Table 1.
Characteristics of HFMD inpatient cases by enterovirus serotype included in the study.
| Characteristics | EV-A71 (N = 156) |
CV-A6 (N = 538) |
CV-A16 (N = 231) |
CV-A10 (N = 78) |
CV-A4 (N = 59) |
CV-A2 (N = 47) |
P values |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 2.2 (1.5–3.4) | 1.4 (1.1- 2.3) | 1.8 (1.4–2.7) | 1.6 (1.2–2.3) | 1.7 (1.3–2.7) | 1.5 (1.2–2.3) | <0.001 |
| Age group | |||||||
| 0–1 years | 65 (42) | 375 (70) | 130 (56) | 53 (68) | 39 (66) | 31 (66) | <0.001 |
| 2–14 years | 91 (58) | 163 (30) | 101 (44) | 25 (32) | 20 (34) | 16 (34) | |
| Male | 100 (64) | 332 (62) | 156 (68) | 50 (64) | 40 (68) | 34 (72) | 0.51 |
| Rural residence | 59 (38) | 140 (26) | 81 (35) | 30 (38) | 18 (31) | 5 (11) | <0.001 |
| Parents’ education | |||||||
| High School or below | 76 (49) | 190 (35) | 93 (40) | 31 (40) | 25 (42) | 11 (23) | 0.013 |
| Junior College or above | 80 (51) | 348 (65) | 138 (60) | 47 (60) | 34 (58) | 36 (77) | |
| Underlying medical conditions* | 5 (3) | 7 (1) | 3 (1) | 2 (3) | 2 (3) | 0 (0) | 0.33 |
| Premature birth† | 7 (4) | 18 (3) | 14 (6) | 6 (8) | 2 (3) | 4 (9) | 0.25 |
| Low birthweight‡ | 6 (4) | 15 (3) | 9 (4) | 3 (4) | 2 (3) | 1 (2) | 0.95 |
| Major feeding ways within 6 months after birth | |||||||
| Breast feeding | 115 (74) | 383 (71) | 171 (74) | 52 (67) | 44 (75) | 35 (74) | 0.81 |
| Non-breast feeding | 41 (26) | 155 (29) | 60 (26) | 26 (33) | 15 (25) | 12 (26) | |
| Diagnosed as CNS complications | 63 (40) | 38 (7) | 8 (3) | 8 (10) | 10 (17) | 6 (13) | <0.001 |
| Require special treatment§ | 74 (47) | 52 (10) | 15 (6) | 8 (10) | 11 (19) | 6 (13) | <0.001 |
| ICU admission | 32 (21) | 7 (1) | 2 (1) | 3 (4) | 2 (3) | 0 (0) | <0.001 |
| LOS>5 days | 68 (44) | 79 (15) | 26 (11) | 13 (17) | 12 (20) | 5 (11) | <0.001 |
Data were n (%) or median (IQR). Abbreviations: CNS, central nervous system; ICU, intensive care unit; LOS, length of stay. P-values were estimated by Fisher's exact test (ICU admission, underlying medical conditions, premature birth and low birthweight), chi-squared tests (all other categorical characteristics) and Wilcoxon rank-sum test (age).
Underlying medical conditions included epilepsy (4), brain damage (3), rickets (3), adenoids hypertrophy (3), delayed milestone (2), cranial nerve injury (1), progressive muscular dystrophy (1), tuberous sclerosis (1) and fused kidney (1).
Defined as born before 37 weeks of gestation.
Defined as birth weight which was below 2500 g.
Defined as receiving systemic corticosteroids or IVIG during hospitalization.