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. 2020 Nov 9;15(11):e0241930. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241930

Impact of diabetes mellitus on postoperative outcomes in individuals with non-small-cell lung cancer: A retrospective cohort study

Teruya Komatsu 1,2, Toyofumi F Chen-Yoshikawa 2, Masaki Ikeda 2, Koji Takahashi 2, Akiko Nishimura 3,4, Shin-ichi Harashima 3,5, Hiroshi Date 2,*
Editor: Yoshiaki Taniyama6
PMCID: PMC7652320  PMID: 33166327

Abstract

Objectives

Studies showing that individuals with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and diabetes mellitus (DM) have reported poor outcomes after pulmonary resection with varying results. Therefore, we investigated the clinical impact of preoperative DM on postoperative morbidity and survival in individuals with resectable NSCLC.

Patients and methods

Data of individuals who underwent pulmonary resection for NSCLC from 2000 to 2015 were extracted from the database of Kyoto University Hospital. The primary endpoint was the incidence of postoperative complications, and secondary endpoints were postoperative length of hospital stay and overall survival. The survival rate was analyzed using the Kaplan–Meier method.

Results

A total of 2,219 patients were eligible for the study. The median age of participants was 67 years. Among them, 39.5% were women, and 259 (11.7%) presented with DM. The effect of DM on the incidence of postoperative complications and postoperative length of hospital stay was not significant. Although the 5-year survival rates were similar in both patients with and without DM (80.2% versus 79.4%; p = 0.158), those with DM who had a hemoglobin A1c level ≥ 8.0% had the worst survival.

Conclusions

In individuals with resectable NSCLC, preoperative DM does not influence the acute phase postoperative recovery. However, poorly controlled preoperative DM could lead to low postoperative survival rates.

Introduction

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide [1]. Most individuals with lung cancer present with advanced disease, and the 5-year survival rate of individuals with lung cancer ranges from 11% to 46% [1–3]. Concurrently, the prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) is continually increasing, that is, approximately 451 million adults worldwide have DM in 2017, and this number will increase to 693 million by 2045 [4].

Considering the high prevalence of both lung cancer and DM, clinicians will soon be required to treat and manage individuals with both DM and lung cancer in clinical settings [5].

In Japan, 15.5% of men and 9.8% of women are suspected to have type 2 DM [6]. Epidemiologic evidence has indicated that individuals with DM are at a significantly high risk of cancer, such as pancreatic, hepatic, colorectal, breast, urinary tract, and endometrial cancers [7]. In contrast, decreased incidence of prostate cancer is observed in individuals with DM [7,8]. A recent meta-analysis has shown that DM might increase the risk of lung cancer, particularly among women [9]. Evidence on the correlation between DM and outcome of lung cancer is inconclusive [10–12]. The most recent large-scale cohort study of an Asian population has shown that DM was not statistically significantly associated with the risk of death from non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) [13]. In Japan, lung cancer is the leading cause of death in individuals with DM complicated by malignant neoplasia [14].

Surgical resection is the treatment of choice for individuals with resectable NSCLC. Although pathological tumor staging is the most powerful predictor of prognosis and survival, significant variations exist in prognosis and survival between individuals with resectable NSCLC of similar stage [15].

Studies regarding the association between DM and postoperative complications have been inconclusive [16–20]. In addition, studies about the relationship between DM and survival in individuals who undergo resection for NSCLC have reported contrasting results [15,16,21–24] (S1 Table).

Irrespective of the weak evidence on the association between DM and postoperative morbidity and survival, preoperative DM should be considered a risk factor as operations are sometimes postponed for better preoperative glycemic control. Therefore, studies about the short- and long-term effects of DM in individuals with resected NSCLC are urgently desirable. Therefore, we conducted a retrospective study to investigate the effect of DM on the postoperative morbidity and survival of individuals who underwent resection for NSCLC.

Patients and methods

Ethical statement

The institutional review board (IRB) of Kyoto University Hospital, Japan, approved this study (R0710). Informed consent was obtained in the form of opt-out on a dedicated website.

Data source

This retrospective cohort study was conducted using data obtained from the electronic database of Kyoto University Hospital, which contains comprehensive health care information, including detailed medical records of ambulatory and inpatient care and diabetes conditions.

Patient identification

We retrospectively examined all individuals diagnosed with NSCLC who underwent curative surgery at Kyoto University Hospital between May 2000 and July 2015. We excluded individuals with incomplete data.

