Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) pollution has been the focus of environmental research, mostly due to their mutagenicity, carcinogenicity, teratogenicity and genotoxicity. Concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and the nitrogen-containing analogues (N-PAHs) (which tend to accumulate in sediments rather than water) was measured in 2 cm intervals segments from Bonny Estuary, Niger Delta using GC–MS. Data showed that PAHs/N-PAHs levels ranged from 8699 to 22,528 µg/kg and 503–2020 µg/kg, respectively. Furthermore, the data revealed that ƩPAHs level in the estuarine segments was > 45% higher than DPR/EGASPIN intervention limit. This gives insight on PAHs/N-PAHs contamination in the oil rich region.
Keywords: PAHs, N-PAHs, Sediment cores, Niger Delta, Nigeria
Specifications Table
| Subject area | Environmental Science |
| More specific subject area | Pollution |
| Type of data | Figures, Tables. |
| How data was acquired | GC–MS analysis (Thermo Trace GC Ultra- DSQ). |
| Data format | Analysed, Raw. |
| Parameters of Data Collection | Survey of PAHs and N-PAHs in core sediments from Bonny Estuary, Niger Delta. |
| Description of Data Collection | Sediment samples were collected from 3 stations using Uwitec manufactured Plexiglas's tubes mounted on a triple sediment corer type 90 mm. |
| Data source location | Niger Delta, Nigeria |
| Data accessibility | Data available in the article |
| Related research article | I.N. Anyanwu, F.D. Sikoki, K.T. Semple. Risk assessment of PAHs and N-PAH analogues in sediment cores from the Niger Delta, Mar. Pollut. Bull. (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111684. |
Value of Data
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Data provides insight on PAHs/N-PAHs that exists in the Niger Delta environment.
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The data could be useful to environmental scientists, toxicologists, limnologists and policy makers.
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Data can be compared with other scientific manuscripts and/or be useful in future monitoring of sediment recovery.
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Data revealed extent of PAHs/N-PAHs pollution and underground water contamination in the oil rich region.
1. Data Description
PAHs and N-PAHs are known to co-existence in contaminates sites, however, environmental analysis have focused majorly on PAHs [1], [2], [3], [4]. The data reported in this article is derived from sediment survey of PAHs and N-PAHs in Bonny Estuary, Niger Delta. The compiled GC–MS data analysis are included as Supplemental Material. In this study, Fig. 1 displays the LMW–ALKYL PAHs ranges (μg/kg) in core segments from Bonny Estuary, Niger Delta. The plot shows that low molecular weight PAHs contributed > 50% ƩPAHs measured in the estuarine sediments, with alkyl–PAHs recording high concentrations, while high molecular weight N-PAHs recorded > 60% N-PAHs measured in the estuary [5]. Also, underground well (used as control) recorded elevated concentrations of PAHs/N-PAHs [5]. Fig. 2 portrays the temporal flux of PAHs and N-PAHs (ng/cm2/yr) in core segments from Bonny Estuary, Niger Delta. The calculated flux revealed that low PAHs/N-PAHs load occurred in the 50 s and early 70 s; and high deposition in early 90 s to 2000s [5], [6], [7], [8]. Also, Table 1 describes the coordinates of sampling locations. The description of sampling locations is provided in Anyanwu et al. [5]. Furthermore, analytes, abbreviations, chemical formula, chemical structure and molecular mass; as well as; analyte list, abbreviations and detection limits are shown in Tables 2 and 3, respectively. The supplementary material provides the raw data relative to each individual repeat used to calculate the average, standard deviations and standard errors for Tables 4 and 5. The Tables which highlights the profiles of PAHs and N-PAHs in segment core samples from the Niger Delta, shows that ƩPAHs measured in the Estuary ranged from 16,635 µg/kg (0–2 cm) to 22,528 µg/kg (8–10 cm) (Table 4) and ƩN-PAHs ranged from 503 – 2020 µg/kg with B[a]A, dibenz-acridines and B[h]Q recording elevated values (Table 5). The mean concentrations of the measured chemicals and their toxic ratios are also recorded in Anyanwu et al. [5]. Interestingly, the data revealed that ƩPAHs concentrations in the estuary was > 45% higher than DPR/EGASPIN intervention limit [5].
Fig. 1.
