tract infection, and has a high rate of morbidity and mortality, particularly in high-risk populations, such as elderly people (9,10). Kidney-yang deficiency syndrome (KYDS) is one of the classical syndrome patterns in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) and is characterized by tenderness and weakness in the knees and lumbar regions, mental fatigue, difficulty in urinating, enuresis, female sterility, problems in hearing and teeth (11). A study investigating 2,067 elderly Chinese individuals (>60 years) revealed that 45.33% of these patients suffered from KYDS, suggesting that KYDS is the predominant TCM syndrome in high-risk populations (12). Another epidemiological investigation was conducted on 2,137 healthy elderly individuals (>60 years in age), and the results indicated that the rate of kidney deficiency was 78.80% (13). These data show that there is an increasing trend for elderly patients with a deteriorating health status to suffer from KYDS (14). Therefore, KYDS is the predominant TCM syndrome in high-risk populations (13,15). It is concerning that these elderly patients who suffer from KYDS are also at an increased risk of contracting seasonal influenza infections.

KYDS and influenza A virus subtype H1N1 (A/H1N1) virus infection causes broad ranging variations in gene expression, which form the molecular basis of the biological effects of KYDS following infection with influenza A virus (16-23). To further understand the mechanisms underlying KYDS following infection with influenza A, with the aim of developing an effective treatment for this disease, the changes in gene transcription during infection need to be determined and understood. Our previous study showed that certain commonly used reference genes (GAPDH or Actβ) were actually unstable in the lung tissue of KYDS infection with influenza, compared with normal control mice (24). In addition, evaluation of the stability of reference genes in tissues other than the lungs, such as the hearts, livers, and kidneys, following KYDS and infection is important as they are closely associated with and notably affected by KYDS (25-27).

In the present study, 10 candidate reference genes [β-actin (Actβ), β2 microglobulin (β2m), GAPDH, β-glucuronidase (Gusβ), α-tubulin (Tubα), Gene rich cluster, C10 gene (Grcc10), eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4H (Eif4h), ring finger protein 187 (Rnf187), neural precursor cell expressed, developmentally down-regulated gene 8 (Nedd8), and tyrosine 3-monooxygenase/tryptophan 5-monooxygenase activation protein, epsilon polypeptide (Ywhae)] that are suitable for use as internal reference genes for normalizing gene expression were selected (17,20,22,28,29). The consistency of expression of these genes in a mouse model of KYDS subsequently infected with A/H1N1 virus, or with a mock control, were assessed in tissue samples from four different organs using 4 statistical algorithms: NormFinder; geNorm; Bio-Rad Maestro; and BestKeeper. The aim of the present study was to determine the most accurate reference gene for the calculation of target gene expression in studies investigating KYDS and viral infection.

Materials and methods

Animals

The present study was performed in accordance with the protocols provided by the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals of the National Institutes of Health. The procedure was approved by the Ethic Committee of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (approval no. SDUTCM2018091901). Mice were regularly observed by staff veterinarians (Experimental Center, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine) in specific pathogen-free conditions, at 21-23˚C, with 60-70% humidity with a 12/12 h light/dark cycle. Isoflurane was used for anesthesia prior to surgery, and suffering was reduced to a minimum. Male SPF BALB/c mice weighing (18-20 g) were purchased from the Jinan Pengyue Experimental Animal Breeding Co., Ltd. A total of 40 animals were used in the present study. The mice were acclimated for 3 days, and separated into two groups, with 20 animals in each group. The mice were treated for 2 weeks as follows: The model group received serial intraperitoneal inoculation with 8 mg/kg estradiol benzoate for 7 days for mice in the KYDS group, as described previously (30,31); and the normal control group received intraperitoneal injection with 0.1 ml saline. The rectal temperature and body weight were examined prior and subsequent to infection. The levels of spontaneous locomotor activity of the mice were evaluated in open field tests in an automated mode using a mouse autonomic activity instrument (ZIL-2 locomotor activity automatic measuring instrument; Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences), as described previously (32). Animals were placed individually into a chamber with opaque Perspex^® walls and floors and a transparent Perspex^® lid. The chamber was equipped with infrared photobeams connected to a computer to collect spontaneous locomotor activity. Mice were acclimated to the chambers for 3 min. The spontaneous locomotor activity, defined as the total accumulated counts of a horizontal single photobeam interruption, was collected for a period of 10 min. The swimming time was measured with forced swim test (FST), as described previously (33). FST is often used as a method of measuring the degree of exercise fatigue in rodents. For the FST, mice were placed individually into a plastic cylinder containing water (24±1˚C). The cylinder water was sufficiently deep to ensure that the animals' hind paws could not touch the bottom of the cylinder. An iron weight, weighing 5% of mouse body weight, was attached to animals' tail using masking tape. The swimming time was recorded until the mice became exhausted and were rescued within 1 h. A total of 10 animals were selected randomly in each group to measure the serum steroid hormones (estradiol and progesterone) and thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) by xMAP^® technology in a flow cytometry-based Luminex 200 instrument with xPONENT software 3.1 for analysis (Luminex Corporation). This kit was Multi-Species Hormone Magnetic Bead Panel (cat. no. MSHMAG-21K) and was purchased from EMD Millipore, including Multi-Species Hormone Standard (cat. no. MSPHM-8021), Multi-Species Hormone Quality Controls 1 and 2 (cat. no. MSPHM-6021), Multi-Species Hormone HRP Conjugate (cat. no. MSPHM-HRP), Streptavidin-Phycoerythrin (cat. no. MC-SAPE2). The Multi-Species Hormone Magnetic Bead Panel Assay was performed according to the manufactuer's protocol (http://www.millipore.com), using the following antibody beads and dilutions: Anti-Estradiol Bead (cat. no. ESTRDL-MAG, 40:1), Anti-Progesterone Bead (cat. no. PRGST-MAG; 40:1), Anti-T3 Bead (cat. no. T3-MAG; 40:1) and Anti-T4 Bead (cat. no. T4-MAG; 40:1) and Multi-Species Hormone Detection Antibody (cat. no. MSPHM-1021). These animals were anesthetized with 3.5-4.5% isoflurane for induction when observed for loss of righting reflex and the breathing pattern had become deeper and slower on the 7th day post-injection, and 0.5-0.8 ml blood samples were collected via retro-orbital bleeding procedure. The animals were then sacrificed by cervical dislocation following blood collection. On the 8th day, mice in the model group were anaesthetized with 3.5-4.5% isoflurane for induction (when animals should not respond to noxious stimuli via a toe pinch or loss of righting reflex), and 20 µl viral suspension containing a hemagglutination titer of 1:320 of virus influenza A/FM/1/47 (donated by Professor Hong Meng, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences) was dropped into the nose. The mice in the control group were inoculated with 20 µl normal saline. All mice were subsequently given ad libitum access to food and water. Three mice that had lost 25% of their original weight during the course of infection were sacrificed, and one mouse succumbed during the entire study period. Schematic illustration of the experimental timeline was displayed in Fig. 1.

