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Journal of Peking University (Health Sciences) logoLink to Journal of Peking University (Health Sciences)
. 2020 Sep 3;52(5):870–874. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.19723/j.issn.1671-167X.2020.05.012

关节镜下改良outside-in穿刺缝合技术修复半月板撕裂的中期临床随访

A mid-term clinical follow-up study on repair of the meniscus tears by a modified arthroscopic outside-in puncture suture technique

Zhong-di LIU 1, Ting-min XU 1, Yu DANG 1,*, Dian-ying ZHANG 1, Zhong-guo FU 1
PMCID: PMC7653418  PMID: 33047721

Abstract

Objective

To investigate the clinical effect of a modified arthroscopic outside-in suture technique in the treatment of meniscus tear using a spinal needle.

Methods

From January 2015 to October 2017, 95 patients treated with this method were followed-up. Among these cases, there were 36 males and 59 females. The age of the patients ranged from 16 to 77 years, (46.79±18.07) years in average. Among them, there were 28 patieats aged 16-35, 53 patients aged 36-65, and 14 patients aged over 65 years old. 28 cases were diagnosed with medial meniscus tear, 43 cases with lateral meniscus tear and 24 cases with both medial and lateral meniscus tear. Causes of the injury included sports, sprain, etc. According to Barrett standard, the clinical healing of meniscus tear was judged. Lysholm score, knee range of motion, visual simulation score (VAS) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were used to evaluate the postoperative knee function and recovery of the patients.

Results

The 95 patients were followed up for 22 to 36 months, with an average of (28.32±3.98) months. According to Barrett standard, 90 patients (94.7%) obtained meniscus clinical healing. Meniscal healing rates were 96.43%, 96.23% and 85.71% in the three age groups, respectively. The meniscal healing rate was lower in the elderly group, but there was no significant difference in statistical results (P=0.262). Five patients had deep tenderness in the joint space of the injured side, and the overstretch test was positive. The preoperative and postoperative VAS scores, Lysholm scores and knee motion were compared in each group, and the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.01). At the end of the last follow-up, there were no cases of knee joint effusion, swelling and interlocking, and the joint function was effectively improved in most patients. No surgical site infection, periarticular vascular/nerve injury or knotting reaction was found during the follow-up.

Conclusion

This modified arthroscopic outside-in suture technique using a spinal needle has the characteristics of simple operation, small trauma and rapid recovery, and the mid-term follow-up results were satisfactory. Therefore, we consider this method to be a safe and efficient method for the treatment of meniscus anterior horn and body tear.

Keywords: Meniscus, Arthroscopy, Knee joint


半月板撕裂是膝关节常见损伤,在年轻人、运动活跃者和老年人群中多见,半月板撕裂修复也是骨科最常见的手术之一[1]。根据半月板撕裂部位和程度,其临床症状多样,可对患者的生活质量造成严重影响。半月板缝合修复能够最大限度地保留其完整性,对维持关节功能、减缓关节软骨退变具有重要意义[2-3]。半月板前角和体部是半月板损伤的常见部位,缝合修复通常采用outside-in的经典方法,该技术在临床应用广泛,但仍存在缺陷,包括对特殊器械的要求、缝线刺激及线结松弛等[4]。本研究在既往经典outside-in缝合方法的基础上进行改良,利用腰穿针和可吸收缝线对半月板前角和体部撕裂进行缝合修复,现报告如下。

1. 资料与方法

1.1. 一般资料

选择北京大学人民医院2015年1月至2017年10月收治的膝关节半月板撕裂患者,共95例,均于关节镜下行半月板前角或体部outside-in缝合修复,其中男性36例,女性59例;年龄16~77岁,平均(46.79±18.07)岁。病例中,16~35岁年龄组患者28人,36~65岁年龄组患者53人,65岁以上年龄组患者14人。内侧半月板撕裂28例,外侧半月板撕裂43例,内外侧半月板均撕裂24例;半月板前角撕裂32例,体部撕裂35例,前角及体部撕裂28例;撕裂部分位于红区30例,位于红-白区65例;纵裂57例,层裂38例。