LMW–ALKYL PAHs ranges (μg/kg) in core segments from Bonny Estuary, Niger Delta. Conc = concentration; LMW = Low Molecular Weight; ALKYL = Alkylated PAHs; BNN 1 = location 1; BNN 2 = location 2; BNN 3 = location 3. Y-axis depicts: 0 = control; –2 = 0–2 cm; –4 = 2–4 cm; –6 = 4–6 cm; –8 = 6–8 cm; –10 = 8–10 cm.
Fig. 2.
Temporal flux of PAHs and N-PAHs (ng/cm2/yr) in core segments from Bonny Estuary, Niger Delta. Y-axis depicts: 0 = control; –2 = 0–2 cm; –4 = 2–4 cm; –6 = 4–6 cm; –8 = 6–8 cm; –10 = 8–10 cm.
Table 1.
Description and coordinates of sampling locations.
| Location | Description | Coordinates | No of segment |
|---|---|---|---|
| BNN1 | Station with no ongoing activity | N 4°46′33.73′'E 7°00′.18.85′' | 5 |
| BNN2 | Port Harcourt Harbour (shipping) | N 4°46′02.43′' E 7°00′.10.56′' | 5 |
| BNN3 | Area of Cement Bagging Factory | N 4°45′71.13′' E 7°00′05.01′' | 5 |
Table 2.
Analytes, abbreviations, chemical formula, chemical structure and molecular mass.
| Analyte(s) (PAHs) | Chem. formula | Chem. Structure | Mol. mass | Analyte(s) | Chem. formula | Chem. structure | Mol. mass |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Naphthalene⁎⁎ (N0) | C10H8 |  |
128.1 | Benzo[k]fluoranthene⁎⁎ (B[f]F) | C20H12 |  |
252.3 |
| 2-methyl-naphthalene (N1) | C11H10 |  |
142.2 | Benzo[e]pyrene (B[e]P) | C20H12 |  |
252.3 |
| 1-methyl-naphthalene (N2) | C11H10 |  |
142.2 | Benzo[a]pyrene⁎⁎ (B[a]P) | C20H12 |  |
252.3 |
| Biphenyl (Bph) | C12H10 |  |
154.2 | Perylene (Per) | C20H12 |  |
252.3 |
| 2,6-dimethyl-naphthalene (N3) | C12H12 |  |
156.2 | Dibenz[ah] anthracene⁎⁎ (D[ah]A) | C22H14 |  |
278.3 |
| Acenaphthylene⁎⁎ (Acl) | C12H8 |  |
152.2 | Indeno[123-cd] pyrene⁎⁎ (ID) | C22H12 |  |
276.3 |
| Acenphthene ⁎⁎ (Acc) | C12H10 |  |
154.2 | Benzo[ghi]perylene⁎⁎ (B[ghi]P) | C22H12 |  |
276.3 |
| 2,3,6-trimethyl naphthalene (N4) | C13H14 |  |
170.2 | N-PAHs | |||
| Fluorene⁎⁎ (F0) | C13H10 |  |
166.2 | Quinoline٭ (Quin.) | C9H7N |  |
129.1 |
| Phenanthrene⁎⁎ (P0) | C14H10 |  |
178.2 | Isoquinoline (Isoquin.) | C9H7N |  |
129.1 |
| Anthracene⁎⁎ (AN) | C14H10 |  |
178.2 | Benzo[h]quinoline٭ (B[h]Q) | C13H9N |  |
179.2 |
| 1 methyl phenanthrene (P1) | C15 H12 |  |
192.2 | 1,7-Phenanthroline (1,7-Phen) | C12H8N2 |  |
180.2 |
| Flouranthene⁎⁎ (FL) | C16H10 |  |
202.2 | 4,7-Phenanthroline (4,7-Phen) | C12H8N2 |  |
180.2 |
| Pyrene⁎⁎ (PY) | C16H10 |  |
202.2 | Benzo[a]acridine٭ (B[a]A) | C17H11N |  |
229.2 |
| Benzo[a] anthracene⁎⁎ (B[aA) | C18H12 |  |
228.2 | Dibenz[a,h]acridine٭ (D[ah]A) | C21H13N |  |
279.3 |
| Chrysene⁎⁎ (C0) | C18H12 |  |
228.2 | Dibenz[c,h]acridine٭ (D[ch]A) | C21H13N |  |
279.3 |
| Benzo[b] fluoranthene⁎⁎ (B[b]F) | C20H12 |  |
252.3 |
16 EPA PAHs (⁎⁎); carcinogenic N-PAHs (٭).
Table 3.