Figure 1.

Schematic illustration of the experimental timeline.

Tissue preparation

On the 14th day, mice were subjected to anesthesia with 3.5-4.5% isoflurane, when animals were monitored for loss of righting reflex and the breathing pattern had become deeper and slower, then sacrificed by cervical dislocation. The lung, heart, liver, and kidney tissues were isolated, and weighed for the organ index calculation, using the following formula: Visceral index=weight of organ x100/bodyweight. Following harvesting, small tissue samples were immediately submerged in RNAstore Reagent (Tiangen Biotech Co., Ltd.) at a dilution ratio of 1:10 (w/v), and stored at 4˚C until use.

Total RNA extraction

RNAprep Pure Tissue kit (Tiangen Biotech Co., Ltd.) was used for total RNA extraction from 10-20 mg tissue samples according to the manufacturer's protocol. Production and purity of RNA was estimated using a Quawell 5,000 spectrophotometer (Quawell Technology, Inc.). Samples with an optical density between 1.9-2.1 when measured with an absorbance ratio of 260/280 were used for subsequent analysis. Subsequently, 1% agarose gel electrophoresis was used to assess the integrity of RNA with GeneRed nucleic acid dye (Tiangen Biotech Co., Ltd.).

Reverse transcription-quantitative (RT-q)PCR

A reverse transcription FastQuant RT kit with gDNase (Tiangen Biotech Co., Ltd.) was used with random hexamer oligonucleotide primers according to the manufacturer's protocol with 2 µg total RNA for 3 min at 42˚C. Reverse transcription was performed using a FastQuant RT enzyme for 15 min at 42˚C. Samples were subsequently stored at -20˚C. For qPCR analysis, nuclease-free water was used to dilute the cDNA samples 10-fold, and the samples were amplified using a Bio-Rad CFX Connect Real-Time system. Samples were prepared using 6 pmol of both forward and reverse primers, 2 µl cDNA and 10 µl 2x SuperReal PreMix Plus with SYBR-Green I (Tiangen Biotech Co., Ltd.), made to a final volume of 20 µl. The thermocycling conditions were as follows: Initial denaturation 15 min at 95˚C; followed by 40 cycles of 95˚C for 10 sec and 60˚C for 32 sec; then annealing and elongation 65˚C for 5 sec. Following amplification, the dissociation curves of the PCR products were obtained by addition of a thermal denaturing cycle followed by 65-95˚C with an increment of 0.5˚C. This was important for verification of amplification specificity.

For each primer pair, computation of qPCR efficiencies in the exponential phase was performed using the standard curves (pooled cDNA was diluted 4-fold serially, which contained equivalent numbers of various sample sets). For every serial dilution, the mean quantification cycle (Cq) values were plotted against the logarithm of the cDNA dilution factor, and the equation: E=10 (-1/slope) x100 was used for calculation, where the gradient of the linear regression line was represented by the slope. The standard curve and correlation coefficients (R²) for each gene were used for determination of linear dynamic range.