1.2. 纳入和排除标准

纳入标准:(1)关节镜下探查确认为半月板前角及体部的纵裂或层裂;(2)撕裂位于红区或红-白区;(3)术前有不同程度的膝关节疼痛、肿胀、绞锁、关节间隙压痛等典型症状;(4)膝关节稳定性良好。

排除标准:(1)合并交叉韧带损伤、侧副韧带损伤需行韧带修复或重建者;(2)严重的膝关节骨性关节炎者;(3)既往膝关节手术史者。

1.3. 手术方法

手术在椎管内麻醉、气囊止血带下进行。患者取仰卧位,患侧大腿近端置气囊止血带。常规消毒,铺防水单,连接关节镜设备。14号腰穿针芯引入2-0强生薇乔合成可吸收性外科缝线(Coated VICRYL)备用。采用常规前内及前外侧入路,首先镜下探查关节腔内组织情况,清理增生滑膜,显露半月板撕裂部位,明确损伤类型。使用半月板锉和刨刀修整半月板撕裂边缘组织,将裂口组织新鲜化。若半月板撕裂类型为纵行撕裂,则先用探钩复位半月板,关节镜下将带线14号腰穿针经皮肤、皮下组织、关节囊、半月板滑膜缘和裂缘,从游离缘穿出,此时缝线经腰穿针亦穿过撕裂半月板的滑膜缘和游离缘。同法在半月板矢状面前方或后方穿入第2根带线腰穿针,此时两根可吸收缝线均有一端经撕裂半月板的游离缘伸出,经同侧手术入口伸入血管钳,钳夹固定两根缝线在关节腔内一端,之后将两根腰穿针撤出,由血管钳将关节腔内两根缝线牵至关节腔外,一根作为牵引线,另一个根作为固定线,由牵引线打结后将固定线再次拉入关节腔内并穿过损伤半月板的游离缘和滑膜缘,经牵引线入口穿出。将周围软组织皮下游离,固定线两端先后由近侧关节镜入口牵出并收紧,在关节镜监视下调整半月板位置和张力,SMC法打结固定,即完成一针缝合。若半月板撕裂类型为层裂,则两根14号腰穿针分别经皮肤、皮下组织、关节囊、撕裂形成的两层半月板游离缘穿出,之后按上述方法完成过线及打结,拉紧固定后可对半月板形成捆扎固定效果。若穿刺点距离较远,必要时可在两穿刺点之间做一长约0.5 cm切口,游离皮下组织后将固定线两端引出,之后打结固定。缝合过程中根据半月板撕裂长度决定缝合针数,缝合间距为0.4~0.6 cm。缝合结束后使用探钩再次确认半月板张力及稳定情况(图 1)。

图1.

利用腰穿针和可吸收缝线对半月板撕裂进行有效缝合修复的整个过程

Legends show the whole process of effective meniscus repair with spinal needle and absorbable suture

A, a horizontally torn meniscus was exposed after arthroscopic cleaning; B, the torn meniscus was detached from the capsule; C, the needle with absorbable suture passed through the joint capsule and penetrates the upper edge of the torn meniscus; D, two puncture needles respectively entered the joint cavity through the upper and lower edge of the torn meniscus; E, the vascular clamp was inserted through the entrance of the ipilateral arthroscopy and the internal ends of the two absorbable sutures were clamped simultaneously; F, two puncture needles were extracted and two absorbable sutures were pulled out of the joint cavity; G, the fixed suture is pulled into the joint cavity through the damaged meniscus by the traction suture and the two ends of the fixed suture are knotted subcutaneously, then a stitch is completed; H, the meniscus was repaired by multiple suture fixation using the same method.

图1

1.4. 术后处理

术后患膝采用伸直位加压包扎固定24 h,患膝局部冰敷。充分镇痛,术后第2天开始行股四头肌及小腿肌训练,术后4周开始部分负重,术后4~6周膝关节被动屈曲练习不超过90°。术后6周逐渐完全负重,术后6~8周,膝关节被动屈曲练习不超过120°。术后8周以后逐渐强化膝关节屈曲练习,开始股四头肌牵伸练习,在术后12周内逐渐达到全范围屈曲。术后3个月后开始恢复性运动锻炼,包括单膝蹲起练习、坐位抗阻伸膝等。