Analyte list, abbreviations and detection limits.
| PAHs | Abbreviation | IDL (ng/ml) | MDL (µg/kg) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Naphthalene | N0 | 0.1 | 25.7 |
| 2-methyl-naphthalene | N2 | 0.1 | 3.8 |
| 1-methyl-naphthalene | N1 | 0.3 | ND |
| Biphenyl | Bph | 0.5 | 23.7 |
| 2,6-dimethylnaphthalene | N3 | 0.9 | 46.2 |
| Acenaphthylene | Acl | 1.9 | 33.8 |
| Acenaphthene | Ace | 0.5 | 42.4 |
| 2,3,6-trimethyl-naphthalene | N4 | 1.5 | 48.4 |
| Flourene | F0 | 1.3 | 32.3 |
| Phenanthrene | P0 | 0.7 | 29.3 |
| Anthracene | AN | 0.2 | 41.1 |
| 1-methyl-phenanthrene | P1 | 2.5 | 23.3 |
| Flouranthene | FL | 0.1 | 24.5 |
| Pyrene | PY | 0.6 | 27.4 |
| Benzo[a]anthracene | B[a]A | 0.2 | 34.6 |
| Chrysene | C0 | 0.1 | 27.9 |
| Benzo[b]flouranthene | B[b]F | 0.1 | 53.2 |
| Benzo[k]flouranthene | B[k]F | 0.2 | 67.8 |
| Benzo[e]pyrene | B[e]P | 0.1 | 20.7 |
| Benzo[a]pyrene | B[a]P | 0.2 | 24.3 |
| Perylene | Per | 0.2 | 36.1 |
| Indeno[123-cd]pyrene | ID | 0.5 | 19.6 |
| Dibenz[ah]anthracene | D[h]A | 1.5 | 11.8 |
| Benzo[ghi]perylene | B[ghi]P | 0.5 | 13.6 |
| N-PAHs | |||
| Quinoline | Quin | 0.8 | 48.6 |
| Isoquinoline | Isoquin | 0.7 | 39.7 |
| B[h]quinoline | B[h]Q | 5.9 | 61.5 |
| 1,7-phenanthroline | 1,7-Phen | 1.9 | 54.3 |
| 4,7-phenanthroline | 4,7-Phen | 2.9 | 70.3 |
| Benzo[a]acridine | B[a]A | 0.2 | 82.2 |
| Dibenz[ah]acridine | D[ah]A | 0.1 | 75.3 |
| Dibenz[ch]acridine | D[ch]A | 0.2 | 76.1 |
IDL = instrument detection limit; MDL = method detection limit
Table 4.
Profiles of PAHs in segment core samples from the Niger Delta.
| Control (µg/kg) | BNN 1 (µg/kg) |
BNN 2 (µg/kg) |
BNN 3 (µg/kg) |
|||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PAHs | 0 cm | 0–2 cm | 2–4 cm | 4–6 cm | 6–8 cm | 8–10 cm | 0–2 cm | 2–4 cm | 4–6 cm | 6–8 cm | 8–10 cm | 0–2 cm | 2–4 cm | 4–6 cm | 6–8 cm | 8–10 cm |
| N0 | 157.6 ± 3.2 | 1085.4 ± 63.2 | 1251.6 ± 77.2 | 1155.8 ±128.1 | 1155.8 ± 47.0 | 1322.2 ± 11.4 | 1140.8 ± 47.1 | 668.4± 7.9 | 758.0± 28.9 | 674.8 ± 44.1 | 671.1 ± 56.8 | 760.7 ± 78.9 | 1304.4 ± 90.0 | 1129.6 ± 15.6 | 1205.0 ± 10.3 | 1475.7 ± 71.1 |