Exposed variables

Data on clinical characteristics, including age, sex, smoking habits, preoperative comorbidities, incision, surgery type, intraoperative bleeding, procedure time, histological type, pathological stage (P-stage), postoperative length of hospital stay, and postoperative complications were collected. Current smoking status was defined as active smoking before undergoing resection; smoking status of none was defined as having quit smoking before undergoing resection or having no smoking history. Histological classification was performed according to the fourth edition of the World Health Organization Classification of Tumors. P-stage was determined according to the tumor, node, metastases (TNM) criteria in the seventh edition of the Union for International Cancer Control Classification. In the present study, the diabetes are individuals with known diabetes or those diagnosed preoperatively as DM by board-certified DM specialists. For diabetes-related subgroup analyses, participants were categorized according to their preoperative HbA1c levels: HbA1c < 7.0%, 8.0% > HbA1c ≥ 7.0%, and HbA1c ≥ 8.0%.

Outcome measures

The primary endpoint was the incidence of postoperative complications. The secondary endpoints were postoperative length of hospital stay and overall survival (OS). Postoperative complications as a primary endpoint was assessed from the end of surgery to discharge from the thoracic surgery unit. OS as a secondary endpoint was calculated from the date of surgery to the final event (death or loss to follow-up).

Details of postoperative complications were recorded (cerebrovascular, cardiovascular, pulmonary, and pleural complications, bacterial infections, and others). Moreover, postoperative complications were graded according to the extended Clavien–Dindo classification of surgical complications, which was established by the Japan Clinical Oncology Group [25]: grade I, conditions requiring clinical observation only, which includes the use of medications, such as antiemetics, antipyretics, analgesics, and diuretics; grade II, conditions requiring medical management (e.g., antibiotics or antiarrhythmic drugs); grade IIIa, conditions requiring medical intervention under local anesthesia (e.g., bronchoscopic aspiration or pleurodesis); grade IIIb, conditions requiring surgical intervention under general anesthesia (e.g., re-operation); grade IVa, life-threatening complications requiring intensive care unit management (e.g., mechanical ventilation); grade IVb, life-threatening complications involving multiple organ failure; and grade V, death.

Statistical analysis

Continuous variables were presented as medians and interquartile ranges (IQRs) and categorical variables as number (%). Univariate comparisons were performed using the Pearson chi-square test for categorical variables and Wilcoxon rank-sum test for continuous variables. The Kaplan–Meier method was used to estimate OS. Survival times were calculated from the initial event (date of surgery) to the final event (death or loss to follow-up). A two-sided p-value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Cox proportional hazards regression was performed to estimate hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for factors associated with survivals. Statistical analyses were performed using the R software/environment. R is an open source project distributed under the GNU General Public License (Copyright 2007, Free Software Foundation, Inc., http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html). At the time of writing this manuscript, R-2.13.1 was available.

This study conforms to the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology guidelines.

Results

Baseline characteristics of participants

Between 2000 and 2015, 2242 lung resections for NSCLC had been performed. A total of 23 patients had incomplete data, and data of 2219 (99.0%) patients were reviewed. Baseline demographic characteristics of participants are shown in Table 1.

Table 1. Characteristics of the 2219 patients (Non-diabetes vs diabetes) including Post-operative stay and complications.

Non-diabetes (n = 1960) Diabetes (n = 259) P value
Age (years) 68 (61–74) 70 (65–75) <0.001
Gender <0.001
Male 1161 (59.3%) 187 (72.2%)
Female 798 (40.7%) 72 (27.8%)
Smoking status 0.429
Current 559 (28.5%) 80 (30.8%)
None 1401 (71.5%) 179 (69.2%)
HbA1c level (%) 5.6 (5.4–6.4) a 6.4 (6.2–7.6) 0.003
Preoperative morbidities
CAD 100 (5.1%) 30 (11.6%) <0.001
Arrhythmia 47 (2.4%) 14 (5.4%) 0.005
CVD 101 (5.2%) 21 (8.1%) 0.049
COPD 109 (5.6%) 21 (8.1%) 0.100
Incision 0.354
Thoracotomy 662 (33.8%) 80 (30.9%)
VATS 1298 (66.2%) 179 (69.1%)
Surgery type 0.052
Less than lobectomy 572 (29.2%) 91 (35.1%)
Lobectomy or more 1388 (70.8%) 168 (64.9%)
Intraoperative bleeding (ml) 60 (5–160) 50 (5–132) 0.127
Operative time (min.) 210 (167–263) 216 (171–261) 0.907
Pathology <0.001
Adenocarcinoma 1403 (71.6%) 161 (62.2%)
Squamous cell 427 (21.8%) 80 (30.9%)
Others 130 (6.6%) 18 (6.9%)
Pathological stage (I/II/III/IV) 1452/223/259/26 (74.0%/11.8%/13.2%/1.0%) 191/36/28/4 (73.7%/13.9%/10.8%/1.6%) 0.502
Post-operative complications b 0.106
None or I 1440 (73.5%) 178 (68.7%)
II ≤ 520 (26.5%) 81 (31.3%)
Post-operative stay (days) 13 (9–19) 12 (9–17) 0.058
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a The number of patients without DM whose HbA1c levels were measured was small (n = 84).

b The extended Clavien-Dindo classification of surgical complications established by the Japan Clinical Oncology Group was used for grading post-operative complications.

