Abstract
Objectives
To describe demographic, clinical, radiological and laboratory characteristics, as well as outcomes, of patients admitted for COVID-19 in a secondary hospital.
Design and setting
Retrospective case series of sequentially hospitalised patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2, at Infanta Leonor University Hospital (ILUH) in Madrid, Spain.
Participants
All patients attended at ILUH testing positive to reverse transcriptase-PCR on nasopharyngeal swabs and diagnosed with COVID-19 between 1 March 2020 and 28 May 2020.
Results
A total of 1549 COVID-19 cases were included (median age 69 years (IQR 55.0–81.0), 57.5% men). 78.2% had at least one underlying comorbidity, the most frequent was hypertension (55.8%). Most frequent symptoms at presentation were fever (75.3%), cough (65.7%) and dyspnoea (58.1%). 81 (5.8%) patients were admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) (median age 62 years (IQR 51–71); 74.1% men; median length of stay 9 days (IQR 5–19)) 82.7% of them needed invasive ventilation support. 1393 patients had an outcome at the end of the study period (case fatality ratio: 21.2% (296/1393)). The independent factors associated with fatality (OR; 95% CI): age (1.07; 1.06 to 1.09), male sex (2.86; 1.85 to 4.50), neurological disease (1.93; 1.19 to 3.13), chronic kidney disease (2.83; 1.40 to 5.71) and neoplasia (4.29; 2.40 to 7.67). The percentage of hospital beds occupied with COVID-19 almost doubled (702/361), with the number of patients in ICU quadrupling its capacity (32/8). Median length of stay was 9 days (IQR 6–14).
Conclusions
This study provides clinical characteristics, complications and outcomes of patients with COVID-19 admitted to a European secondary hospital. Fatal outcomes were similar to those reported by hospitals with a higher level of complexity.
Keywords: infectious diseases, public health, epidemiology, COVID-19
Strengths and limitations of this study.
This is a large retrospective case series study of 1549 sequentially hospitalised patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2.
The study describes the response of a secondary hospital based in a region of Spain with the highest incidence of COVID-19, and how the hospital was transformed into a centre entirely dedicated to COVID-19.
A complete follow-up was made of all patients during hospital stay, although after discharge no outcome information was collected, so only in-hospital fatality could be estimated.
This is a large retrospective case series study of 1549 sequentially hospitalised patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2.
The study describes the response of a secondary hospital based in a region of Spain with the highest incidence of COVID-19, and how the hospital was transformed into a centre entirely dedicated to COVID-19.
A complete follow-up was made of all patients during hospital stay, although after discharge no outcome information was collected, so only in-hospital fatality could be estimated.
BACKGROUND
In December 2019, a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in China and spread globally, causing a new infectious disease named ‘COVID-19’.1 By 28 May 2020, the epidemic reaches 5 593 631 confirmed cases and more than 353 334 deaths across 216 countries all over the world.2
The first confirmed case of COVID-19 in Spain was reported from La Gomera (Canary Islands) on 31 January 2020.3 But it was not until the last week of February 2020 when the first five cases were reported in the community of Madrid.4
During March and April 2020 (first COVID-19 wave in Spain and Europe), Spain had been one of the most affected countries by the coronavirus, being one of the main outbreaks of the disease worldwide. Spain is now the second country in Europe with the highest number of confirmed cases (after the Russian Federation) with 470 973 cases as of 1 September 2020.2 5 6 The rate of infections in the community of Madrid has exceeded every other region in Spain, with more than 27% of all confirmed cases in Spain and an accumulated number of 45 074 hospitalised patients and 8662 deaths as of 1 September 2020.5
Hospitals of the various regional health services of Spain are categorised into different complexity levels depending on their size, technological resources and the higher or lower availability of different clinical departments, thus, in ascending order of complexity we have primary, secondary and tertiary level hospitals; tertiary hospitals often have specific clinical departments that attend patients coming from different parts of the country. The Infanta Leonor University Hospital (ILUH) is a secondary level hospital with 361 beds, including 8 in the intensive care unit (ICU). It serves the population of Vallecas (305 262 individuals).7 Our healthcare area has a disproportionate number of beds per inhabitants: 1.07 beds per 1000 people compared with 2.15 beds per 1000 people overall within the region. Vallecas is one of the COVID-19 most affected areas in the city of Madrid (Spain) with 9947 total confirmed COVID-19 cases as of 1 September 2020.8 Therefore, the level of hospital saturation during the epidemy has been one of the greatest in Spain. As a consequence, the hospital was in March transformed into a centre entirely dedicated to COVID-19 and all its professionals focused on assisting patients affected by the SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Limited information is available to describe characteristics, complications and mortality in COVID-19 overloaded secondary Spanish hospitals. The available data from Spain refer to tertiary hospitals, multicentric studies or primary care settings.9–12
This study describes the clinical characteristics, severity, types of treatments and overall outcomes of patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection admitted to ILUH in Madrid (Spain).
Methods
Study design and participants
A single-centre retrospective observational study that included patients attended at ILUH with a laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 between 1 March 2020 and 28 May 2020. SARS-CoV-2 infection was confirmed by real-time reverse transcriptase-PCR (RT-PCR) assay (FTD SARS-CoV-2 Assay by SIEMENS) from nasopharyngeal swabs (Deltaswab by Deltalab). Patients discharged from the emergency department and those transferred to another hospital in the first 48 hours were not included in the final analysis; although these patients were hospitalised at ILUH, they did not stay enough time to record all the relevant clinical data due to the hospital overcapacity context. Once selected patients that met inclusion criteria, no one was excluded.
Epidemiological and demographic data, medical history, baseline comorbidities, symptoms and signs both at admission and during follow-up, laboratory findings, RT-PCR results, treatment strategy used for COVID-19, complications and survival data were obtained from patient’s electronic medical records. All-cause mortality was calculated including deaths occurred both in patients pending admission (first 48 hours) and during hospitalisation. ICU admission, hospitalisation, length of stay and ventilatory support (invasive mechanical ventilation, non-invasive mechanical ventilation or oxygen mask) were also registered. Different time intervals were calculated: lag time between symptoms onset and diagnosis, length of stay at ICU and overall length of stay at the hospital.