| N2 | 7.3 ± 0.0 | 408.6 ± 12.7 | 478.7 ± 9.8 | 486.1 ± 13.8 | 596.6 ± 19.7 | 695.1 ± 14.0 | 300.7 ± 1.9 | 282.6± 3.2 | 267.9 ± 29.4 | 320.31 ± 22.5 | 912.69 ± 86.7 | 210.6 ± 11.6 | 301.2 ± 5.6 | 835.3 ± 38.1 | 993.9 ± 7.9 | 1410.5 ± 46.1 |
| N1 | 64.9 ± 0.9 | 234.5 ± 14.4 | 339.1 ± 15.1 | 327.9 ± 25.9 | 345.8 ± 17.9 | 445.1 ± 14.1 | 485.2 ± 22.8 | 461.4 ± 8.9 | 490.5 ± 15.4 | 550.2 ± 9.8 | 1406.6 ± 12.3 | 487.2 ± 30.9 | 586.3 ± 44.4 | 1386.0 ± 12.4 | 1480.4 ± 69.5 | 2178.9 ± 22.6 |
| Bph | 46.5 ± 0.1 | 312.1 ± 2.9 | 373.8 ± 25.1 | 384.4 ± 24.9 | 466.0 ± 30.0 | 518.1 ± 17.8 | 285.9 ± 18.2 | 253.9± 4.8 | 372.5 ± 9.6 | 209.5 ± 15.5 | 442.8 ±48.6 | 140.8 ± 1.2 | 223.5 ± 12.4 | 272.2 ± 26.9 | 265.8 ± 18.1 | 442.1 ± 2.9 |
| N3 | 220.9 ± 0.3 | 1532.7 ± 33.3 | 1665.4 ± 57.9 | 1579.3 ± 71.5 | 3460.4 ± 50.1 | 5463.9 ± 99.0 | 2031.8 ± 16.6 | 2118.2 ± 41.9 | 1320.3 ±48.7 | 2281.1 ± 78.9 | 10,069.1 ± 17.6 | 1370.0 ± 2.2 | 1289.8 ± 19.5 | 4064.1 ± 150.7 | 3748.4 ± 66.4 | 8148.5 ± 156.7 |
| Acl | 42.1 ± 0.1 | 76.8 ± 0.6 | 91.3 ± 3.9 | 86.7 ± 2.7 | 99.6 ± 4.5 | 99.6 ± 1.0 | 55.8 ± 3.1 | 67.8 ± 6.1 | 167.5 ± 63.9 | 62.7 ± 3.6 | 104.7 ± 0.4 | 174.5 ± 3.9 | 93.4 ± 1.9 | 113.9 ± 4.9 | 159.4 ± 5.4 | 247.8 ± 7.7 |
| Acc | 108.9± 0.8 | 340.0 ± 2.4 | 431.1 ± 41.4 | 462.8 ± 19.6 | 573.4 ± 22.2 | 586.5 ± 2.6 | 374.6 ± 24.2 | 345.1 ± 2.7 | 381.1 ± 20.1 | 283.3 ± 10.1 | 523.6 ± 36.8 | 281.1 ± 36.8 | 378.5 ± 26.5 | 418.3 ± 35.2 | 275.1 ± 150.8 | 848.2 ± 34.8 |
| N4 | 736.3 ± 1.0 | 1218.5 ± 65.1 | 1314.0 ± 1.0 | 1181.8 ± 29.4 | 1611.6 ± 55.2 | 2080.2 ± 69.5 | 587.6 ± 17.9 | 587.8 ± 22.9 | 619.0 ± 49.4 | 522.7 ± 74.8 | 3199.7 ± 281.3 | 5721.7 ± 171.5 | 663.9 ± 16.9 | 811.3 ± 62.5 | 1166.2 ± 64.3 | 2731.5 ± 54.2 |
| F0 | 228.8 ± 3.6 | 356.3 ± 8.6 | 339.2 ± 23.4 | 433.2 ± 11.7 | 569.8 ± 19.1 | 541.3 ± 30.4 | 396.5 ± 25.8 | 346.2 ± 17.1 | 414.7 ± 1.3 | 326.3 ± 10.1 | 904.4 ± 9.6 | 483.2 ± 2.4 | 574.9 ± 11.9 | 630.8 ± 37.9 | 752.1 ± 2.2 | 126.3 ± 19.1 |