1.5. 观察指标

本研究根据Barrett半月板临床愈合标准判断恢复情况[5],如果末次随访体检时关节间隙无压痛、关节无肿胀、麦氏征(Mc Murray sign)阴性,则表示半月板临床愈合,否则表示半月板未愈合。采用Lysholm评分[6]、关节活动度、视觉模拟评分(visual analogue scale, VAS)对患者术后膝关节功能及主观症状进行评价,并通过MRI影像学检查评价半月板愈合情况。

1.6. 统计学分析

采用SPSS 19.0软件进行统计学分析, 连续变量数据资料以x±s表示,按术前评分与术后评分分组,使用配对样本t检验进行术前与术后两组的评分差异对比,P < 0.05认为差异具有统计学意义。

2. 结果

本研究成功随访患者共95例,随访时间22~36个月,平均(28.32±3.98)个月。至末次随访时,所有患者未见膝关节积液、肿胀、交锁症状,术后疼痛明显减轻,关节功能得到有效改善。未发现膝关节周围血管损伤、切口及深部组织感染的病例。

根据Barrett标准,90例(94.7%)患者获得半月板临床愈合。5例患者存在损伤侧关节间隙深压痛,过伸试验阳性。术前和术后VAS评分,Lysholm评分和膝关节活动度的变化情况见表 1,各组差异有统计学意义(P < 0.01)。其中,16~35岁年龄组患者群体、36~65岁年龄组患者群体和65岁以上年龄组患者群体这3个年龄组的半月板愈合率分别为96.43%、96.23%和85.71%,65岁以上年龄组患者半月板缝合后的愈合率较低,但差异无统计学意义(P=0.262)。

表1.

半月板撕裂患者经关节镜下outside-in穿刺缝合修复手术前后数据对比

Comparison of data before and after arthroscopic repair by outside-in puncture and suture technique

Items VAS score Lysholm score Range of motion /(°)
Pre-operation 6.06±0.84 57.15±6.09 125.61±6.06
Post-operation 2.33±0.77 79.66±7.03 137.50±6.76
t value 29.88 -27.44 -9.11
P value < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01

典型病例为一例37岁男性患者,主因“外伤致右膝疼痛伴活动受限2周”入院,入院诊断右膝外侧半月板撕裂,行半月板部分切除和关节镜下outside-in穿刺缝合术,术后恢复良好(图 2)。

图2.

典型外侧半月板撕裂手术前后MRI表现

MRI findings before and after operation for typical lateral meniscus tear

A to C, sagittal, coronal, cross-sectional MRI showing lateral meniscus tear, and the teared meniscus showed typical high signal; D to F, MRI findings of lateral meniscus tear six months after repair, and the menisci after suture still showed high signal.

图2

3. 讨论

半月板是维持膝关节正常功能的重要结构,具有营养软骨、缓冲振荡、稳定关节、传递载荷等功能[7]。半月板撕裂根据解剖形态可分为纵行撕裂、横行或斜行撕裂、盘状半月板撕裂以及复合撕裂等[8]。撕裂部位血液供应的保留程度能够很大程度决定半月板修复后的愈合情况。半月板在维持膝关节稳定过程中发挥重要作用,特别是在韧带功能不全时,半月板损伤将导致的膝关节的不稳定程度加剧,甚至导致早期退行性骨关节炎[9-10]。外伤性半月板撕裂通常发生于膝关节屈曲并受到旋转外力时,主要症状包括关节疼痛及局部软组织肿胀,在年轻患者中更常见,往往存在明确的外伤史,常由于急性载荷超过了正常的半月板组织的承受能力,导致组织破裂。纵行撕裂多见,常合并其他周围韧带组织损伤,手术治疗往往效果良好。退行性半月板撕裂是由于负荷长期反复磨损的结果,患者通常会出现膝关节绞锁、弹响、关节疼痛及打软腿等症状。撕裂模式通常是水平的、纵向的或复杂撕裂。半月板撕裂将引发一系列的炎症因子的释放(包括白细胞介素-6、肿瘤坏死因子等),导致持续数月的炎症环境,最终导致软骨变性和关节功能的退化[11]

