Dear Editor,
Patients treated for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia in the intensive care unit (ICU) often experience long periods of ventilation, neuromuscular blockade and sedation [1]. Previous research has demonstrated that patients with similar clinical journeys often have poor long-term health related quality of life (HRQoL) [2]. At present there are limited data describing the long-term outcomes of critically ill COVID-19 survivors. To address this, we report on early data obtained at our ICU follow-up programme in a single centre.
Patients are routinely invited to our multi-disciplinary ICU follow-up clinic between 12–16 weeks post discharge [3]. Information on the format of the clinic is available in S1. Data were collected following attendance at a virtual clinic. HRQoL was measured using the EQ-5D-5L. This tool comprises two sections: a five-question descriptive component which explores health domains and a visual analogue scale about HRQoL. Each question has five possible answers. These answers produce a five-digit sequence which is used to determine a health utility score (HUS). A HUS of 1 equates to the best health state possible, 0 with death and a negative HUS equates to a state worse than death [4]. We also examined return to employment. Ethical approval was granted by The North West (Liverpool Central) Research Ethics Committee, REC Number: 17/NM/0199. All patients provided consent.
From March 14th, 2020 until April 28th, 2020, 51 patients required invasive mechanical ventilation for COVID-19 pneumonia in our ICU. All cases were confirmed with reverse RT-PCR assay for SARS-CoV-2, except for one patient who died prior to a sputum sample being obtained. Complete records of 43 patients were available for review. Of the 43 patients examined, 33 (77%) were male and the median age was 57 (IQR 52.5–65.5). 27 (63%) patients had 1 or more comorbidity. ICU mortality was 33%, median ICU length of stay 17.9 days (IQR 7.4–26.5) and the median duration of ventilation was also 17.9 (IQR 6.5–24). Most (93%) patients developed severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) during their admission (P/F or S/F ratio < 13.3 kPa) and 37 (86%) received neuromuscular blockade with a median of 6 (IQR 2.5–11) days paralysis. Sixty percent of patients were proned at least once (Table 1).
Table 1.
ICU cohort demographics
| Demographic | n = 43 |
|---|---|
| Age, year, median (IQR) | 57 (52.5–65.5) |
| Gender, male (%) | 33 (77%) |
| Comorbidity: | |
| Diabetes | 9 (21%) |
| Respiratory | 8 (19%) |
| Cardiovascular (including hypertension) | 13 (30%) |
| Other (cancer, liver disease, CKD) | 12 (28%) |
| Length of ICU stay, days, median (IQR) | 17.9 (7.4–26.5) |
| Mechanical ventilation duration, days, median (IQR) | 17.9 (6.5–24) |
| Diagnosis of severe ARDS (%) | 40 (93%) |
| Neuromuscular blockage administration (%) | 37 (86%) |
| Prone position (%) | 26 (60%) |
Of the 30 survivors with full data available, 24 (80%) attended follow up. Outcome data were available from 21 patients; one patient declined inclusion; one was readmitted to hospital following their consultation and could not participate in the research and one agreed to participate but could not be contacted following clinic. The median HUS was 0.752 (IQR 0.627–0.837). Fifteen patients were employed pre-ICU. When reviewed at follow-up, 7 (47%) had returned to work and 1 (7%) had taken voluntary retirement. One (7%) patient was planning to return to work in the week following clinic attendance. New disability including breathlessness were reported as impacting on employability; a small number of patients described they were unable to return to work due to COVID-19 employment restrictions. Fourteen (67%) patients complained of new pain; 29% of pain was classified as severe or extreme.
This cohort had a significant burden of acute illness requiring prolonged mechanical ventilation and high rates of neuromuscular blockade. Despite this, we report meaningful early recovery including increased return to employment in a single centre, from a small sample [5]. However, caution should be taken with the interpretation of these outcomes, as employment status can fluctuate following critical illness [5]. Furthermore, HRQoL was similar to a previous ARDS cohort (Median HUS, 0.77) and better than a previous cohort of survivors from our own centre (Median HUS, 0.29) [3, 6]. Two thirds of patients experienced ongoing, new pain following discharge, a finding which requires further investigation.
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Funding
JM is funded by a THIS.Institute, University of Cambridge Research Fellowship (PD-2019-02-16).
Compliance with ethical standards
Conflicts of interest
The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.
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References
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