| P0 | 1232.4 ± 4.1 | 603.6 ± 6.0 | 409.3 ± 0.7 | 655.1 ± 16.0 | 665.2 ± 2.0 | 566.5 ± 43.3 | 996.6 ± 19.8 | 733.0 ± 13.2 | 974.7 ± 9.2 | 667.6 ± 24.1 | 1085.1± 21.9 | 2347.9 ± 141.6 | 1409.9 ± 23.2 | 1696.0 ± 12.2 | 1546.2 ± 42.1 | 1997.3 ± 105.0 |
| AN | 151.4 ± 0.7 | 288.7 ± 15.2 | 297.4 ± 0.1 | 334.3 ± 16.1 | 333.7 ± 2.6 | 308.7± 17.1 | 206.6 ± 5.8 | 192.1 ± 15.7 | 279.9 ± 7.6 | 193.7 ± 1.4 | 170.4 ± 0.8 | 210.7 ± 1.1 | 152.3 ± 21.1 | 88.2 ± 2.8 | 174.6 ± 1.0 | 180.5 ± 13.8 |
| P1 | 151.5 ± 0.3 | 629.4 ± 51.9 | 586.2 ± 5.2 | 601.8 ± 2.8 | 570.1 ± 11.7 | 533.0 ± 2.0 | 446.9 ± 46.9 | 279.3 ± 4.9 | 500.1 ± 22.6 | 316.0 ± 5.9 | 537.4 ± 15.9 | 651.6 ± 95.8 | 546.8 ± 23.7 | 443.4 ± 9.6 | 318.6 ± 15.9 | 417.8 ± 1.9 |
| FL | 331.4 ± 0.5 | 525.3 ± 6.4 | 521.9 ± 30.2 | 578.2 ± 62.4 | 537.8 ± 9.8 | 568.8 ± 1.0 | 386.3 ± 37.4 | 481.1 ± 17.1 | 1030.9 ± 56.3 | 312.8 ± 13.0 | 339.2 ± 31.9 | 415.5 ± 47.1 | 277.0 ± 0.8 | 245.7 ± 9.9 | 216.9 ± 35.2 | 229.9 ± 20.9 |
| PY | 295.6 ± 0.7 | 731.1 ± 18.5 | 731.7 ± 14.1 | 820.7 ± 38.5 | 764.7 ± 10.6 | 813.1 ± 11.4 | 553.1 ± 49.6 | 671.4 ± 15.4 | 1324.3 ± 43.0 | 475.8 ± 20.9 | 521.4 ± 35.6 | 516.1 ± 55.2 | 473.8 ± 2.5 | 314.9 ± 0.7 | 241.4 ± 22.6 | 304.3 ± 60.9 |
| B[a]A | 38.9 ± 0.5 | 817.6 ± 52.7 | 866.6 ± 27.2 | 1200.1 ± 22.7 | 836.5 ± 24.4 | 964.5 ± 5.5 | 508.6 ± 84.7 | 1091.1 ± 34.7 | 1711.2 ± 26.8 | 424.6 ± 15.7 | 582.2 ± 36.7 | 399.9 ± 44.1 | 372.8 ± 2.7 | 213.6 ± 1.1 | 198.2 ± 7.7 | 233.8 ± 7.7 |
| C0 | 56.9 ± 0.1 | 795.3 ± 65.7 | 784.9 ± 11.7 | 1069.5 ± 60.3 | 785.3 ± 31.8 | 905.0 ± 5.4 | 598.7 ± 41.4 | 144.1 ± 17.7 | 275.9 ± 20.9 | 63.9 ± 9.4 | 88.4 ± 2.4 | 355.7 ± 34.6 | 331.27 ± 10.7 | 192.1 ± 3.6 | 171.6 ± 1.9 | 194.9 ± 4.5 |
| B[b]F | 336.6 ± 1.4 | 1568.7 ± 113.4 | 1623.1 ± 76.7 | 2115.6 ± 48.1 | 1532.4 ± 22.7 | 1663.8 ± 52.1 | 336.5 ± 33.4 | 204.3 ± 12.6 | 1470.7 ± 52.1 | 298.5 ± 10.8 | 127.9 ± 4.1 | 1189.9 ± 65.6 | 741.0 ± 30.3 | 697.1 ± 1.8 | 884.7 ± 44.6 | 527.2 ± 1.1 |
