Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:
There is no consensus on the optimal antithrombotic medication for patients with acute ischemic stroke with anterior circulation tandem occlusions treated with emergent carotid stent placement and mechanical thrombectomy. The identification of factors influencing hemorrhagic risks can assist in creating appropriate therapeutic algorithms for such patients. This study aimed to investigate the impact of medical therapy on functional and safety outcomes in patients treated with carotid stent placement and mechanical thrombectomy for tandem occlusions.
MATERIALS AND METHODS:
A multicenter retrospective study on prospectively collected data was conducted. Only patients treated with carotid stent placement and mechanical thrombectomy for tandem occlusions of the anterior circulation were included. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed on preprocedural, procedural, and postprocedural variables to assess factors influencing clinical outcome, symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage, stent patency, and successful intracranial vessel recanalization.
RESULTS:
Ninety-five patients with acute ischemic stroke and tandem occlusions were included. Good clinical outcome (mRS ≤ 2) at 3 months was reached by 33 (39.3%) patients and was associated with baseline ASPECTS ≥ 8 (OR = 1.53; 95% CI, 1.16–2.00), ≤2 mechanical thrombectomy attempts (OR = 0.71; 95% CI, 0.55–0.99), and the absence of symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (OR = 0.13; 95% CI , 0.03–0.51). Symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage was associated with a higher amount of intraprocedural heparin, ASPECTS ≤ 7, and ≥3 mechanical thrombectomy attempts. No relationships among types of acute antiplatelet regimen, intravenous thrombolysis, and symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage were observed. Patients receiving dual-antiplatelet therapy after hemorrhagic transformation had been ruled out on 24-hour CT were more likely to achieve functional independence and had a lower risk of symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage.
CONCLUSIONS:
During carotid stent placement and mechanical thrombectomy for tandem occlusion treatment, higher intraprocedural heparin dosage (≥3000 IU) increased symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage risk when the initial ASPECTS was ≤7, and mechanical thrombectomy needs more than one passage for complete recanalization. Antiplatelets antiplatelets use were safe, and dual-antiaggregation therapy was related to better functional outcomes.
Tandem occlusions (TOs) occur in up to 16%–20% of patients with acute ischemic stroke of the anterior cerebral circulation and are defined as a combined extracranial-intracranial cervical ICA lesion (complete occlusion or ≥90% stenosis according to the NASCET1 criteria) and ipsilateral occlusion of proximal intracranial large vessels (ICA, the M1 and/or M2 segment of the middle cerebral artery).2
Acute ischemic stroke (AIS) caused by TOs is generally associated with a poor prognosis when left untreated.3
Although intravenous thrombolysis with tPA remains part of the criterion standard treatment,4 tandem occlusions respond poorly to intravenous thrombolysis alone,5 likely due to the poor responsiveness of large thrombi to enzymatic digestion. Because intracranial vessel recanalization is the most powerful predictor of favorable clinical outcome,6 endovascular therapy is the standard of care for tandem occlusions.7 However, the most appropriate interventional strategy to manage the extracranial carotid disease remains controversial.2,7-11
Systematic reviews12 and post hoc analyses13 reported similar clinical outcomes at 3-month follow-up in patients with acute ischemic stroke and tandem occlusions treated with carotid stent placement or angioplasty. Conversely, a recent meta-analysis,14 a prospective nonrandomized trial,15 and the international multicenter Thrombectomy in TANdem Occlusion (TITAN) and Systematic Evaluation of Patients Treated with Stroke Devices for Acute Ischemic Stroke (STRATIS) Registry16-18 suggested better outcomes and higher recanalization rates for patients undergoing carotid stent placement.
The best antiplatelet/anticoagulant management to reduce the risk of postinterventional symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (sICH) and prevent stent re-occlusion in these patients remains a matter of ongoing debate. Because emergent carotid stent placement during acute ischemic stroke requires antithrombotic agents, this strategy may be less appealing due to the intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) risk, especially for patients already receiving intravenous thrombolysis.19 Moreover, as addressed by the TITAN investigators, the use of intraprocedural heparin in tandem occlusions failed to demonstrate better functional, angiographic, or safety outcomes.20 So far, little evidence exists to guide the medical therapy of tandem occlusions treated with carotid stent placement,21 and high-quality analyses and randomized controlled trials are needed.22
This study aimed to investigate the impact of medical therapy on functional and safety outcomes in patients treated with carotid stent placement and mechanical thrombectomy for tandem occlusions.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Study Design
We retrospectively evaluated all consecutive patients admitted with acute ischemic stroke between January 2018 and December 2019 in 5 Italian neurointerventional centers.
We included in this study only patients treated with emergent carotid stent placement and mechanical thrombectomy for a tandem occlusion, defined as an extracranial ICA lesion (complete occlusion or ≥90% stenosis according to the NASCET1 criteria) and an ipsilateral proximal intracranial large-vessel occlusion (intracranial ICA, the M1 and/or M2 segment of the middle cerebral artery) confirmed at initial cerebral angiography. Eligibility for intravenous thrombolysis and endovascular treatment was evaluated at each center according to the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association guidelines.
Preprocedural, procedural, 24- to 48-hour postprocedural, discharge, and 3-month data were prospectively collected. No ethics committee approval was required for this retrospective observational study.