Primers

Based on previous studies, 10 genes frequently used as endogenous controls were selected as the reference genes. The selected genes were: Actβ; Gusβ; GAPDH; β2m; Tubα; Grcc10; Eif4h; Rnf187; Nedd8; and Ywhae. NCBI BLAST (blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi) was used for identification of nucleotide sequences to design primers. Primers were purchased from Beijing Liuhe BGI Technology Company. Table I presents the primer characteristics of candidate reference genes. The sequences of the primers used for analysis of an immune response were: Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) forward, CAGGATACTTGATCTCGGCCTT; TLR3 reverse, TGGCCGCTGAGTTTTTGTTC; TLR7 forward, CTGGAGTTCAGAGGCAACCATT; TLF7 reverse, GTTATCACCGGCTCTCCATAGAA; retinoic acid inducible gene-I (RIG-I) forward, GCAGGTTACTGTGGACTTTGTG; RIG-I reverse, TGCCATTCTCCCTTTAGTGTCT; A/H1N1 virus M forward, 5'-CTGAGAAGCAGATACTGGGC-3'; and A/H1N1 virus M reverse, 5'-CTGCATTGTCTCCGAAGAAAT-3'.

Table I.

Primers sequences and characteristics.

Gene symbol	Gene name	Accession number	Primer sequence	Amplicon size	Efficiency, %	R2
Actβ	β-actin	NM_007393.5	F: CCTTCTTGGGTATGGAATCCTGT	101	98.9	0.997
			R: CACTGTGTTGGCATAGAGGTCTTTAC
β2m	β2 microglobulin	NM_009735.3	F: CATGGCTCGCTCGGTGAC	135	97.3	0.994
			R: CAGTTCAGTATGTTCGGCTTCC
GAPDH	Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase	NM_008084.3	F: TGCACCACCAACTGCTTAG	177	98.1	0.999
			R: GGATGCAGGGATGATGTTC
Gusβ	β-glucuronidase	NM_010368.1	F: CCGACCTCTCGAACAACCG	169	93	0.998
			R: GCTTCCCGTTCATACCACACC
Tubα	α-tubulin	NM_011653.2	F: TGTCCTGGACAGGATTCGC	115	97.2	0.997
			R: CTCCATCAGCAGGGAGGTG
Grcc10	Gene rich cluster, C10 gene	NM_013535.1	F: GCGGAGGTGATTCAAGCG	196	94	0.993
			R: TGACCAGGCGGGCAAACT
Eif4h	Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4H	NM_033561.2	F: CCTTGGCTCGGGATTGTC	198	92.9	0.999
			R: TCCGCATTGGAGATGGATTA
Rnf187	Ring finger protein 187	NM_022423.2	F: CTGGCACCACCCTTCATC	155	93.5	0.990
			R: ACAAGCCCGAGCACATTC
Nedd8	Neural precursor cell expressed, developmentally down-regulated gene 8	NM_008683.3	F: TGGGAAGGAGATTGAGATAG	121	93	0.997
			R: TTGCTTGCCACTGTAGATG
Ywhae	Tyrosine 3-monooxygenase/tryptophan 5-monooxygenase activation protein, epsilon polypeptide	NM_009536.4	F: CCCATTCGTTTAGGTCTT	193	95.3	0.993
			R: TCCACAGCGTCAGGTTAT

R², standard curve correlation coefficient; F, forward; R, reverse.

Data analysis

CFX Maestro^™ software 1.0 (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc.) automatic calculation was used to perform threshold setting and baseline correction. CFX Maestro software was also used to determine the Cq values using the means of the single threshold mode.

A total of 3 common statistical programs, geNorm, BestKeeper. and NormFinder, as well as Bio-Rad Maestro^™ software were used to evaluate the stability of the reference genes. A reference gene selector tool in CFX Maestro Software (version 1.1) was used to analyze a run with multiple genes stability. The 2^-ΔΔCq formula (3) was used to transform Cq values into non-normalized relative quantities, where: ΔCq=corresponding Cq value-minimum Cq value. These transformed quantities were based on geNorm and NormFinder calculations. BestKeeper and Bio-Rad Maestro software were selected for evaluation of the raw Cq values. A Student's t-test was used for statistical analysis of gene expression data using SPSS Software version 22 (IBM Corp.). P<0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference. A variance analysis was performed using Microsoft Office Excel (Microsoft Corporation).