Data were collected and managed using REDCap (Research Electronic Data Capture) electronic data capture tools hosted at Ideas for Health Association. REDCap is a secure, web-based software platform designed to support data capture for research studies.13
The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology statement guidelines were followed in the conduct and reporting of the study (see online supplemental file).
bmjopen-2020-042398supp001.pdf (91.7KB, pdf)
Patient and public involvement
There was no patient or public involvement in the development of the research design or in conducting the study.
Statistical analysis
A descriptive analysis of the clinical background and baseline characteristics of the patients was performed. Continuous variables are presented as median and IQR, after testing normal distribution. Categorical variables are expressed as number of patients and percentage. Two age groups were defined using a cut-off value of 65 (<65 and ≥65 years old) for the comparison of the clinical characteristics of the cohort. For the ICU analysis, the comparison of the characteristics between admitted and non-admitted to ICU patients was limited to patients under 65 years because age was one of the major criteria for a better allocation of ICU resources in a context of limited availability of them.
For the mortality analysis, the case fatality ratio (CFR) was defined as number of deaths of patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 divided by the number of laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 cases admitted to the hospital. The outcomes were defined as death or recovered, and the clinical characteristics between these groups were compared using Χ2 test for the categorical variables and median test for the quantitative variables.
Logistic regression analysis was carried out to ascertain the effect of sociodemographic and clinical background characteristics on mortality. Variables that showed statistical significance (p<0.05) in the univariate analysis and clinical variables that could have potential relevance on the outcome according to the current available evidence were included in the model. OR and 95% CIs were calculated.
Statistical analyses were done using Stata software (V.14.0; Stata Corporation, College Station, Texas, USA).
Results
Overall, 2259 COVID-19 confirmed cases were attended at ILUH during the study period. The daily number of confirmed COVID-19 cases are plotted by the date of diagnosis (date of positive RT-PCR) and by the date of symptoms onset in figure 1. The first positive patient in our hospital was diagnosed on 1 March 2020 and the epidemic curve peaked on 19 March when 126 PCR tested positive. From that date, the incidence declined gradually but it took over a month to have a daily number of new cases below 10. The percentage of ICU beds and total hospital beds occupied with patients with COVID-19 are shown in figure 1. On 27 March, our hospital almost doubled its bed capacity with 702 hospitalised patients. On 6 April, 32 patients were in ICU, reaching 400% of hospital ICU capacity.
Figure 1.
Epidemic curve of COVID-19 confirmed cases seen at ILUH. ILUH, Infanta Leonor University Hospital.
Among these 2259 patients, we analysed 1549 cases and excluded 710 because they were discharged from the emergency department or transferred to other hospitals in the first 48 hours. For the complications, ICU and mortality analysis, 156 patients with an incomplete episode were excluded because they were transferred to other hospitals during their stay or were still hospitalised by 28 May 2020 (figure 2).
Figure 2.
Population flow chart. ICU, intensive care unit; ILUH, Infanta Leonor University Hospital.
Age range of the 1549 hospitalised patients varied from 3 weeks to 102 years old, median was 69 (IQR 55.0–81.0), and 57.5% were men. All patients except for the 3-week-old baby were adults. Of these, 55.0% had hypertension, 24.8% diabetes, 24.3% cardiovascular disease, 15.7% obesity, 13.7% chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and 8.5% obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome (OSAS). HIV infection (0.6%) and autoimmune disease (5.2%) were rare. Overall, 1221 (78.2%) patients had at least one underlying comorbidity.
The median lag time between symptoms onset and diagnosis was 7 days (IQR: 4–9) (figure 1). The most common symptoms at presentation were fever (75.3%), cough (65.7%) and dyspnoea (58.1%). Diarrhoea (17.6%) and anosmia (3.6%) were less common in our case series. Fever, headache, cough, diarrhoea, nausea/vomiting, anosmia, muscle or chest pain were more frequent in younger patients while cognitive deterioration was in older patients (table 1).
Table 1.