CAD: Coronary artery disease CVD: cerebrovascular disease.

COPD: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease DM: diabetes mellitus.

VATS: Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery.

The median age of participants was 69 (IQR; 61–74) years, and among the participants, 60.7% were men. Current smokers accounted for 28.8% of the sample population. The median follow-up period was 39.0 months, and 97% of participants were followed up to death or at least 5 years. Among the individuals with NSCLC, 259 (11.7%) presented with DM, whereas 1960 (88.3%) did not. Smoking status, incision, type of surgery, intraoperative bleeding, operative time, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease as a preoperative comorbidity, and pathological stage did not differ among the diabetes and non-diabetes groups (Table 1). The occurrence of comorbidities, such as coronary artery disease, arrhythmia, and cerebrovascular disease (CVD), was significantly higher in individuals with DM than in those without DM (Table 1).

Primary endpoint

The incidence of postoperative complications was comparable between individuals with DM and those without DM (Table 1). In the subgroup analysis of HbA1c levels (HbA1c levels < 7.0%, ≥ 7.0%, and ≥ 8.0%), the incidence of postoperative complications did not significantly differ among the three subgroups (Table 2). These findings were also verified by adjusted estimates (Table 3).

Table 2. Post-operative stay and complications of DM patients stratified by HbA1c levels.

HbA1c (%) < 7.0 (n = 180) 7.0 ≤ HbA1c < 8.0 (n = 57) 8.0 ≤ HbA1c (n = 22) P value
Post-operative complications 0.09
None or I 121 (67.2%) 37 (64.9%) 19 (86.4%)
II ≤ 59 (32.8%) 20 (35.1%) 3 (13.6%)
Post-operative complications 0.11
Cerebrovascular 1 (0.5%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%)
Cardiovascular 10 (5.6%) 1 (1.8%) 1(4.5%)
Pulmonary and pleural 42 (23.3%) 11 (19.3%) 4 (18.2%)
Bacterial infection 10 (5.6%) 5 (8.8%) 0 (0%)
Others 21 (11.7%) 0 (0%) 3 (13.6%)
Post-operative stay (days) 12 (9–19) 13 (9–18) 11 (8–17) 0.07
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Table 3. Adjusted estimates of the post-operative complications.

Predictor variables Odds ratio 95% confidence interval P value
DM 1.29 0.96–1.73 0.07
Non-diabetes Referent group
Diabetes HbA1c (%) < 7.0 0.71 0.29–0.74 0.12
7.0 ≤ HbA1c < 8.0 0.89 0.20–0.99 0.06
8.0 ≤ HbA1c 1.73 0.28–1.87 0.51
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Secondary endpoints

The postoperative length of hospital stay was comparable between individuals with DM and those without DM (Table 1). In the subgroup analysis of HbA1c levels (HbA1c levels < 7.0%, ≥ 7.0%, and ≥ 8.0%), the postoperative length of hospital stay did not significantly differ among the three subgroups (Table 2).

Post-surgical survival did not differ significantly between patients with and without DM (Fig 1, 5-year survival rate: 80.2% vs 79.4%, p = 0.158).

Fig 1. Kaplan–Meier survival probability curve for patients with and without DM after NSCLC resection (adjusted for age and gender).

Fig 1

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Cox regression analysis showed the similar result that DM were not an independent predictor of poorer survival (hazard ratio 1.16 [95% CI 0.85–1.57], p = 0.34; Table 4).

Table 4. Multivariate Cox regression of survivals in patients of resected NSCLC.

Hazard ratio 95% confidence interval P value
Age (years) 1.02 1.01–1.03 <0.001
Gender 2.85 1.28–6.34 0.01
Preoperative DM 1.16 0.85–1.57 0.34
Preoperative morbidities
CAD 1.02 0.67–1.55 0.30
Arrhythmia 1.04 0.98–1.22 0.72
Surgery type
Less than lobectomy 1.13 0.90–1.41 0.26
Lobectomy or more 0.99 0.89–1.01 0.88
Pathology
Adenocarcinoma 1.30 1.11–1.47 0.61
Squamous cell 1.67 1.44–2.02 0.52
Others 2.41 1.79–3.23 0.02
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A significant difference was observed in postsurgical survival between patients with DM who had HbA1c levels < 7.0% and ≥ 7.0% (Fig 2, 5-year survival rate: 80.5% vs 60.0%, p = 0.043).