Results

Establishment of a KYDS-virus mice model

The KYDS mice model was commonly generated by the classical method of intraperitoneal injection with estradiol benzoate (34,35). The body weight measurements of the mice in the KYDS model group were decreased significantly compared with the mice in the normal group from the 4th to the 7th day (Fig. S1A). The rectal temperatures of KYDS mice were also significantly decreased from the 2nd to the 7th day compared with the normal group (Fig. S1B). Spontaneous locomotor activity and swimming time were measured; in the KYDS mice, both values were decreased significantly compared with the mice in the normal group (Fig. S1C and D). We also measured the levels of serum steroid hormones (estradiol and progesterone) and thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) by XMAP-technology in a flow cytometry-based Luminex 200 instrument. The levels of estradiol in the mice in the KYDS model group were increased significantly compared with the mice in the normal group (Fig. S2A), but the expression levels of progesterone and T4 were significantly decreased in the KYDS mice, compared with the mice in the normal group (Fig. S2B and D). These data suggested that the KYDS model was established successfully. The data also suggest the presence of typical KYDS symptoms, including mental fatigue, lumbar debility, chill sensations and cold limbs. A total of 14 days post-treatment, the body weight and rectal temperature values in the KYDS-virus group were significantly decreased compared with the normal control group from day 1-7 following inoculation with the A/H1N1 virus (P<0.01; Fig. 2A and B). As shown in Fig. 2C, compared with the normal group, the model group liver index decreased significantly (P<0.01), whereas the lung index increased significantly (P<0.01). A/H1N1 virus mRNA expression was also assessed. Total RNA was isolated from lung and converted into cDNA, and the relative expression of A/H1N1 M gene RNA was determined using qPCR and compared with the normal group (Fig. 2D). These results confirmed that a KYDS-virus mice model had been established successfully.

Figure 2.

Assessment of the KYDS-virus model. (A) Weight and (B) rectal temperature were measured following establishment of the KYDS-virus model. (C) Visceral indices of different organs in mice. (D) Relative quantity of A/H1N1 mRNA expression. ^**P<0.01 vs. normal control. KYDS, Kidney-Yang deficiency syndrome; A/H1N1, influenza A virus subtype H1N1.

Expression profiles of candidate reference genes

For the evaluation of the expression of the KYDS-virus infection patterns, the 10 most frequently used and recommended candidate reference genes from literature were selected (17,20,22,28,29). Following the qPCR assays, the performance of each amplification primer set was examined. For all reactions, the range of amplification efficiency was 99.0-99.9%; and the variation of the standard curve for correlation coefficients (R²) was 0.9913-0.9999 (Table I). All tested primer pairs were highly efficient and excellently correlated. There were no primer dimer formations, and only 1 peak was formed that confirmed the specificity of the amplification of the entire transcript by melt curve analysis. When the template was absent, no amplification was observed.

Both groups were comprised of 4 tissues and were assessed for the expression profiles of the candidate reference genes. It was observed that samples in different tissues exhibited inconsistent ranges of expression for each reference gene (Fig. 3). For the 10 candidate reference genes, expression levels are represented as Cq values, and varied between 13-29, with the majority ranging from 18-20. For every reference gene, a box plot was used to represent the Cq value distribution in different tissues.

Figure 3.

Distribution of Cq values for each reference gene. For (A) lung, (B) liver, (C) heart, and (D) kidney tissues, the distribution of the Cq values of the reference genes is represented using a box and whisker plots. Boxes represent the quartiles and medians, and the maximum and minimum values are represented by the whiskers. Cq, quantification cycle; Actβ, β-actin; β2m, β2 microglobulin; Gusβ, β-glucuronidase; Tubα, α-tubulin; Grcc10, Gene rich cluster, C10 gene; Eif4h, eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4H; Rnf187, ring finger protein 187; Nedd8, neural precursor cell expressed, developmentally down-regulated gene 8; Ywhae, tyrosine 3-monooxygenase/tryptophan 5-monooxygenase activation protein, epsilon polypeptide.

geNorm algorithm

The gene expression stability (M) was calculated as the average pair-wise variation between all examined genes, and geNorm software was selected for the analysis of expression stability of the candidate reference genes. The gene with the most parallel levels of expression in all samples without consideration of the conditions of experiment was considered the most stable reference gene and had the lowest M value, where an M value of <1.5 was a criterion for stability (Fig. 4).

Figure 4.

Average expression stability evaluated by GeNorm. For (A) lung tissue, (B) heart tissue, (C) liver tissue, and (D) kidney tissue under variable conditions, the M values and grading are designated for mice. M, GeNorm-evaluated average expression stability; Actβ, β-actin; β2m, β2 microglobulin; Gusβ, β-glucuronidase; Tubα, α-tubulin; Grcc10, Gene rich cluster, C10 gene; Eif4h, eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4H; Rnf187, ring finger protein 187; Nedd8, neural precursor cell expressed, developmentally down-regulated gene 8; Ywhae, tyrosine 3-monooxygenase/tryptophan 5-monooxygenase activation protein, epsilon polypeptide.

For the reference genes assessed, the calculated average expression M values using geNorm are presented in Table II. The reference genes in lung tissues with the lowest M values, and therefore considered the most stable, were Nedd8 (M=0.42) and Tubα (M=0.436), whereas the least stable were GAPDH (M=0.87) and Grcc10 (M=0.73). Ywhae and Nedd8 were identified to be stable in the heart tissues, with M values of 0.416 and 0.418, respectively, whereas β2m (M=0.988) exhibited the poorest stability. In liver tissue samples, Ywhae and Rnf187, with M values of 0.34 and 0.335, respectively, were the most stable. In comparison, the most variable genes were Gusβ (M=0.636) and Grcc10 (M=0.564). For the kidney tissues, the genes considered to be the most stable were Tubα (M=0.529) and Ywhae (M=0.53). The least stable genes were β2m and Gusβ (M=1.532 and 1.358, respectively).

Table II.