Clinical characteristics and treatment (N=1549)
| Overall | <65 years old | ≥65 years old | P value | |
| n/N (%) | n/N (%) | n/N (%) | ||
| Male | 890/1549 (57.5) | 400/642 (62.3) | 490/907 (54.0) | 0.001 |
| Migrant | 385/1549 (24.8) | 296/642 (46.1) | 89/642 (13.9) | <0.001 |
| Clinical background | ||||
| Influenza vaccine 19/20 | 498/1101 (45.2) | 90/463 (19.4) | 408/638 (63.9) | <0.001 |
| Cardiological disease | 375/1545 (24.3) | 37/640 (5.8) | 338/905 (37.3) | <0.001 |
| High blood pressure | 851/1548 (55.0) | 185/641 (28.9) | 666/907 (73.4) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 382/1541 (24.8) | 85/636 (13.4) | 297/905 (32.8) | <0.001 |
| Tobacco smoker/ex-smoker | 374/1344 (27.8) | 121/555 (21.8) | 253/789 (32.0) | <0.001 |
| Obesity | 240/1531 (15.7) | 110/636 (17.3) | 130/895 (14.5) | 0.129 |
| COPD | 211/1541 (13.7) | 37/638 (5.8) | 174/903 (19.3) | <0.001 |
| Asthma | 122/1545 (7.9) | 51/639 (8.0) | 71/906 (7.8) | 0.668 |
| OSAS | 79/935 (8.4) | 32/401 (8.0) | 47/534 (8.8) | 0.654 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 57/125 (45.6) | 12/28 (42.7) | 45/97 (46.4) | 0.741 |
| Thromboembolic disease | 41/939 (4.4) | 10/410 (2.4) | 31/529 (5.9) | 0.011 |
| Neurological disease | 178/1540 (11.6) | 37/637 (5.8) | 141/903 (15.6) | <0.001 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 104/1543 (6.7) | 16/639 (2.5) | 88/904 (9.7) | <0.001 |
| Cirrhosis | 28/1540 (1.8) | 13/638 (2.0) | 15/902 (1.7) | 0.209 |
| Haematological/oncological cancer | 103/1540 (6.7) | 21/640 (3.3) | 82/900 (9.1) | <0.001 |
| HIV | 9/1542 (0.6) | 7/639 (1.1) | 2/903 (0.2) | 0.012 |
| Autoimmune disease | 47/913 (5.1) | 17/393 (4.3) | 30/520 (5.8) | 0.328 |
| Symptoms | ||||
| Fever | 1159/1540 (75.3) | 533/638 (83.5) | 626/902 (69.4) | <0.001 |
| Headache | 133/1533 (8.7) | 92/634 (14.5) | 41/899 (4.6) | <0.001 |
| Malaise | 671/1533 (43.8) | 282/637 (44.3) | 389/896 (43.3) | 0.928 |
| Confused | 87/1532 (5.7) | 11/633 (1.7) | 76/899 (8.4) | <0.001 |
| Dyspnoea | 891/1533 (58.1) | 362/632 (57.3) | 529/901 (58.7) | 0.382 |
| Superior respiratory tract symptoms | 316/1534 (20.6) | 153/635 (24.1) | 163/899 (18.1) | 0.009 |
| Cough | 1010/1538 (65.7) | 469/638 (73.5) | 541/900 (60.1) | <0.001 |
| Expectoration | 194/1535 (12.6) | 69/635 (10.9) | 125/900 (13.9) | 0.167 |
| Haemoptysis | 26/1532 (1.7) | 15/633 (2.3) | 11/899 (1.2) | 0.207 |
| Chest pain | 134/1534 (8.7) | 79/635 (12.4) | 55/899 (6.1) | <0.001 |
| Muscle pain | 291/1534 (19.0) | 166/635 (26.1) | 125/899 (13.9) | <0.001 |
| Abdominal pain | 49/1534 (3.19) | 16/635 (2.52) | 33/899 (3.67) | 0.280 |
| Nausea/vomiting | 178/1532 (11.6) | 88/636 (13.8) | 90/896 (10.0) | 0.040 |
| Diarrhoea | 269/1530 (17.6) | 143/636 (22.5) | 126/894 (14.1) | <0.001 |
| Skin rash | 8/1531 (0.5) | 5/636 (0.8) | 3/895 (0.3) | 0.087 |
| Anosmia | 41/1153 (3.6) | 29/489 (5.9) | 12/664 (1.8) | <0.001 |
| Complications during admission | ||||
| Bacterial pneumonia | 43/1362 (3.2) | 13/551 (2.4) | 30/811 (3.7) | 0.320 |
| Sepsis | 28/1372 (2.0) | 16/554 (2.9) | 12/818 (1.5) | 0.054 |
| Respiratory distress syndrome | 195/1368 (14.2) | 74/550 (13.4) | 121/818 (14.8) | 0.557 |
| Pneumothorax | 5/1373 (0.4) | 3/556 (0.5) | 2/817 (0.2) | 0.488 |
| Pleural effusion | 29/1367 (2.1) | 6/552 (1.1) | 23/815 (2.8) | 0.032 |
| Stroke | 11/1373 (0.8) | 4/555 (0.7) | 7/818 (0.9) | 0.669 |
| Disseminated intravascular coagulation | 9/1369 (0.7) | 2/554 (0.4) | 7/815 (0.9) | 0.360 |
| Thrombosis | 55/824 (6.7) | 23/338 (6.8) | 32/486 (6.6) | 0.833 |
| Acute renal failure | 165/1373 (12.0) | 37/556 (6.6) | 128/817 (15.7) | <0.001 |
| Treatment | ||||
| HCQ monotherapy | 28/1549 (1.8) | 7/642 (1.1) | 21/907 (2.3) | 0.075 |
| HCQ+AZ | 927/1549 (59.8) | 448/642 (69.8) | 479/907 (52.8) | <0.001 |
| HCQ+LP/r | 98/1549 (6.3) | 32/642 (5.0) | 66/907 (7.3) | <0.001 |
| HCQ+AZ+LP/r | 287/1549 (18.5) | 90/642 (14.0) | 197/907 (21.7) | <0.001 |
| HCQ+LP/r+IFN-b | 37/1549 (2.4) | 12/642 (1.9) | 25/907 (2.8) | 0.260 |
| HCQ+AZ+LP/r+IFN-b | 113/1549 (7.3) | 37/642 (5.8) | 76/907 (8.4) | 0.051 |
| Tocilizumab | 240/1549 (15.5) | 144/642 (22.4) | 96/907 (10.6) | <0.001 |
| Corticosteroids | 684/1549 (44.2) | 264/642 (41.1) | 420/907 (46.3) | <0.001 |
AZ, azithromicine; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; HCQ, hydroxicloroquine; IFN-b, interferon-beta; LP/r, lopinavir-ritonavir; OSAS, obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome.
The most frequent therapies used for treating COVID-19 were the combination hydroxychloroquine plus azithromycin (59.9%) and the combination hydroxychloroquine plus azithromycin plus lopinavir-ritonavir (18.5%). Any treatment combination including lopinavir-ritonavir was more frequently used in older patients. Tocilizumab was used in 15.5% of the patients and corticosteroids in 44.2% (table 1).
The analysis of the complications during admission showed that 14.3% of patients had acute respiratory distress syndrome with no differences between age groups, 12.0% had acute kidney failure which was more frequent in older patients (15.7% vs 6.7%), 6.7% had a clinical thrombotic event and 0.7% had disseminated intravascular coagulation (table 1).