Fig 2. Kaplan–Meier survival probability curve for postsurgical patients with HbA1c < 7.0% and HbA1c ≥ 7.0% (adjusted for age and gender).

Fig 2

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Participants with HbA1c levels of ≥8.0% had the worst survival among the three subgroups (Fig 3).

Fig 3. Kaplan–Meier survival probability curve for postsurgical patients with HbA1c < 7.0%, 7.0 ≤ HbA1c < 8.0%, and HbA1c ≥ 8.0% (adjusted for age and gender).

Fig 3

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NSCLC-related death occurred in 86.2%, 80.0%, and 85.7% of participants with DM who had HbA1c levels < 7.0%, 7.0 ≤ HbA1c < 8.0, and ≥ 8.0%, respectively (p = 0.892).

Discussion

DM has been associated with increased risks for several types of cancer, including lung cancer [22]. There have been conflicting reports regarding the association between DM and prognoses with NSCLC [10–12,23]. In addition, whether DM affects the prognosis of individuals undergoing resection for NSCLC has not yet been elucidated [10].

DM is associated with microcirculation disorders, which is considered to cause postsurgical complications [17]. A meta-analysis has revealed that DM can be an independent risk factor for bronchopleural fistula after pulmonary resection in the Asian population [18]. Another study has reported that DM was associated with an increased risk of postoperative mortality [16]. In contrast, a study that analyzed the risk factors for postoperative nosocomial pneumonia in stage I–IIIa lung cancer reported that DM was not a significant risk factor for postoperative pneumonia [19,20]. Therefore, the influence of DM on postoperative course has been inconsistent. Our results showed that preoperative DM did not have a significant negative effect on the incidence of postoperative complications and postoperative length of hospital stay. However, regardless of the effect of preoperative DM status, cautious management of individuals with DM who are undergoing resection for NSCLC is still advisable.

In terms of preoperative glycemic control for postoperative complications and postoperative length of hospital stay, a preoperative HbA1c level < 7.0% is an optimum indicator that can be used in reducing postoperative infectious complications in non-cardiac surgeries [26]. A chronic hyperglycemic state leads to impaired immune system, which contributes to the increased incidence of postoperative infections [26,27]. However, the results of the present study were not consistent with those of other studies. Neither the incidence of postoperative complications nor the postoperative length of hospital stay was affected by preoperative DM. The optimal target for preoperative glycemic control in lung cancer has not always been defined, and strict preoperative glycemic control might be time-consuming, leading to delayed surgical treatment for NSCLC. Considering the study that demonstrated that patients with poorly controlled DM are already known to be at increased risk for morbidity and mortality during the long-term follow-up, it is well expected that poorly controlled DM patients would fare worse in any setting when compared to patients with better glycemic control. As a result, it cannot be concluded that delaying surgery to correct HbA1c will improve surgical outcomes [28,29]. Our results also indicated that it is not necessary to postpone radical operation for NSCLC even though preoperative DM control for preventing diabetes-associated cardiovascular and microvascular complications is not achieved; therefore, proceeding with surgery for NSCLC with simultaneous DM management is advisable.

In contrast, better glycemic control might be helpful for the postsurgical survival of individuals with resected NSCLS. Although preoperative DM was not found to be associated with poor OS, our data showed that individuals with HbA1c levels ≥ 7.0% had worse postsurgical survival than those with HbA1c levels < 7.0%; meanwhile, those with HbA1c levels ≥ 8.0% had the worst survival. To achieve improved survival, proper glycemic control (HbA1c levels < 7%) is recommended for individuals with DM undergoing lung cancer operations [30]. In contrast, DM has no effect on the survival of individuals undergoing resection for stage I NSCLC [22] and long-term (60-month) survival [21]. Considering that the number of NSCLC-related deaths was similar in the three subgroups in the present study (86.2%: HbA1c < 7.0%, 80.0%: 7.0 ≤ HbA1c < 8.0, and 85.7%: HbA1c ≥ 8.0%; p = 0.892) and that high HbA1c levels were associated with poor survival, the effect of DM control status on survival in individuals with resected NSCLC is undoubtedly significant. However, optimal glycemic control of DM in individuals with operable NSCLC should be addressed in the future.