Analysis of gene expression in the KYDS-virus mouse model using geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper, and Bio-Rad CFX Maestro™ software programs.

		geNorm		NormFinder		BestKeeper		Bio-Rad
Tissue	Rank	Gene	M	Gene	Stability value	Gene	std dev [± CP]	Gene	Stability (Ln(1/AvgM))	Comprehensive ranking by geoMean
Lung	1	Nedd8	0.420	Nedd8	0.025	Nedd8	0.196	Tubα	1.815	Nedd8
	2	Tubα	0.436	Ywhae	0.055	Ywhae	0.278	Ywhae	1.815	Ywhae
	3	Ywhae	0.445	Tubα	0.091	Tubα	0.312	Nedd8	1.653	Tubα
	4	Eif4h	0.473	Eif4h	0.169	Rnf187	0.355	Eif4h	1.512	Eif4h
	5	Gusβ	0.559	Gusβ	0.260	Eif4h	0.383	Gusβ	1.277	Gusβ
	6	β2m	0.569	β2m	0.284	Gusβ	0.431	Actβ	1.089	Rnf187
	7	Actβ	0.624	Rnf187	0.345	Grcc10	0.432	GAPDH	0.888	Actβ
	8	Rnf187	0.638	Actβ	0.345	Actβ	0.624	Rnf187	0.733	β2m
	9	Grcc10	0.730	Grcc10	0.449	GAPDH	0.874	β2m	0.603	Grcc10
	10	GAPDH	0.870	GAPDH	0.554	β2m	1.025	Grcc10	0.483	GAPDH
Heart	1	Ywhae	0.416	Nedd8	0.063	Nedd8	0.182	Nedd8	1.865	Nedd8
	2	Nedd8	0.418	Ywhae	0.077	Ywhae	0.232	Grcc10	1.865	Ywhae
	3	Rnf187	0.446	Grcc10	0.088	Eif4h	0.248	Ywhae	1.706	Grcc10
	4	Grcc10	0.449	Rnf187	0.094	Grcc10	0.257	Rnf187	1.513	Rnf187
	5	Tubα	0.490	Tubα	0.209	GAPDH	0.263	Eif4h	1.349	Eif4h
	6	Eif4h	0.502	Eif4h	0.221	Rnf187	0.325	GAPDH	1.246	Tubα
	7	GAPDH	0.531	GAPDH	0.247	Tubα	0.446	Tubα	1.130	GAPDH
	8	Gusβ	0.660	Gusβ	0.399	β2m	0.644	Gusβ	0.932	Gusβ
	9	Actβ	0.803	Actβ	0.507	Gusβ	0.660	Actβ	0.765	Actβ
	10	β2m	0.988	β2m	0.629	Actβ	0.828	β2m	0.561	β2m
Liver	1	Rnf187	0.335	Rnf187	0.044	Eif4h	0.327	Ywhae	1.967	Rnf187
	2	Ywhae	0.34	Actβ	0.089	Ywhae	0.343	Actβ	1.967	Ywhae
	3	Actβ	0.341	Nedd8	0.092	Actβ	0.395	Rnf187	1.733	Actβ
	4	Nedd8	0.355	Ywhae	0.106	Rnf187	0.464	Nedd8	1.528	Eif4h
	5	GAPDH	0.408	GAPDH	0.121	Gusβ	0.468	GAPDH	1.406	Nedd8
	6	β2m	0.428	β2m	0.143	β2m	0.471	Eif4h	1.301	GAPDH
	7	Eif4h	0.442	Eif4h	0.204	Nedd8	0.488	β2m	1.219	β2m
	8	Tubα	0.523	Gusβ	0.224	GAPDH	0.579	Grcc10	1.124	Gusβ
	9	Grcc10	0.564	Grcc10	0.250	Grcc10	0.651	Tubα	1.019	Grcc10
	10	Gusβ	0.636	Tubα	0.258	Tubα	0.705	Gusβ	0.878	Tubα
Kidney	1	Tubα	0.529	Tubα	0.071	Ywhae	0.429	Tubα	1.593	Tubα
	2	Ywhae	0.530	Ywhae	0.089	Rnf187	0.459	Actβ	1.593	Ywhae
	3	Actβ	0.536	Rnf187	0.112	Tubα	0.496	Nedd8	1.383	Actβ
	4	Nedd8	0.540	Grcc10	0.112	Eif4h	0.505	Grcc10	1.338	Rnf187
	5	Grcc10	0.560	Actβ	0.134	Nedd8	0.549	Ywhae	1.290	Nedd8
	6	Rnf187	0.577	Nedd8	0.137	Grcc10	0.555	GAPDH	1.234	Grcc10
	7	GAPDH	0.580	GAPDH	0.203	GAPDH	0.574	Rnf187	1.190	Eif4h
	8	Eif4h	0.679	Eif4h	0.285	Actβb	0.584	Eif4h	1.042	GAPDH
	9	Gusβ	1.358	Gusβ	0.881	β2m	1.085	Gusβ	0.608	Gusβ
	10	β2m	1.532	β2m	0.975	Gusβ	1.330	β2m	0.298	β2m

geoMean, geometric mean; CP, crossing point; KYDS, Kidney-yang deficiency syndrome. Grading of expression stability of candidate reference gene was dependent on the geoMean of results obtained by the different software programs. The suitability of candidate genes is ranked.