Among patients with a complete episode at ILUH, 81 were admitted to ICU: median age 62 (IQR 51–71); 74.1% men; median length of stay 9 days (IQR 5–19) and 82.7% of them needed invasive ventilation support. Clinical characteristics are shown in table 2. Among the 575 patients younger than 65 years old with a complete episode at ILUH, risk factors associated to ICU admission in the univariate analysis were: being men, obesity, hypertension, OSAS, high respiratory rate, a low blood oxygen saturation level at admission, a high neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio, an elevated plasma international normalised ratio, lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate transaminase, creatinine and C reactive protein and the presence of alveolar pulmonary infiltrates in the chest X-ray (table 2). We calculated CFR in ICU patients with a complete episode at ILUH (70 patients): global CFR was 72.9% (62.8% in the under 65 group and 88.9% in the older group).
Table 2.
Clinical, laboratory and diagnosis imaging characteristics of patients with COVID-19 who have been admitted in ICU
| ICU patients cohort (n=81) | <65-year-old patients (n=575) | |||
| Admitted to ICU (n=50) | Non-admitted to ICU (n=525) | P value | ||
| Age* | 62 (51–71) (N=81) | 54 (48–60) (N=50) | 53 (45–59) (N=525) | 0.625 |
| Male† | 60/81 (74.1) | 21/50 (42.0) | 325/525 (61.9) | 0.048 |
| Migrant† | 25/81 (30.9) | 21/50 (42.0) | 238/525 (45.3) | 0.651 |
| Influenza vaccine 19/20† | 12/42 (28.6) | 5/28 (17.9) | 75/395 (19.0) | 0.883 |
| Clinical background | ||||
| Cardiovascular disease† | 17/81 (21.0) | 6/50 (12.0) | 29/523 (5.5) | 0.069 |
| High blood pressure† | 43/81 (53.1) | 23/50 (46.0) | 147/524 (28.1) | 0.008 |
| Diabetes mellitus† | 23/81 (28.4) | 10/50 (20.0) | 65/519 (12.5) | 0.315 |
| Tobacco smoker/ex-smoker† | 23/76 (30.3) | 13/49 (26.5) | 98/450 (21.8) | 0.447 |
| Obesity† | 23/81 (28.4) | 17/50 (34.0) | 80/520 (15.4) | 0.001 |
| COPD† | 7/81 (8.6) | 4/50 (8.0) | 30/521 (5.8) | 0.522 |
| Asthma† | 5/81 (6.2) | 4/50 (8.0) | 43/522 (8.2) | 0.117 |
| OSAS† | 8/39 (20.5) | 8/27 (29.6) | 22/332 (6.6) | <0.001 |
| Thromboembolic disease† | 2/40 (5.0) | 2/28 (7.1) | 8/338 (2.4) | 0.136 |
| Neurological disease† | 5/80 (6.3) | 2/49 (4.1) | 31/521 (6.0) | 0.786 |
| Chronic kidney disease† | 5/81 (6.2) | 3/50 (6.0) | 12/522 (2.3) | 0.118 |
| Liver cirrhosis† | 1/80 (1.3) | 1/50 (2.0) | 11/522 (2.1) | 0.117 |
| Haematological/oncological cancer† | 4/81 (4.9) | 1/50 (2.0) | 19/523 (3.6) | 0.548 |
| HIV† | 0/81 (0.0) | 0/50 (0.0) | 7/522 (1.3) | 0.529 |
| Clinical and laboratory presentation | ||||
| Heart rate (beats per minute)* | 94 (83–107) (N=73) | 54 (48–60) (N=50) | 53 (45–59) (N=525) | 0.625 |
| Respiratory rate (breaths per minute)* | 23 (18–30) (N=44) | 24 (18–30) (N=33) | 18 (16–20) (N=222) | 0.002 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg)* | 133 (119–142) (N=66) | 128 (118–141) (N=42) | 125 (114–137) (N=292) | 0.591 |
| SpO2 (%)* | 88 (76–93) (N=69) | 88 (66–94) (N=44) | 96 (92–97) (N=454) | <0.001 |
| SpO2 <90%† | 39/81 (48.1) | 26/50 (52.0) | 53/525 (10.1) | <0.001 |
| SpO2 after oxygen administration (%)* | 95 (90–97) (N=39) | 95 (90–98) (N=27) | 96 (94–98) (N=91) | 0.813 |
| SpO2 <90% after oxygen administration† | 9/81 (11.1) | 5/50 (10.0) | 0/525 (0.0) | <0.001 |
| Haemoglobin (g/L)* | 13.9 (11.9–15.0) (N=81) | 14.1 (12.1–15.2) (N=50) | 14.1 (13.1–15.1) (N=493) | 0.946 |
| Neutrophils (cells count/µL)* | 6300 (4500–9300) (N=81) | 7000 (4600–8800) (N=50) | 4700 (3500–6700) (N=495) | 0.001 |
| Lymphocytes (cells count/µL)* | 900 (600–1200) (N=81) | 900 (700–1300) (N=50) | 1100 (800–1400) (N=495) | 0.252 |
| Neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio* | 6.64 (5.0–12.7) (N=81) | 6.69 (4.8–12.3) (N=50) | 4.4 (2.9–7.1) (N=495) | <0.001 |
| Platelets (×109/L)* | 209 (170–267) (N=81) | 205 (172–265) (N=50) | 213 (171–274) (N=495) | 0.777 |
| INR* | 1.1 (1.0–1.2) (N=81) | 1.1 (1.0–1.2) (N=50) | 1.1 (1.0–1.1) (N=484) | 0.035 |
| D-dimer (mg/L)* | 940 (485–2095) (N=56) | 790 (470–2350) (N=35) | 640 (400–1080) (N=334) | 0.163 |
| LDH (U/L)* | 408 (279–542) (N=70) | 415 (279–605) (N=43) | 271 (215–348) (N=430) | <0.001 |
| ALT (U/L)* | 45 (32–67) (N=80) | 50 (34–80) (N=50) | 44 (30–66) (N=494) | 0.075 |
| AST (U/L)* | 59 (40–82) (N=79) | 60 (43–85) (N=50) | 40 (29–57) (N=485) | <0.001 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL)* | 1.1 (0.9–1.3) (N=78) | 1.1 (1.0–1.3) (N=48) | 0.9 (0.7–1.1) (N=480) | <0.001 |
| C reactive protein (mg/L)* | 1157 (481–2054) (N=80) | 1234 (678–2133) (N=49) | 522 (174–1152) (N=494) | <0.001 |
| Diagnosis imaging | ||||
| Bilateral pulmonary infiltrates† | 61/74 (82.4) | 40/46 (87.0) | 388/476 (81.5) | 0.359 |
| Interstitial pulmonary infiltrates† | 61/81 (75.3) | 38/50 (76.0) | 360/525 (68.6) | 0.277 |
| Alveolar pulmonary infiltrates† | 51/81 (63.0) | 33/50 (66.0) | 230/525 (43.8) | 0.003 |
| Respiratory supplementation | ||||
| Oxygen therapy† | 77/81 (95.1) | 47/50 (94.0) | 345/516 (66.9) | <0.001 |
| Non-invasive ventilation† | 38/80 (47.5) | 26/49 (53.1) | 25/513 (4.9) | <0.001 |
| Invasive ventilation† | 67/81 (82.7) | 43/50 (86.0) | 0/514 (0.0) | <0.001 |
Comparison between patients under 65 years of age admitted to ICU versus non-admitted to ICU.