This study had several limitations. First, this was a retrospective study. Second, the period during which data were collected might have influenced the demographic characteristics of patients, operative techniques, and perioperative management. Third, the severity and duration of DM and types of diabetes therapy were not examined. In the present study, the number of individuals with DM who had HbA1c levels ≥ 8.0% was low to investigate the negative impact of preoperative poor glycemic control on the prognosis of resected NSCLC.

In conclusion, the incidence of postoperative complications and postoperative length of hospital stay were not affected by preoperative DM in individuals with NSCLC. In contrast, survival was affected by status of DM control, particularly in individuals with HbA1c levels > 8.0% who have resected NSCLC. Thus, further studies must be conducted to confirm whether optimal preoperative glycemic control is achieved.

Supporting information

S1 Table. The included studies regarding the effect of DM on survivals in patients managed surgically for NSCLC.

(DOCX)

Click here for additional data file. (16.4KB, docx)
S1 File

(XLS)

Click here for additional data file. (614KB, xls)

Data Availability

The dataset for this study has been submitted as a supplementary file.

Funding Statement

The authors received no specific funding for this work.

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Decision Letter 0

Yoshiaki Taniyama

20 Aug 2020

PONE-D-20-19563

Impact of diabetes mellitus on postoperative outcomes in individuals with non-small-cell lung cancer: a retrospective cohort study

PLOS ONE

Dear Dr. Komatsu,

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Yoshiaki Taniyama, MD, PhD

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PLOS ONE

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Additional Editor Comments (if provided):

The author investigated the clinical impact of preoperative DM on postoperative morbidity and survival in individuals with resectable NSCLC. The effect of DM on the incidence of postoperative complications and postoperative length of hospital stay was not significant. Patients with DM who had a hemoglobin A1c level ≥ 8.0% had bad survival in 5-year survival rates.

1. The author showed that 5-year survival rates is similar in patients between with or without DM. Is there difference in 5-year survival rates between with or without insulin use?

2. Is there possibility that insulin may effect on the NSCLC growth?

3. Are there any DM drugs which may improve or worse the 5-year survival rates?

[Note: HTML markup is below. Please do not edit.]

Reviewers' comments:

Reviewer's Responses to Questions

Comments to the Author

1. Is the manuscript technically sound, and do the data support the conclusions?

The manuscript must describe a technically sound piece of scientific research with data that supports the conclusions. Experiments must have been conducted rigorously, with appropriate controls, replication, and sample sizes. The conclusions must be drawn appropriately based on the data presented.

Reviewer #1: No

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2. Has the statistical analysis been performed appropriately and rigorously?

Reviewer #1: No

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3. Have the authors made all data underlying the findings in their manuscript fully available?

The PLOS Data policy requires authors to make all data underlying the findings described in their manuscript fully available without restriction, with rare exception (please refer to the Data Availability Statement in the manuscript PDF file). The data should be provided as part of the manuscript or its supporting information, or deposited to a public repository. For example, in addition to summary statistics, the data points behind means, medians and variance measures should be available. If there are restrictions on publicly sharing data—e.g. participant privacy or use of data from a third party—those must be specified.

Reviewer #1: No

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4. Is the manuscript presented in an intelligible fashion and written in standard English?

PLOS ONE does not copyedit accepted manuscripts, so the language in submitted articles must be clear, correct, and unambiguous. Any typographical or grammatical errors should be corrected at revision, so please note any specific errors here.

Reviewer #1: Yes

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5. Review Comments to the Author

Please use the space provided to explain your answers to the questions above. You may also include additional comments for the author, including concerns about dual publication, research ethics, or publication ethics. (Please upload your review as an attachment if it exceeds 20,000 characters)

Reviewer #1: The study by Komatsu et al seeks to evaluate whether patients with diabetes undergoing resection for NSCLC have a higher risk of postoperative complications and poor overall survival compared to those without DM undergoing the same procedure. They conducted a retrospective cohort study leveraging information collected in a clinical database from patients with NSCLC who underwent surgery at Kyoto University Hospital between 2000 and 2015.

The research question is likely to be of interest to clinicians, surgeons, patients, and the results are potentially useful for counseling and clinical management. However, the manuscript is lacking important methodological details and the analyses will need revision in order to make valid conclusions. The manuscript would also benefit from some editing.

Described below are some methodological details that require clarification or revisions and other suggestions as well:

1. Recommend shortening the Introduction section as several details are repeated in the Discussion. A few sentences could also benefit from editing to improve clarity (e.g., lines 47-48, line 62, line 69).

Line 82: Hopefully "no effect" is not just based on statistical significance. I think it would be helpful to include a table (perhaps under Supplementary section) that summarizes the observed findings from references 15, 16, 21-24.