NormFinder algorithm

For the calculation of M value of the reference genes, NormFinder was used. NormFinder performs separate analysis of sample subgroups as a mathematical model, and also evaluates both inter- and intragroup expression variations. The genes with the lowest M value were considered the most stable and thus suitable for use as reference genes for such specific experimental conditions (Fig. 5).

Figure 5.

Average expression stability evaluated by NormFinder. For (A) lung tissue, (B) heart tissue, (C) liver tissue, and (D) kidney tissue under variable conditions, the M values and grading are designated for mice. M, NormFinder-evaluated average expression stability; Actβ, β-actin; β2m, β2 microglobulin; Gusβ, β-glucuronidase; Tubα, α-tubulin; Grcc10, Gene rich cluster, C10 gene; Eif4h, eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4H; Rnf187, ring finger protein 187; Nedd8, neural precursor cell expressed, developmentally down-regulated gene 8; Ywhae, tyrosine 3-monooxygenase/tryptophan 5-monooxygenase activation protein, epsilon polypeptide.

A total of 3 genes were ranked with peak values by NormFinder (Table II). In the lung tissues, the 3 most stable genes were Nedd8, Ywhae, and Tubα; in the heart tissue, Nedd8, Ywhae, and Grcc10; in the liver tissue, Rnf187, Actβ, and Nedd8; and in the kidney tissue, Tubα, Ywhae, and Rnf187. The least stable genes, as determined by NormFinder, were the same as those identified using geNorm: In the liver tissue, they were Grcc10 and GAPDH; in the heart tissue, they were Actβ and β2m; and in the kidney tissue, they were Gusβ and β2m.

BestKeeper algorithm

In regard to the gene-correlation analysis of candidate gene pairs, the expression standard of reference genes was assessed using BestKeeper software, using the grading of the standard deviation ± crossing point (SD ± CP). The genes with the lowest SD values were considered the most stable by this algorithm, and a grading of SD value <1 was considered an acceptable range of variation (Fig. 6).

Figure 6.

Average expression stability evaluated using BestKeeper. SD values and grading are represented for mice under variable settings. (A) Lung tissue, (B) heart tissue, (C) liver tissue, and (D) kidney tissue. Stability was calculated using the following formula: SD [± CP]. SD, standard deviation; CP, crossing point; Actβ, β-actin; β2m, β2 microglobulin; Gusβ, β-glucuronidase; Tubα, α-tubulin; Grcc10, Gene rich cluster, C10 gene; Eif4h, eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4H; Rnf187, ring finger protein 187; Nedd8, neural precursor cell expressed, developmentally down-regulated gene 8; Ywhae, tyrosine 3-monooxygenase/tryptophan 5-monooxygenase activation protein, epsilon polypeptide.

As shown in Table II, the genes considered most stable using the BestKeeper algorithm were Nedd8 and Ywhae in the lung and heart tissue. Eif4h exhibited the lowest SD values in the liver tissue samples, and Ywhae and Rnf187 were the most stable in the kidney tissue. Following the analysis of all samples, Ywhae had the lowest SD values and was considered the most stable.

Analysis using the CFX Maestro software

Bio-Rad CFX Maestro (v.1.1) software is based on the geNorm algorithm (36), but optimized for certain functions. The genes considered the most stable exhibited higher [Ln(1/AvgM)] values, where values >1 were considered as acceptable (Fig. 7).

Figure 7.

Average expression stability evaluated using Bio-Rad CFX Maestro^™ software. Stability values and rankings are indicated for mice under different conditions for (A) lung tissue, (B) heart tissue, (C) liver tissue and (D) kidney tissue. Average expression stability was calculated as follows: [Ln(1/AvgM)]. M, expression stability; Actβ, β-actin; β2m, β2 microglobulin; Gusβ, β-glucuronidase; Tubα, α-tubulin; Grcc10, Gene rich cluster, C10 gene; Eif4h, eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4H; Rnf187, ring finger protein 187; Nedd8, neural precursor cell expressed, developmentally down-regulated gene 8; Ywhae, tyrosine 3-monooxygenase/tryptophan 5-monooxygenase activation protein, epsilon polypeptide.

The results of analysis from CFX Maestro software are presented in Table II. Tubα was considered the most stable reference gene in lung and kidney tissues. Nedd8 and Grcc10 [Ln(1/AvgM)=1.8652] were considered the most stable for heart tissue, and in the liver tissue, Ywhae and Actβ [Ln(1/AvgM)=1.9668], were considered the most stable genes.

Ranking order of the most stable genes

In order to identify reference genes that would be appropriate for various tissue types following KYDS-virus treatment compared with the normal group, NormFinder, geNorm, BestKeeper, and CFX Maestro software were used to determine the stability of each gene. Due to the dependence on analytical procedures as well as different algorithms, these statistical programs are considered more acceptable to create distinct levels of reference genes ranks.