*Continuous variable (median, IQR, N)
†Categorical variables (n/N, %)
ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate transaminase; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ICU, intensive care unit; INR, international normalised ratio; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; OSAS, obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome; SpO2, partial oxygen saturation.
The overall CFR in our cohort was 21.2% (296/1393 cases). The median length of stay was 9 days (IQR 6–14). Among the 296 deaths, 48 occurred in the first 48 hours and the rest during hospitalisation. These 48 patients had a higher median age compared with the global cohort (82.5 vs 69) and their median lag time from symptom onset until fatality was lower (7 days vs 13.5 days, p<0.001). As shown in table 3, patients who died were older and more likely to be men, current smoker/ex-smoker, and had hypertension, cardiovascular disease, COPD, OSAS, diabetes mellitus, neurological disease, chronic kidney disease and neoplasia in the univariate analysis. Also, they received more frequently ventilatory support during hospitalisation and showed more alveolar pulmonary infiltrates in chest X-ray than people who recovered.
Table 3.
Clinical, laboratory and diagnosis imaging characteristics of patients with COVID-19 who died or recovered
| Death (n=296) | Recovered (n=1097) | P value | |
| Age* | 82 (71.5–87) (N=246) | 65 (53–78) (N=1097) | <0.001 |
| Male† | 208/296 (70.3) | 593/1097 (54.1) | <0.001 |
| Migrant† | 41/296 (13.8) | 296/1097 (27.0) | <0.001 |
| Clinical background | |||
| Influenza vaccine 19/20† | 113/183 (61.7) | 342/820 (41.7) | <0.001 |
| Cardiovascular disease† | 124/296 (41.9) | 217/1093 (19.8) | <0.001 |
| High blood pressure† | 208/296 (70.3) | 565/1096 (51.5) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus† | 90/295 (30.5) | 260/1090 (23.8) | 0.038 |
| Tobacco smoker/ex-smoker† | 111/260 (42.7) | 236/950 (23.8) | <0.001 |
| Obesity† | 42/292 (14.4) | 169/1085 (15.6) | 0.169 |
| COPD† | 67/293 (22.9) | 120/1092 (11.0) | <0.001 |
| Asthma† | 17/296 (5.7) | 95/1093 (8.7) | 0.166 |
| OSAS† | 20/156 (12.8) | 53/687 (7.7) | 0.041 |
| Thromboembolic disease† | 11/161 (6.8) | 26/681 (3.8) | 0.093 |
| Neurological disease† | 59/293 (20.1) | 101/1091 (9.3) | <0.001 |
| Chronic kidney disease† | 40/295 (13.6) | 58/1092 (5.3) | <0.001 |
| Liver cirrhosis† | 8/292 (2.7) | 17/1093 (1.5) | 0.352 |
| Haematological/oncological cancer† | 48/293 (16.4) | 50/1092 (4.6) | <0.001 |
| HIV† | 0/295 (0.0) | 8/1091 (0.7) | 0.327 |
| Clinical and laboratory presentation | |||
| Heart rate (beats per minute)* | 88 (78–102) (N=242) | 88 (78–100) (N=881) | 0.856 |
| Respiratory rate (breaths per minute)* | 21.5 (16–28) (N=116) | 18 (16–20.5) (N=397) | <0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg)* | 130 (111–147) (N=217) | 130 (117–143) (N=683) | 0.877 |
| SpO2 (%)* | 89 (82–93) (N=239) | 95 (92–97) (N=945) | 0.033 |
| SpO2 <90%† | 121/203 (59.6) | 152/945 (16.1) | <0.001 |
| SpO2 after oxygen administration (%)* | 94 (90.5–97) (N=112) | 96 (94–98) (N=203) | 0.003 |
| SpO2 <90% after oxygen administration† | 18/112 (16.1) | 7/203 (0.1) | <0.001 |
| Haemoglobin (g/L)* | 12.70 (11.00–14.50) (N=292) | 13.70 (12.60–14.70) (N=1054) | <0.001 |
| Neutrophils (cells count/µL)* | 6100 (4200–8550) (N=292) | 4800 (3500–6800) (N=1057) | <0.001 |
| Lymphocytes (cells count/µL)* | 800 (500–1100) (N=292) | 1000 (800–1300) (N=1057) | <0.001 |
| Neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio* | 7.17 (4.3–12.9) (N=292) | 4.67 (3.1–7.4) (N=1057) | <0.001 |
| Platelets (×109/L)* | 190 (142.5–263.5) (N=292) | 209 (162–273) (N=1057) | 0.040 |
| INR* | 1.1 (1.0–1.3) (N=283) | 1.1 (1.0–1.2) (N=1026) | <0.001 |
| D-dimer (mg/L)* | 1060 (570–2560) (N=167) | 750 (450–1330) (N=685) | <0.001 |
| LDH (U/L)* | 345 (249–479) (N=235) | 259 (210–331) (N=887) | <0.001 |
| ALT (U/L)* | 31 (23–47) (N=287) | 36 (25–55) (N=1050) | <0.001 |
| AST (U/L)* | 47 (30–67) (N=284) | 38 (28–55) (N=1035) | <0.001 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL)* | 1.2 (0.9–1.7) (N=285) | 0.9 (0.7–1.2) (N=1032) | <0.001 |
| C reactive protein (mg/L)* | 105.9 (36.2–182.4) (N=291) | 53.8 (18.3–111.4) | <0.001 |
| Diagnosis imaging | |||
| Bilateral pulmonary infiltrates† | 218/259 (84.2) | 762/960 (79.4) | 0.084 |
| Interstitial pulmonary infiltrates† | 182/296 (61.5) | 689/1097 (62.8) | 0.677 |
| Alveolar pulmonary infiltrates† | 153/296 (51.7) | 458/1097 (41.7) | 0.002 |
| Respiratory supplementation | |||
| Oxygen therapy† | 285/292 (97.6) | 458/1075 (76.5) | 0.001 |
| Non-invasive ventilation† | 57/289 (19.7) | 64/1072 (6.0) | <0.001 |
| Invasive ventilation† | 46/292 (15.7) | 15/1075 (1.4) | <0.001 |
*Continuous variable (median, IQR, N)
†Categorical variable (n/N, %)
ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate transaminase; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; INR, international normalised ratio; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; OSAS, obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome; SpO2, partial oxygen saturation.