2. Patient Identification (Lines 104-105): “We retrospectively examined all individuals diagnosed with NSCLC who underwent curative surgery at Kyoto University Hospital between May 2000 and July 2015. We excluded individuals with incomplete data.”

How many eligible subjects from the cohort were excluded due to incomplete data? Based on the number, this poses a potential threat to selection bias. Please describe the proportion of missingness in the primary variables of interest. Were excluded individuals similar to those included?

3. Given the observational nature of this study, did the researchers consider matching exposed (DM) with unexposed (no DM) on important confounders such as age, gender, stage, histological type? Statistical adjustment is okay, but matching in the design stage would give better control of these confounders. Also, unclear why the non-diabetic group includes 17 year olds. Could they clarify?

4. Outcome measures: The authors should clarify the time-point for the primary (postoperative complications) and secondary endpoints (overall survival) [ lines 122, 123]. Also, since a database was used to ascertain information on outcome measures, what is known about the validity of the grading scale used for postoperative complications? Was “Grade” already in the database or created from information collected?

5. Statistical Analysis & Results:

(i) Line 138: while it is okay to use a median for continuous variables, to get a sense of the variability, it would be useful to report the IQR (interquartile range).

(ii) For categorical variables in all Tables, please show the frequency%, not just the frequency.

(iii) Lines 141-142: “Survival times were calculated from the date of surgery.”

The operational definition of time-to-event should include when the time starts (i.e., date of surgery) and stops (not provided).

(iv) Lines 145-147: “For cox regression, initial univariate comparisons were performed using relevant variables and those with an association yielding a p-value of < 0.1 were put into the final models.”

What is the rationale for this approach especially since prediction is not the goal of this study? The objective is to estimate the relationship between DM and overall survival and in order to get a valid estimate of this association, it should be adjusted for potential confounders. The choice of the latter should not be based on p-value <0.1.

Also, side note, the “c” in cox should be upper case (Cox)

(v) Primary endpoint: lines 178 - 182. The incorrect Table number is mentioned. Should be Table 2.

For the primary endpoint, suggest the following analysis

Analysis 1: show the risk of postoperative complications (>= Grade II vs. Grade 1/none) for non-DM and DM groups and in addition to the n and %, please show the adjusted estimates (hazard ratios, since this also likely time to event). Alternatively, if defined as a binary event, then a different statistical model could be used.

Analysis 2: Repeat Analysis 1, but show a dose-response effect by now creating 3-4 groups:

Non DM (reference group)

DM with HgA1c% <7%

DM with HgA1c% >=7% to <8%

DM with HgA1c% >=8% (worry this will not be statistically efficient due to small n, so could combine groups 3 and 4 together)

(vi) Secondary endpoints: The incorrect Table number is mentioned for length of stay (line 188). Should be Table 2.

- Since these are observational data, the Kaplan-Meier survival curves should be adjusted for important confounders (e.g., age, gender)

- Table 3: please clarify if this is multivariable. Also see comment (iv) above under Statistical analysis related to this outcome.

- The authors noted that HgA1c% was measured in a very small group of non DM subjects. So it is unclear why they would include this variable in the Cox model shown in Table 3 and will certainly be collinear with DM (yes or no variable), unless the results shown are from univariable Cox models.

6. Discussion needs editing and should be revised once the analysis have been performed correctly.

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Reviewer #1: Yes: Rita Popat

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PLoS One. 2020 Nov 9;15(11):e0241930. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241930.r002

Author response to Decision Letter 0

6 Oct 2020

Dear the editor and the reviewer

Thank you very much for your e-mail and review of the manuscript (PONE-D-20-19563) that we submitted on June 25, 2020. We thank the editor and the reviewer for providing constructive comments that have significantly improved the quality of the original manuscript.

Response to the editor’s comments:

1. The editor has raised important and interesting points regarding medications for DM.

Owing to the limitation of data retrieval, we could not identify which patients with diabetes were treated with insulin. Therefore, we were unable to evaluate the difference in 5-year survival rates between patients who were treated with or without insulin.

2. The editor has pointed out that insulin may be associated with the progression of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). This possibility has recently been discussed in the literature. As mentioned above, we are unable to evaluate whether insulin might have influenced NSCLC growth owing to the limitation of data retrieval. We think that analyses regarding the association between insulin and NSCLC growth is really interesting and needed.

3. In the present study, a variety of antihyperglycemic medications were prescribed for diabetes, such as metformin, sulfonylureas, DPP-4 inhibitors, thiazolidinediones, and glucagon-like peptide agonists. These were prescribed as monotherapy or combination therapy. However, we could not collect detailed information regarding antihyperglycemics. Therefore, owing to prescription of various antihyperglycemics and limitation of data retrieval, we are unable to analyze which medications may improve or worsen the survival rates.