不完全性半月板撕裂或小范围(5 mm)、稳定的边缘性撕裂,只要不伴有其他病变(如交叉韧带损伤),采用非手术治疗往往可以取得较好的效果。而对于乏血管区的半月板撕裂、较大范围的撕裂、陈旧性撕裂、桶柄状撕裂等损伤类型通常需要手术治疗[1]。一些学者认为撕裂的半月板应全部切除,而另外一些人则认为应行次全切除术[3, 12]。近来,由于对半月板重要功能越来越多的认识和继发性骨关节炎的频发,临床上多认为应尽可能地保留半月板。决定采用非手术或手术方法治疗时应考虑到与患者个体因素,包括年龄、伤前活动水平、生活方式、一般健康状况等,以及病变半月板的具体情况(位置、类型、组织质量等)。本课题组认为,对于半月板撕裂的病例,应进行及时缝合、修复,术中应尽可能多地保留半月板组织,以最大程度上维持其结构完整性,延缓关节退变、促进关节功能恢复,并预防远期关节退变的发生。

目前临床常用的镜下半月板修复方法包括“outside-in”“inside-out”和“all-inside”缝合技术,术者可根据半月板损伤类型选择合适的手术方式[13-15]。总的来说,“outside-in”缝合技术主要用于半月板前角和体部的缝合,经典的方式是从关节外向关节内穿半月板裂口引入2根PDSⅡ(polydio-xanoneⅡ)缝线,在关节内两根缝线打结临时固定,1根缝线将另1根缝线从关节内牵出,在关节外行小切口将缝线两端经皮下隧道打结固定,固定线结包埋在皮下组织内。缝合方向与撕裂方向尽可能垂直,以牢固固定撕裂部位。但该技术常见缺点是需要额外皮肤切口,该材质皮下线结不能吸收,易形成皮下囊肿,甚至会影响半月板正常活动。本研究在此方法的基础上,简化相关操作步骤,不需要特殊器械即可完成缝合操作,节省手术时间,并且采用可吸收缝线,避免皮下线结对局部软组织的刺激。

本研究结果显示,患者术后Lysholm评分高于术前,VAS评分低于术前,且关节活动度明显改善。采用本改良技术行关节镜下outside-in穿刺缝合能有效促进半月板前角及体部撕裂术后关节功能的恢复,明显减轻患者术后疼痛。本研究改良术式具有以下优点:(1)无需使用特殊器械,操作简便、省时;(2)可吸收线缝合修复,避免关节囊外持续的软组织刺激,固定强度可靠;(3)创伤小,仅需做数个穿刺口即可完成缝合固定,避免半月板、侧副韧带与髂胫束的副损伤;(4)定位准确,在收紧缝线打结固定时通过关节镜下监视半月板复位情况;(5)花费较少,减轻患者经济负担。手术过程中,在穿刺缝合前可通过较细的针头进行初步定位以免反复穿刺带来的损伤;术中经关节镜入口滑动打结,避免额外的手术切口,亦可减少软组织创伤。以上这些操作均利于保证手术治疗效果,促进患者术后恢复。本研究同时发现,高龄人群半月板撕裂缝合修复后的愈合率低于年龄较小的患者人群,这可能与高龄患者半月板的磨损程度大、微循环退化、关节软骨退变等相关。

本研究尚存在一定局限性,首先,样本数量较少,得出的结论可能存在一定的偏倚;第二,本研究的设计是回顾性的;第三,无对照组可与其他缝合方法治疗的效果进行比较;第四,患者年龄、半月板损伤时间、损伤部位、撕裂大小、关节软骨破坏情况等因素均在一定程度上影响半月板缝合术后的康复效果,本课题组将在今后的研究中对以上问题进行进一步分析。

综上所述,关节镜下利用腰穿针行outside-in穿刺缝合技术修复半月板前角及体部撕裂是一种安全有效的治疗方法,通过微创缝合撕裂的半月板组织,能够控制关节内炎症进展,缓解疼痛症状,恢复关节活动度,中期临床随访结果满意。

Funding Statement

教育部长江学者和创新团队发展计划(IRT_16R01)和北京大学医学部学院建设项目——创伤救治与神经再生教育部重点实验室(BMU2019XY007-01)

Supported by the Ministry of Education Innovation Program of China (grant number IRT_16R01), and the Key Laboratory of Trauma and Neural Regeneration (Peking University), Ministry of Education (grant number BMU2019XY007-01)

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