| B[k]F | 410.1 ± 0.1 | 1990.8 ± 14.8 | 2000.7 ± 15.3 | 2485.2 ± 4.3 | 1767.4 ± 13.2 | 2021.5 ± 46.0 | 221.2 ± 81.2 | 673.5 ± 68.9 | 1068.7 ± 42.3 | 303.9 ± 57.9 | 483.3 ± 87.5 | 304.3 ± 23.2 | 241.1 ± 2.9 | 156.0 ± 0.2 | 195.8 ± 0.6 | 279.4 ± 15.0 |
| B[e]P | 35.8 ± 0.1 | 158.3 ± 10.0 | 173.5 ± 0.1 | 188.6 ± 5.1 | 160.7 ± 3.1 | 164.9 ± 4.1 | 120.4 ± 2.2 | 129.9 ± 1.5 | 175.5 ± 13.7 | 83.6 ± 1.5 | 127.9 ± 5.2 | 35.1 ± 3.5 | 45.0 ± 0.1 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 67.2 ± 0.6 | 68.7 ± 3.9 |
| B[a]P | 59.5 ± 0.1 | 113.6 ± 3.9 | 123.4 ± 4.8 | 190.1 ± 1.1 | 120.1 ± 3.5 | 127.7 ± 0.8 | 130.7 ± 6.6 | 206.7 ± 13.5 | 386.6 ± 10.7 | 134.2 ± 4.7 | 128.2 ± 1.7 | 343.5 ± 43.6 | 101.8 ± 1.2 | 160.1 ± 1.6 | 216.5 ± 23.7 | 243.1 ± 5.9 |
| Per | 25.7 ± 0.1 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| D[ah]A | 10.2 ± 0.2 | 51.9± 1.1 | 32.2 ± 0.2 | 51.2 ± 2.2 | 49.8 ± 1.0 | 39.5 ± 4.5 | 31.1 ± 0.8 | 34.1 ± 0.4 | 109.4 ± 0.4 | 26.7 ± 1.1 | 31.6 ± 0.7 | 64.5 ± 1.3 | 32.8 ± 0.1 | 26.1 ± 0.6 | 54.0 ± 0.4 | 79.8 ± 0.8 |
| ID | 43.6 ± 0.1 | 219.7 ± 11.4 | 258.4 ± 19.3 | 311.4 ± 25.1 | 244.1 ± 2.4 | 246.3 ± 1.2 | 132.6 ± 3.9 | 203.8 ± 1.7 | 294.0 ± 6.9 | 80.2 ± 6.1 | 111.5 ± 3.4 | 99.2 ± 1.6 | 72.9 ± 1.8 | 42.7 ± 1.5 | 65.8 ± 0.6 | 94.0 ± 2.4 |
| B[ghi]P | 39.1 ± 0.1 | 301.1 ± 5.5 | 332.3 ± 1.5 | 363.1 ± 3.9 | 285.4 ± 4.7 | 306.8 ± 8.1 | 130.0 ± 4.1 | 249.0 ± 46.0 | 275.5 ± 3.5 | 87.1 ± 0.4 | 125.6 ± 3.1 | 72.2 ± 0.7 | 53.7 ± 3.9 | 27.7 ± 0.5 | 39.2 ± 1.6 | 68.6 ± 1.9 |
| ∑PAHs (µg/kg) | 4824.7 | 14,360.0 | 15,025.8 | 17,062.9 | 17,532.2 | 20,982.1 | 10,458.2 | 10,424.8 | 14,668.9 | 8699.5 | 22,694.8 | 16,635.9 | 10,268.1 | 13,965.1 | 14,437.0 | 22,528.8 |
| ∑PAHs (mg/kg) | 4.8 | 85.0 | 67.0 | 77.8 | ||||||||||||
| DPR / EGASPIN Interv. Limit (mg/kg) | 40.0 | 40.0 | 40.0 | 40.0 | ||||||||||||
Values = mean ± SE.
ND = PAHs not detected during analysis.
DPR = Department of Petroleum Resources.
EGASPIN = Environmental Guidelines and Standards for the Petroleum Industry in Nigeria.
Table 5.