In the multivariate analysis, independent factors related to death were: years of age (OR 1.07; 95% CI: 1.06 to 1.09), being men (OR 2.86; 95% CI: 1.85 to 4.50), neurological disease (OR 1.93; 95% CI: 1.19 to 3.13), chronic kidney disease (OR 2.83; 95% CI: 1.40 to 5.71) and neoplasia (OR 4.29; 95% CI: 2.40 to 7.67).
Among the 1549 hospitalised patients, 65 were readmitted (4.2%): 64.6% were men and 67.7% were 65 years old or older. CFR during readmissions was 10.8% (7/65).
Discussion
This study describes the COVID-19 series of a secondary level hospital in Madrid, Spain.
During the outbreak, hospital wards almost doubled their capacity (702/361), with the number of patients in ICU quadrupling its capacity (32/8). Beds were brought from other hospitals (antique not working hospitals) to turn single rooms into double rooms and to make surge beds in large waiting room areas, which became ward beds. A cohort system (confirmed cases located together and patients with similar suspect degree too) was followed during the early stages of the epidemic in order to avoid hospital transmission. Some weeks after the beginning of the pandemic, the gym used for patient’s rehabilitation was transformed into a semicritical unit where patients discharged from the ICU or patients needing closer monitoring or high-flow oxygen were admitted. The ordinary activity in consultations and elective surgery was cancelled, the paediatric emergencies were referred to other hospitals and all doctors attended patients with COVID-19 exclusively. All physicians and nursing staff were organised into two groups: the COVID-19 assistance group, led by the internal medicine department: they attended patients with COVID-19; and the COVID-19 non-assistance group which gave all the administrative support: requesting laboratory tests, writing clinical reports, informing about clinical evolution to patient’s relatives and so on. Regarding critical care beds: our hospital regular capacity comprises eight beds for ICU and six for the surgical critical care. Surge critical care beds were made available in the post-anaesthesia care unit (6 beds) and the outpatient surgery post-anaesthesia care unit (12 beds), to a maximum of 32 critical care beds.
Patients’ baseline characteristics were similar to the largest published series in Spain,10 although our patients were older and with a higher proportion of men compared with other tertiary Spanish hospital series.9
We found that younger patients showed a high incidence of fever, cough, headache, muscle pain and diarrhoea, whereas older patients showed a less specific clinical presentation. Other studies did not find differences in clinical presentation related to age.14 This information could be crucial for the rapid identification and isolation of the suspected cases at any healthcare level.
Our cohort showed a high incidence of acute kidney failure during hospitalisation similar to other non-Spanish series15 16 but higher than other Madrid series,9 with no association to drug administration. This could be explained for the rapid hydroelectrolytic imbalance in older patients in the context of an acute systemic viral disease. We also found a high incidence of thrombotic events (6.7%) comparable with previous reports,17 although disseminated intravascular coagulation was rare.
Lopinavir/ritonavir-based treatments were more frequently used in older patients. This finding is due to the use of this drug as standard treatment in our hospital protocol during the first half of the outbreak, when most of the patients were older than 65 years. Tocilizumab, with or without corticosteroids, was used following Spanish Drug Agency recommendations in patients who developed cytokine release storm which is believed to cause acute respiratory distress syndrome, although corticosteroids were also used in other clinical contexts.
During the study, criteria for ICU admission was the need for mechanical ventilation. Due to the number of ICU beds made available for the number of patients admitted to hospital, which doubled the usual hospital capacity, during the study period 22 patients were transferred to other ICUs of Madrid, to make ILUH’s ICU beds available for other patients. In the same way, due to the scarce ICU bed capacity, triage of patients had to be done. The selection for ICU admission opportunity was made individually, based on each patient’s comorbidities, functional capacity, age (never solely age as a criteria) and depending on the availability of critical care beds at the moment. A local guideline for patient admission on critical care unit was made, based on the consensus document released by the Spanish Society of Intensive and Critical Care and other 17 medical societies.18 On the other hand, non-invasive mechanical ventilation or high-flow oxygen, managed by pneumologists, was available in the ward for selected patients not admitted to ICU.