In relation to their geoMean ranking positions, genes were ranked from 1-10 (Table III). Ywhae was positioned as peak stable gene across all four tissues, followed by Nedd8 and Rnf187, with a low-ranking mean value (1.74, 2.19 and 3.10, respectively). GAPDH and β2m were considered the least stable according to all 4 algorithms, with a higher ranking mean value (7.87 and 8.91, respectively).

Table III.

Expression stability of the candidate reference genes following treatment of the KYDS-virus mice ranked based on the geoMean of the gene grade in every tissue. The suitability of the candidate genes are ranked from top to bottom.

Gene	Comprehensive ranking by geoMean	Rank in lung	Rank in heart	Rank in liver	Rank in kidney
Ywhae	1	2	2	2	2
Nedd8	2	1	1	5	5
Rnf187	3	6	4	1	4
Tubα	4	3	6	10	1
Eif4h	5	4	5	4	7
Actβ	6	7	9	3	3
Grcc10	7	9	3	9	6
Gusβ	8	5	8	8	9
GAPDH	9	10	7	6	8
β2m	10	8	10	7	10

Validation of the selected reference genes

For validation of the consistency of selected reference genes, the expression of these genes was determined in the KYDS-virus samples. The analysis of comparative expression levels of the target genes was performed for validation of reference genes selection. The expression levels of TLR3, TLR7, and cytosolic RIG-I, which serve important roles in the innate immune response of the host, were examined. They all belong to host pattern recognition receptors and recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns during viral infection (37,38). Recognition of a pathogen-associated molecular pattern enhances the transcription factor for interferon regulation and stimulates NF-κB, which in turn is responsible for the secretion of inflammatory mediators, such as cytokines and chemokines. Therefore, the expression levels of TLR3, TLR7, and RIG-I in the 4 types of tissues were assessed (Fig. 8). Using Nedd8 expression levels in the lung and heart, Rnf187 expression levels in the liver and Tubα expression levels in the kidney as reference genes, there was a significant increase in TLR3 and TLR7 expression (P<0.01) in the lungs, an increase of TLR7 expression in liver, and increased RIG-I and TLR7 expression in heart and kidney (P<0.01) following infection (Fig. 8A). This data confirms that the selected reference genes are reliable in each of the tissues. Alternatively, the references genes considered to be the least stable were: GAPDH for the lung samples; β2m in the heart and kidney; and Tubα in the liver (Fig. 8B). Using these reference genes, no marked changes in TLR3 expression were observed in the lung tissue, RIG-I and TLR7 expression was considered decreased in the heart tissue samples (P<0.05 or P<0.01; Fig. 8B), and RIG-I either exhibited a reverse in the direction of expression in kidney tissue (Fig. 8D; P<0.01), or was not altered significantly in liver tissue (Fig. 8D; P<0.05). For this experiment in qPCR analysis, the appropriate reference gene was shown to be paramount to obtain reliable results when studying the expression of genes in the assessment of KYDS-virus treatment.

Figure 8.

Relative mRNA expression levels of TLR3, TLR7 and RIG-I in (A) lung, (B) heart, (C) liver and (D) kidney tissues of the normal and model mice. Expression was normalized to the normal mice. ^*P<0.05 and ^**P<0.01 vs. normal control. TLR, toll-like receptor; RIG-I, retinoic acid inducible gene-I.

Discussion

In molecular biology, gene expression analysis is one of the most frequently used strategies to study expression of genes. Its accuracy and versatility make qPCR suitable for analysis of relative gene expression. However, the results obtained from qPCR are strongly affected by the stability of the reference gene selected for normalization of gene expression data; therefore, it is crucial to select stably expressed genes as internal references.