Profiles of N-PAHs in segment core samples from the Niger Delta.
| Control (µg/kg) | BNN 1 (µg/kg) |
BNN 2 (µg/kg) |
BNN 3 (µg/kg) |
|||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N-PAHs | 0 cm | 0–2 cm | 2–4 cm | 4–6 cm | 6–8 cm | 8–10 cm | 0–2 cm | 2–4 cm | 4–6 cm | 6–8 cm | 8–10 cm | 0–2 cm | 2–4 cm | 4–6 cm | 6–8 cm | 8–10 cm |
| Quin* | 43.8 ± 0.0 | 49.0 ± 0.1 | 49.7 ± 0.10 | 49.8 ± 0.4 | 50.3 ± 0.1 | 51.4 ± 0.5 | 54.5 ± 4.7 | 50.7 ± 1.1 | 168.6 ± 70.5 | 68.3 ± 19.4 | 49.8 ± 0.1 | 167.5 ± 70.8 | 96.4 ± 0.3 | 96.9 ± 0.1 | 167.7 ± 70.5 | 167.6 ± 71.2 |
| Isoquin | 34.6 ± 0.1 | 39.3 ± 0.0 | 39.5 ± 0.0 | 39.3 ± 0.2 | 39.7 ± 0.3 | 39.8 ± 0.1 | 42.9 ± 3.4 | 40.4 ± 1.0 | 136.7 ± 58.5 | 55.2 ± 15.8 | 39.4 ± 0.1 | 136.5 ± 58.6 | 78.2 ± 0.1 | 78.4 ± 0.0 | 136.8 ± 58.5 | 137.1 ± 58.8 |
| B[h]Q* | 63.3 ± 0.3 | 93.1 ± 1.0 | 95.6 ± 1.7 | 101.3 ± 0.5 | 104.1 ± 2.0 | 96.8 ± 1.0 | 76.5 ± 6.5 | 70.6 ± 2.0 | 221.5 ± 90.8 | 95.0 ± 24.0 | 67.1 ± 0.0 | 219.0 ± 90.8 | 128.9 ± 0.8 | 124.2 ± 0.2 | 214.4 ± 90.5 | 213.4 ± 90.8 |
| 1,7-Phen | 43.9 ± 0.4 | 51.0 ± 0.0 | 50.6 ± 0.1 | 50.2 ± 0.9 | 56.3 ± 0.1 | 52.5 ± 0.6 | 57.6 ± 4.7 | 54.0 ± 1.0 | 185.2 ± 79.1 | 73.9 ± 21.8 | 53.0 ± 0.2 | 184.9 ± 78.8 | 105.8 ± 0.1 | 106.7 ± 0.3 | 186.5 ± 79.7 | 187.7 ± 80.3 |
| 4,7-Phen | 65.6 ± 0.1 | 81.8 ± 0.0 | 81.7 ± 0.6 | 86.5 ± 5.9 | 82.7 ± 2.0 | 83.6 ± 0.3 | 77.4 ± 5.8 | 72.9 ± 1.6 | 241.1 ± 101.5 | 99.0 ± 27.9 | 72.4 ± 0.1 | 242.6 ± 103.2 | 139.2 ± 0.0 | 138.6 ± 0.1 | 241.8 ± 102.6 | 241.4 ± 103.9 |
| B[a]A* | 75.7 ± 0.6 | 93.8 ± 3.0 | 101.3 ± 1.0 | 98.3 ± 2. | 99.4 ± 0.6 | 98.0 ± 1.3 | 88.3 ± 7.5 | 85.1 ± 1.9 | 330.0 ± 67.8 | 114.1 ± 31.8 | 81.5 ± 0.2 | 329.2 ± 69′8 | 160.9 ± 0.2 | 159.2 ± 0.1 | 376.8 ± 18.6 | 376.3 ± 18.7 |
| D[ah]A* | 68.1 ± 1.2 | 72.9 ± 0.0 | 72.8 ± 0.1 | 77.9 ± 0.0 | 72.9 ± 0.0 | 73.0 ± 0.3 | 85.3 ± 7.5 | 75.3 ± 1.6 | 304.4 ± 58.8 | 101.9 ± 29.6 | 72.4 ± 0.0 | 303.1 ± 57.6 | 144.7 ± 0.0 | 145.1 ± 0.2 | 302.2 ± 57.8 | 352.4 ± 8.2 |
| D[ch]A* | 66.9 ± 0.4 | 72.7 ± 0.6 | 72.5 ± 0.3 | 77. ± 0.7 | 72.3 ± 0.7 | 71.9 ± 0.3 | 80.5 ± 5.2 | 74.5 ± 1.8 | 297.9 ± 53.9 | 100.0 ± 28.0 | 72.6 ± 1.8 | 298.0 ± 56.2 | 140.4 ± 0.1 | 140.2 ± 0.0 | 295.0 ± 55.0 | 344.9 ± 5.0 |
| ∑N-PAHs (µg/kg) | 461.9 | 553.6 | 563.7 | 503.3 | 577.7 | 567.0 | 563.0 | 523.5 | 1885.4 | 707.4 | 508.2 | 1880.8 | 994.5 | 989.3 | 1921.2 | 2020.8 |
| ∑NPAHs (mg/kg) | 0.5 | 2.8 | 4.2 | 7.8 | ||||||||||||
= carcinogenic N-PAHs (IARC, 2012; 2013).