Our findings in the ICU analysis in patients under 65 years old were analogous to other studies16 19 20 in terms of clinical characteristics and laboratory values. As described in the New York series,16 it seems that obesity and OSAS were related factors leading to ICU admission, even more than the presence of a previous pulmonary disease. This could suggest that patients with a baseline ventilatory compromise could entail a higher risk for ICU admission due to alveolar hypoventilation and acute-on-chronic hypercapnic respiratory failure. However, this analysis has some limitations related to scarce availability of ICU resources in our centre and the number of ICU patients who were transferred to other hospitals.
The CFR in our series was 21.2%. It has probably been overestimated due to a significant proportion of patients transferred to other hospitals in the first 48 hours, who had a less severe disease. Some published series showed a lower CFR,21 although others reported a similar9 10 16 or even higher CFR.15 22 The differences could be related to demographic factors, different hospital admission criteria, case definition and healthcare system overload level.23 It is interesting to note that the CFR found in our study is similar to other Spanish tertiary level hospitals,9 despite our sample had a higher proportion of older and male patients and our centre had a lower proportion of conventional hospitalisation and ICU beds availability. The CFR in our ICU was slightly lower than other studies.16 Our CFR similar to other hospitals with greater capacity could be related to a better reorganisation of spaces and resources. Some areas of the hospital were reoriented to attend patients with COVID-19 like paediatric or anaesthesia areas. Comparing the patients who died in the first 48 hours (48/296) with the rest of the deceased, the median age was higher and the median days from symptom onset until fatality were lower. This could reflect a steep clinical deterioration in older patients compared with younger patients. Further studies are required to support the evidence of a severe clinical phenotype of SARS-CoV-2 infection characterised by a quick progression of an acute respiratory failure with severe hypoxemia in older patients that leads to fatal outcome.
We found similarities with other series24 about variables associated to fatality in the univariate analysis, such as hypertension, cardiovascular disease or pulmonary diseases. Nevertheless, after adjusting by sociodemographic variables and comorbidities at admission, risk factors related to death were age, male gender, neurological disease, chronic kidney disease and cancer. These findings are consistent with other studies that identify male sex and age as important predictors for mortality.25 However, this analysis has some limitations because it only focuses on hospitalised patients skewing estimates of the morbi-mortality and risk factors of COVID-19 globally.11
The strength of this study lies on the sequential collection of patients (all patients with COVID-19 admitted to hospital were included) and on the complete follow-up of all patients during their entire hospital stay. On the other hand, it also has some limitations. First, its observational and retrospective nature. Second, some variables (ie, anosmia and history of thromboembolic event) have a relatively large number of missing values because they were not registered from the beginning of the study, due to changes in the evidence related to COVID-19 during the progression of the pandemic. Third, there is no follow-up after hospital discharge, so only in-hospital fatality can be estimated.
We are now attending a second outbreak of COVID-19 in Madrid. Compared with the first outbreak, the speed of community transmission is lower, the case detection capacity is higher, there is more knowledge of the disease and the possible treatments and healthcare settings are better prepared. All these factors will probably have a great impact on the analysis if the study were to be repeated now. Future analysis comparing results from first and consecutive waves of COVID-19 pandemic at ILUH would be interesting to make.
Conclusion
This study describes the epidemic progression, clinical characteristics, complications and outcomes of patients with COVID-19 attended in a secondary level hospital in one of the highest COVID-19 incidence neighbourhoods of Madrid, which turned into an entire COVID-19 centre and almost doubled its bed capacity, during the first wave of COVID-19 pandemic in Spain. Fatal outcomes were similar to those reported by hospitals with a higher level of complexity.
Supplementary Material
Acknowledgments
We are extremely grateful to all the frontline ILUH staff that have worked with great humanity and dedication under enormous pressure. We also thank all the people who have helped us collect the data: Silvia Veleda Sánchez, Laura Zazo Morais, Raquel Ruiz Páez, Pernilla Seidi Tirado Zambrana, María Antonia Cabezas Quintario, María de los Ángeles Martínez Izquierdo, Fernando Manuel Sánchez Aranda, María Sonsoles Sánchez González, Iris Sánchez Egido, Carla Ferrero San Román, Virginia Del Rosario Rodríguez, Juan Gabriel Huertas Peña, Sonia Pérez González, Teresa Collazo Lorduy, Arantzazu Zurrido, Mario Velasco, Laura Serrano, Ester San Segundo, Carlos Domingo, Nuria del Val, Carlota Martín, Laura Salinas and Andrés Merino. We also acknowledge the support of: Paz Arranz García, Rosalía De Dios Álvarez, Juan Rodríguez Moreno, Fernando Cava Valenciano, María Ángeles Rodríguez Martínez, Dulce Ramírez Puerta, Miguel Imaz Díaz, Julio Miguel Vila Blanco and María Carmen Pantoja Zarza.
Footnotes
Twitter: @evajgb
MF-V and PR contributed equally.