In the present study, a screen for suitable genes for data normalization in a KYDS-virus model was performed in lung, heart, liver, and kidney tissues. The expression stability of 10 housekeeping genes (Actβ, β2m, GAPDH, Gusβ, Tubα, Grcc10, Eif4h, Rnf187, Nedd8 and Ywhae) were analyzed using 4 software packages: geNorm; NormFinder; BestKeeper; and CFX Maestro software. The 4 statistical algorithms have been used to select and validate reference genes for qPCR data normalization across a variety of tissues, species and different treatments (39-41). Grcc10, Eif4h, Rnf187, Nedd8 and Ywhae are all considered consistently and highly expressed genes that can be used as reference controls in expression-profiling analysis when using RNA-seq in various tissues, including lung tissue of mice (28,42). Tubα has been identified in almost all organisms (43,44); it polymerizes into microtubules, a major component of the eukaryotic cytoskeleton (45). β2m is a component of the MHC class I molecule (46); it is necessary for cell surface expression of MHC class I and stability of the peptide binding groove. β-glucuronidase (Gusβ) is a member of the glycosidase family and is involved in the breakdown of glycosaminoglycan (47). Actβ is a actin cytoskeleton protein, and is crucial for maintaining cell morphology. GAPDH is associated with the metabolism of carbohydrates (48), but is also important in several other processes. The present study evaluated 10 frequently used reference genes, which are involved in basic biochemical metabolic processes in the majority of cells. However, in most studies GAPDH and Actβ show variability under different experimental conditions in various types of cells and tissues (49). This is particularly true with infection with the influenza virus, which inhibits cellular synthesis of macromolecular compounds (shut-off) and results in whole body changes to gene expression (29,50), and affects the mRNA expression levels of several other genes. Our previous study showed that traditional reference genes, for example GAPDH or Actβ, are not stable in lung tissues of a mouse model of KYDS following infection with influenza A virus compared with normal control mice. It also has been reported that the expression levels of the Actβ and GAPDH as housekeeping genes are significantly affected by influenza virus infection, and therefore are not suitable as reference genes for normalization (51). Different statistical algorithms generate varied results for stability ranking in different tissues, and this was observed in the present study where, in KYDS mice tissues, the 3 statistical algorithms geNorm, CFX Maestro, and NormFinder recommended the most stable reference gene as Tubα. However, Ywhae was considered the most stable gene by BestKeeper. Different statistical algorithms have different bases for ranking the stability of reference genes, and this underlies the variability between the results. geNorm analysis depends on the similarity in the ratio of expression between the 2 best internal control genes amongst all genes selected for analysis. By contrast, in NormFinder, both inter- and intra-group variation is combined in for calculation of a stability value. The expression standard of reference genes was ranked by BestKeeper software with the grading of the standard deviation [±CP] of Cq values. This variability in the results represents the difference in the manner in which the programs determine stability. The use of multiple techniques improves the accuracy of stability of reference genes and integration of data to produce an absolute ranking, thereby improving the reliability of the results. Therefore, it is suggested to use algorithms together, rather than relying on a single one.

The present study showed that different reference genes are recommended for different conditions, such as different tissues and different treatment groups. Therefore, it is concluded that the ideal reference gene for specific conditions varies. As the suitability of reference genes varies, it is important to verify the suitability of the reference gene for normalization, and determine the degree of variability in expression, as this variability may underlie differences in expression. Alterations of TLR7, TLR3, and RIG-I were observed using the assessed reference genes in the KYDS-virus mouse model in our previous study, and the observed differences in expression of these genes may in fact be the result of variations in the expression of the reference genes. However, using a range of reference genes may result in false-negative results. In the present study, this phenomenon was observed when the data was normalized with a single reference gene. In different tissues, or treatment groups, the target genes expression appeared to be significantly different, which may affect the results. The data of the present study indicated that it is essential to determine and use validated reference genes to ensure stability of their expression for normalizing qPCR data. KYDS is a type of syndrome model used in order to mimic the high-risk, susceptible population in flu season. Following viral infection, mice in the KYDS-virus group demonstrated symptoms of infection, with some reaching critical condition. It was identified that the body weight and rectal temperature values in the KYDS-virus model group decreased significantly (P<0.01). In the KYDS-virus group, certain mice experienced serious symptoms, with some mice succumbing after 7 days. The changes in KYDS condition in individual mice were minor during the short study period. Therefore, the changes in KYDS following viral infection in each mouse were not measured. In the present study, only normal and KYDS-virus groups were used; the lack of ‘KYDS only’ and ‘virus only’ groups represent a limitation of the study design. In future studies, comparison among more groups may produce more reliable reference results.

In conclusion, the present study was designed evaluate the effects of KYDS-virus in lung, heart, liver, and kidney tissues on the expression of several candidate reference genes used for normalization of gene expression when using qPCR in BALB/c mice. The significance of using multiple software packages to obtain more reliable results was observed by using 4 algorithms, which yielded different results on the suitability of each gene in each tissue.

For individual tissues, there should be specifically selected reference genes, which should be determined following examination of the stability of several reference genes. Based on the results of the present study, the most suitable reference genes for each tissue assessed were Nedd8 in the lung and heart, Rnf187 in the liver, and Tubα in the kidney. Across all 4 tissues types, Ywhae and Nedd8 were identified to be the top 2 stable genes for KYDS mice infected with A/H1N1. By contrast, the least stable genes in all 4 tissues were GAPDH and β2m. The validation of the selected reference genes was shown using 3 target genes (TLR3, TLR7 and RIG-I) for certain experimental conditions. The present study highlights the importance of using a suitable reference gene to obtain reliable results when assessing gene expression. The present study provides a direction for designing future studies where gene expression is assessed, particularly for studies of KYDS combined with A/H1N1 infection.

Funding

This work was financially supported, in part, by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant nos. 81873220 and 81774167), and Key Research and Development Program in Shandong Province (grant no. 2018CXGC1307).

Availability of data and material

The datasets used and/or analyzed during the present study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Authors' contributions

YY designed the study, performed the experiments and data analysis, and wrote the manuscript. YF and JY designed the study, performed the animal experiments and the data analysis. SF, SZ, RD and RR participated in performing the experiments and data analysis. SMAS and MA analyzed the target gene expressions and critically revised the manuscript for important intellectual content. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

All experimental procedures were performed in strict accordance with the guidelines for the care and use of laboratory animals of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine and were approved by the Ethics Committee of Laboratory Animals of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (approval no. SDUTCM2018091901).

Patient consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.