Values = mean ± SE.
2. Experimental Design, Materials and Methods
2.1. Sample collection
Sample collection was as described in Anyanwu et al. [5]. In brief, sediment cores (10 cm long) were collected from 3 stations in Bonny Estuary using Uwitec manufactured Plexiglas's tubes mounted on a triple sediment corer (Table 1), and sliced into 2 cm layers. Due to high pollution in the estuary and the surrounding waters, sediment sample was collected from an underground community well (drinking well) in the area to serve as control. Following collection and segmentation, samples were taken to the laboratory, oven dried at 50 °C, homogenised, sieved with 2 mm mesh size, stored in a container and transported to United Kingdom, where they were stored at 4 °C until analysis [5].
2.2. Chemicals
Chemical standards (PAH and N-PAH) were purchased from Thames Restek and Sigma-Aldrich, UK, respectively. Internal standard D9-acridine was purchased from Cambridge Isotopes Laboratories, UK. HPLC grade acetonitrile, methanol and ethyl-acetate were used for the analysis. Calibration curves were performed at ten levels ranging from 2.5 to 2500 ng/ml for PAHs and six ranging from100 to 2000 ng/ml for N-PAHs in ethyl acetate. Accepted linearity was obtained in all calibrations (r2 >0.99). The measured compounds are listed in Tables 2 and 3 [5].
2.3. Extraction procedure and GC–MS analysis/quantification
Sample extractions and GC–MS quantification was as reported in Anyanwu et al. [5]. In brief, 1–2 g sediments, mixed with 2 g anhydrous sodium sulphate NaSO4, was weighed into pre-conditioned extraction thimble (after conditioning for 4 h) and extracted in a Soxhlet device for 18 h using 300 ml solvent mixture of ACN/MeOH (8:2). Extract was concentrated to 1 ml (Büchi Rotavap R-144). Clean-up was performed over a 5 mm glass column containing 6 g of 2% water deactivated aluminium-oxide, topped with 1 g NaSO4 (all baked overnight at 450 °C) [1, 4]. The column was conditioned with 50 ml ACN/MeOH (8:2) and elution was with 50 ml ACN/MeOH (8:2). Elutes were rotary evaporated, solvent exchanged with ethyl-acetate and concentrate to 1 ml. Internal standard (D9-acridine) was added and samples were stored in the freezer until analysis with GC–MS. GC–MS analysis was performed with Thermo Trace GC Ultra- DSQ. ZB–Semi-Volatile column 30 m ˟ 0.25 mm ˟ 0.25 µm (Phenomenex, USA) was used. Scan acquisition was performed by selected ion monitoring (SIM) [5]. Data obtained from GC–MS analysis was used to derive the figures. The LMW PAHs/N-PAHs are 2- to 3-rings while, HMW group are 4- to 6-rings. Temporal flux was calculated according to Zaborska [7].
Authors contributions
FDS: Sample collection. INA: Methodology, Laboratory analysis, Writing original draft, Review and Editing. KTS: Supervision, Review and Editing of first draft.
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing interests.
Acknowledgement
The research was sponsored by Petroleum Technology Development Fund (PTDF), Nigeria (PTDF/E/OSS/PHD/INA/299/10). We also thank the Centre for Marine Pollution Monitoring and Seafood Safety, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria for providing sediment corer and assistance during sample collection.
Footnotes
Supplementary material associated with this article can be found in the online version at doi:10.1016/j.dib.2020.106484.
Appendix. Supplementary materials
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