Collaborators: COVID@HUIL Working Group: Blanca Herrero Mendoza (Pediatrics Department, Infanta Leonor University Hospital, Madrid, Spain); Natividad Plazas Andreu (Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Department, Infanta Leonor University Hospital, Madrid, Spain); Liliana Vázquez Bol (Gynecology and Obstetrics Department, Infanta Leonor University Hospital, Madrid, Spain); Sandra María Gadin López (Anesthesiology Department, Infanta Leonor University Hospital, Madrid, Spain); Álvaro Martínez Alcalá (Gastroenterology Department, Infanta Leonor University Hospital, Madrid, Spain); Sonia Pérez Gonzalez (Urology Department, Infanta Leonor University Hospital, Madrid, Spain); Amalia Martínez de la Gándara (Intensive Care Department, Infanta Leonor University Hospital, Madrid, Spain); Alejandro Zuazua Gonzalez (Otorhinolaryngology Department, Infanta Leonor University Hospital, Madrid, Spain); Javier Montoya Adarraga (Orthopedics Department, Infanta Leonor University Hospital, Madrid, Spain); Miguel Ángel Lara Álvarez (Oncology Department, Infanta Leonor University Hospital, Madrid, Spain); Enrique Calvo Aranda (Rheumatology Department, Infanta Leonor University Hospital, Madrid, Spain); Rosa M Lorente Ramos (Radiology Department, Infanta Leonor University Hospital, Madrid, Spain); María Alcantud (Geriatrics Department, Infanta Leonor University Hospital, Madrid, Spain); Roberto Alcázar Arroyo (Nephrology Department, Infanta Leonor University Hospital, Madrid, Spain); Verónica Suberviola Sánchez-Caballero (Cardiology Department, Infanta Leonor University Hospital, Madrid, Spain); Ariela Candelario Cáceres (Pneumology Department, Infanta Leonor University Hospital, Madrid, Spain); Juan Churruca Sarasqueta (Hematology Department, Infanta Leonor University Hospital, Madrid, Spain); Juan Torres Macho (Internal Medicine Department, Infanta Leonor University Hospital, Madrid, Spain); Ismael Escobar Rodríguez (Pharmacy Department, Infanta Leonor University Hospital, Madrid, Spain); Raquel Ruíz Páez (Preventive Medicine Department, Infanta Leonor University Hospital, Madrid, Spain); Alberto Esquivel López (Neurology Department, Infanta Leonor University Hospital, Madrid, Spain); Pablo de la Cueva Dobao (Dermatology Department, Infanta Leonor University Hospital, Madrid, Spain); Francisco Javier Quintero Gutiérrez del Álamo (Psychiatry and Psychology Department, Infanta Leonor University Hospital, Madrid, Spain); Natalia Blanca López (Allergy Department, Infanta Leonor University Hospital, Madrid, Spain); José García Hinojosa (Ophthalmology Department, Infanta Leonor University Hospital, Madrid, Spain); Cristina Sevillano Collantes (Endocrinology Department, Infanta Leonor University Hospital, Madrid, Spain); Alfonso Camacho Aroca (General Surgery Department, Infanta Leonor University Hospital, Madrid, Spain); Tamar Talaván Zañón (Laboratory, Infanta Leonor University Hospital, Madrid, Spain); María Ángeles Sánchez Úriz (Occupational Health Department, Infanta Leonor University Hospital, Madrid, Spain); Carlos Bibiano Guillén (Emergency Department, Infanta Leonor University Hospital, Madrid, Spain); Miguel Ángel López Arenas (Admission Department, Infanta Leonor University Hospital, Madrid, Spain); Margarita Gimeno Arández (Pathology Department, Infanta Leonor University Hospital, Madrid, Spain).
Contributors: EJ, MF-V, JV, IF-J, PR and MP-B conceived the study idea. EJ, MF-V, JV, IF-J, PR, MP-B, EAA-A, EI-G and AL contributed to the study design. EJ, MF-V, IF-J, PR, EAA-A, EI-G, AL and EG performed the data collection. MF-V and EJ performed the analysis. EJ, MF-V, JV, IF-J, PR, MP-B, EAA-A, EI-G and AL drafted the first version of the manuscript. EJ, MF-V, JV, IF-J, MP-B, PR, EG, EAA-A, EI-G, AL, JT, AJT-M, BG-M, GP-L, AA-M and LM critically reviewed the manuscript and approved the final version.
Funding: The authors have not declared a specific grant for this research from any funding agency in the public, commercial or not-for-profit sectors.
Competing interests: None declared.
Patient consent for publication: Not required.
Ethics approval: The Institutional Review Board of Infanta Leonor University Hospital approved this study (Code ILUH R 027-20) and due to the retrospective nature, they waived the need for informed consent from patients.
Provenance and peer review: Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.
Data availability statement: Data are available upon reasonable request. All data relevant to the study are included in the article or uploaded as supplemental information. Extra data are available by emailing ejgonzalezbuitrago@salud.madrid.org.
Supplemental material This content has been supplied by the author(s). It has not been vetted by BMJ Publishing Group Limited (BMJ) and may not have been peer-reviewed. Any opinions or recommendations discussed are solely those of the author(s) and are not endorsed by BMJ. BMJ disclaims all liability and responsibility arising from any reliance placed on the content. Where the content includes any translated material, BMJ does not warrant the accuracy and reliability of the translations (including but not limited to local regulations, clinical guidelines, terminology, drug names and drug dosages), and is not responsible for any error and/or omissions arising from translation and adaptation or otherwise.
Contributor Information
COVID@HUIL Working Group:
Blanca Herrero Mendoza, Natividad Plazas Andreu, Liliana Vázquez Bol, Sandra María Gadin López, Álvaro Martínez Alcalá, Sonia Pérez Gonzalez, Amalia Martínez de la Gándara, Alejandro Zuazua Gonzalez, Javier Montoya Adarraga, Miguel Ángel Lara Álvarez, Enrique Calvo Aranda, Rosa M Lorente Ramos, María Alcantud, Roberto Alcázar Arroyo, Verónica Suberviola Sánchez-Caballero, Ariela Candelario Cáceres, Juan Churruca Sarasqueta, Juan Torres Macho, Ismael Escobar Rodríguez, Raquel Ruíz Páez, Alberto Esquivel López, Pablo de la Cueva Dobao, Natalia Blanca López, José García Hinojosa, Cristina Sevillano Collantes, Alfonso Camacho Aroca, Tamar Talaván Zañón, María Ángeles Sánchez Úriz, Carlos Bibiano Guillén, Miguel Ángel López Arenas, Margarita Gimeno Arández, and Francisco Javier Quintero Gutiérrez del Álamo
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Supplementary Materials
bmjopen-2020-042398supp001.pdf (91.7KB, pdf)