Response to Reviewer #1’s comments:

1. We have deleted many sentences from the Introduction section in accordance with the reviewer’s advice since they are repeated in the Discussion. We completely agree with the reviewer’s suggestion. Further, we have edited some sentences for better clarity.

We also agree with the reviewer’s concern regarding Line 82. We have included a supplementary table that summarizes the observed findings from references 15, 16, and 21-24 in the Supplementary section.

2. We are grateful for the reviewer’s concern for the potential threat of selection bias in the present study. In the Results section of our manuscript (under the subheading “Baseline characteristics of participants”), the following sentence was written: In total, 2242 lung resections for NSCLC were performed. A total of 23 patients had incomplete data; hence, data of 2219 (99.0%) patients were reviewed in the present study.

3. As the reviewer pointed out, it is better to match exposed (DM) with unexposed (no DM) patients based on confounders such as age, gender, stage, and histological type. We completely agree with the reviewer. In the present study, first, we wanted to grasp the whole picture of individuals with DM and without. Therefore, we analyzed all the patients enrolled and then adjusted the confounders by statistical processing.

One more point the reviewer has raised is that the non-diabetic group included a 17-year-old patient. Checking the raw data, the patient underwent radical resection for NSCLC (adenocarcinoma). The data are correct. However, as pointed out in the section below, we have now presented continuous variables as medians and interquartile ranges (IQRs). Therefore, the number “17” has been deleted from the manuscript.

4. As the reviewer has suggested, we should clarify the timeframe for primary and secondary endpoints. Postoperative complications, as a primary endpoint, was assessed from the end of surgery to discharge from the thoracic surgery unit. Overall survival, as a secondary endpoint, was calculated from the initial event (date of surgery) to the final event (death or loss to follow-up). To clarify the timeframe for the endpoints, we have added a sentence in the Outcome Measures section.

The original grading system for postoperative complications was published by Clavien et al. in 2004. The Japan Clinical Oncology Group (JCOG) has modified and updated the original Clavien-Dindo classification for more precise comparisons of the frequency and severity of postoperative complications among clinical trials across many different surgical fields. As we have cited in the manuscript (reference 25), this grading system for surgical complications has been frequently used and cited in clinical studies. Therefore, we consider this grading system to be valid enough to be used in this clinical study.

Grade was not included in the database. We created corresponding grades for every case, referring to the updated Clavien-Dindo classification.

5. (i) In accordance with the reviewer’s advice, we have changed the description to “presented as medians and interquartile ranges (IQRs).” We have accordingly, we have revised the tables.

(ii) We have added “%” after the actual frequency for all categorical variables.

(iii) The final event to stop the follow-up has been added to the sentence (Line 129 of manuscript with changes highlighted) for a better description of the operational definition of time to event.

(iv) The reviewer pointed out that prediction was not the goal of this study and that the objective was to estimate the relationship between DM and overall survival. We completely agree with the reviewer’s comments, and unfortunately, our description regarding Cox regression was inappropriate. We performed Cox regression to ensure that DM is not an independent risk factor for survival after adjusting for potential confounders. Therefore, we have deleted the following sentence: “For cox regression, initial univariate comparisons were performed using relevant variables and those with an association yielding a p-value of <0.1 were put into the final models.”

Further, we have used upper case “c” in cox.

(v) The comparison of postoperative complications between individuals with and without DM is shown in Table 1. Hence, we would like to leave the number unchanged.

For the primary endpoint (postoperative complications), we have used the adjusted estimates as a binary event and added the adjusted estimates (odds ratios, 95% CI, and p-value) to Table 3.

By creating 4 groups (non-DM [reference], DM with HgA1c% <7%, DM with HgA1c% ≥7% to <8%, and DM with HgA1c% ≥8%), we have also used the adjusted estimates for the primary endpoint (postoperative complications). These data have been added to the manuscript as Table 3.

(vi) The comparison of length of stay between individuals with and without DM is shown in Table 1. Hence, we would like to leave the number unchanged.

The Kaplan-Meier survival curves (Figs 1, 2, 3) have been adjusted for confounders (age and gender).

Table 3 has been renamed as Table 4 because an additional table was inserted after Table 2, which shows Cox regression analysis as a multivariable investigation. For more clarity, we have added “Multivariate” to the table title.

As pointed out by the reviewer, HbA1c% was measured in a very small group of non-DM subjects. We agree with the reviewer’s comment. We have deleted HbA1c% values from Table 4.

6. We have addressed all the points raised by the reviewer and have made the necessary revisions. Fortunately, the revisions have not drastically changed the whole picture. Therefore, we have left the Discussion section unchanged.

Again, we would like to thank the editor and reviewer for the detailed review of our study. All comments have helped us improve the quality of our manuscript.

We await a favorable response and a new evaluation.

Sincerely,

Teruya Komatsu, MD

E-mail: tk.thoracic@gmail.com

Attachment

Submitted filename: Rebuttal letter for resubmission (final PLOS One).docx

Click here for additional data file. (27.7KB, docx)

Decision Letter 1

Yoshiaki Taniyama

23 Oct 2020

Impact of diabetes mellitus on postoperative outcomes in individuals with non-small-cell lung cancer: a retrospective cohort study

PONE-D-20-19563R1

Dear Dr. Komatsu,

We’re pleased to inform you that your manuscript has been judged scientifically suitable for publication and will be formally accepted for publication once it meets all outstanding technical requirements.

Within one week, you’ll receive an e-mail detailing the required amendments. When these have been addressed, you’ll receive a formal acceptance letter and your manuscript will be scheduled for publication.

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Kind regards,

Yoshiaki Taniyama, MD, PhD

Academic Editor

PLOS ONE

Additional Editor Comments (optional):

Reviewers' comments:

Reviewer's Responses to Questions

Comments to the Author

1. If the authors have adequately addressed your comments raised in a previous round of review and you feel that this manuscript is now acceptable for publication, you may indicate that here to bypass the “Comments to the Author” section, enter your conflict of interest statement in the “Confidential to Editor” section, and submit your "Accept" recommendation.

Reviewer #1: All comments have been addressed

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2. Is the manuscript technically sound, and do the data support the conclusions?

The manuscript must describe a technically sound piece of scientific research with data that supports the conclusions. Experiments must have been conducted rigorously, with appropriate controls, replication, and sample sizes. The conclusions must be drawn appropriately based on the data presented.

Reviewer #1: Yes

**********

3. Has the statistical analysis been performed appropriately and rigorously?

Reviewer #1: Yes

**********

4. Have the authors made all data underlying the findings in their manuscript fully available?

The PLOS Data policy requires authors to make all data underlying the findings described in their manuscript fully available without restriction, with rare exception (please refer to the Data Availability Statement in the manuscript PDF file). The data should be provided as part of the manuscript or its supporting information, or deposited to a public repository. For example, in addition to summary statistics, the data points behind means, medians and variance measures should be available. If there are restrictions on publicly sharing data—e.g. participant privacy or use of data from a third party—those must be specified.

Reviewer #1: Yes

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5. Is the manuscript presented in an intelligible fashion and written in standard English?

PLOS ONE does not copyedit accepted manuscripts, so the language in submitted articles must be clear, correct, and unambiguous. Any typographical or grammatical errors should be corrected at revision, so please note any specific errors here.

Reviewer #1: Yes

**********

6. Review Comments to the Author

Please use the space provided to explain your answers to the questions above. You may also include additional comments for the author, including concerns about dual publication, research ethics, or publication ethics. (Please upload your review as an attachment if it exceeds 20,000 characters)

Reviewer #1: (No Response)

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Do you want your identity to be public for this peer review? For information about this choice, including consent withdrawal, please see our Privacy Policy.

Reviewer #1: Yes: Rita Popat

Acceptance letter

Yoshiaki Taniyama

29 Oct 2020

PONE-D-20-19563R1

Impact of diabetes mellitus on postoperative outcomes in individuals with non-small-cell lung cancer: a retrospective cohort study

Dear Dr. Komatsu:

I'm pleased to inform you that your manuscript has been deemed suitable for publication in PLOS ONE. Congratulations! Your manuscript is now with our production department.

If your institution or institutions have a press office, please let them know about your upcoming paper now to help maximize its impact. If they'll be preparing press materials, please inform our press team within the next 48 hours. Your manuscript will remain under strict press embargo until 2 pm Eastern Time on the date of publication. For more information please contact onepress@plos.org.

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on behalf of

Dr Yoshiaki Taniyama

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PLOS ONE

Associated Data

    This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.

    Supplementary Materials

    S1 Table. The included studies regarding the effect of DM on survivals in patients managed surgically for NSCLC.

    (DOCX)

    Click here for additional data file. (16.4KB, docx)
    S1 File

    (XLS)

    Click here for additional data file. (614KB, xls)
    Attachment

    Submitted filename: Rebuttal letter for resubmission (final PLOS One).docx

    Click here for additional data file. (27.7KB, docx)

    Data Availability Statement

    The dataset for this study has been submitted as a supplementary file.

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