We evaluated the following variables: demographic characteristics (ie, age, sex), cardiovascular risk factors (ie, atrial fibrillation, arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia, smoking, previous cardio-cerebrovascular accidents), clinical and radiologic assessments (ie, mRS,23 NIHSS score,24 imaging characteristics [ie, ASPECTS]),25 stroke etiology according to the Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment (TOAST) classification,26 stroke side, hemorrhagic transformation, stent patency, procedural time, (ie, onset-to-groin time, onset-to-recanalization time), number of mechanical thrombectomy (MT) attempts, type of stent (single- or dual-layer), and medical therapy (ie, preprocedural medications, intra- and postprocedural anticoagulant/antiplatelet protocols).
Good clinical outcome was defined as mRS 0–2 at 3-month follow-up, and favorable clinical outcome, as mRS 0–3.
Imaging Evaluation
All CT scans were obtained with 64 slices using a helicoid acquisition (GE LightSpeed VCT 64; GE Healthcare). At each institution, 2 neurointerventional radiologists independently analyzed preprocedural CT scans. Any disagreement was resolved by consensus with a third neuroradiologist (ie, head of the department). The cervical ICA occlusion was included in the TOAST classification on DSA, according to clinical and angiographic imaging characteristics. Successful recanalization was defined as modified TICI 2b–3 on DSA.27
CT angiography was used to assess stent patency within 72 hours from treatment. Acute in-stent occlusion was defined as occlusion of the carotid stent within 72 hours after stent placement.
Symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (sICH) was defined as parenchymal hematoma type 1 or 2 using the European Cooperative Acute Stroke Study (ECASS) III grading, according to imaging at 24 hours, associated with an increase of at least 4 NIHSS points within 24 hours, or resulting in death.28
Emergent Carotid Stent Placement and MT
There were no technical restrictions to perform cervical ICA stent placement and intracerebral mechanical thrombectomy. Each center independently decided the stent type (ie, single-layer stent or dual-layer stent) and the mechanical thrombectomy technique (ie, aspiration and/or stent retriever) according to their experience.
Anticoagulation/Antiaggregation
For each patient, we assessed preprocedural, intraprocedural, and postprocedural medications, independently decided at each institution.
IV heparin sodium use was administered at the discretion of each center. The total amount of IV heparin was calculated on the basis of the speed of infusion, use of a bolus, and time from first infusion to the end of the procedure.
In patients already receiving antiplatelet medications, a single-antiplatelet therapy was defined as a regular dosage of aspirin (Bayer) (ie, up to 300 mg) or clopidogrel 75 mg. In patients without antiplatelet medication, a dose of 500 mg of intravenous lysine acetylsalicylate administered before deployment of carotid stent placement was considered a regular single dosage. Dual-antiplatelet therapy was defined as a treatment with combined medications (eg, aspirin with clopidogrel) or a double regular dose of a single drug (eg, lysine acetylsalicylate, 1000 mg).
Statistical Analysis
Continuous variables were reported as mean ± SD or median with range, and categoric variables, as number and percentage. Contingency analyses for categoric variables were performed using the exact χ2 test.
Group comparisons were performed with the ANOVA and univariate logistic regression analyses to identify factors influencing clinical outcomes, stent patency, successful revascularization, and sICH. A 2-sided P value < .05 indicated statistical significance. The multivariate analysis was performed using a general linear regression model (MANOVA), with a stepwise backward elimination procedure; a separate ANOVA was conducted for each dependent variable at an α level of .025. Analyses were performed using SPSS, Version 23.0 (IBM).
RESULTS
Study Population
Between January 2018 and December 2019, one thousand eighty patients admitted with acute ischemic stroke underwent mechanical thrombectomy; 214 patients (19.8%) presented with extracranial/intracranial tandem occlusions, of whom 95 patients (44.4%) received emergent carotid stent placement (flow chart in the Figure). The characteristics of the study population are presented in Table 1.
FIGURE.
Flow chart of the study population.
Table 1:
Overall characteristics of the study population
| Characteristics | |
|---|---|
| Patient characteristics | |
| Age (mean) (range) | 64.6 ± 12.6 (29–86) |
| Male sex (No./No.) (%) | 69/95 (72.6%) |
| Left-hemisphere stroke (No./No.) (%) | 56/95 (58.9%) |
| Baseline NIHSS (mean) (range) | 16.8 ± 5.5; 2–32 |
| Baseline ASPECTS (median) (range) | 8; 2–10 |
| Tobacco (No./No.) (%) | 35/95 (36.8%) |
| Diabetes mellitus (No./No.) (%) | 7/95 (7.4%) |
| Dyslipidemia (No./No.) (%) | 16/95 (16.8%) |
| Atrial fibrillation at admission (No./No.) (%) | 10/95 (10.5%) |
| Prestroke antiplatelet therapy (No./No.) (%) | 21/95 (22.1%) |
| Procedural and postprocedural characteristics | |
| Onset-to-groin time (mean) (range) | 284.5 ± 156.4; 70–980 min |
| Onset-to-recanalization (mean) (range) | 376.7 ± 168.3; 110–1075 min |
| Procedural time (mean) (range) | 90.6 ± 58.2; 9–315 min |
| No. of MT attempts (mean) (range) | 2.57 ± 1.7; 1–10 |
| Successful recanalization mTICI ≥2b (No./No.) (%) | 58/95 (61.1%) |
| Intravenous thrombolysis (No./No.) (%) | 45/95 (47.4%) |
| Single-layer carotid stent (No./No.) (%) | 87/95 (91.6%) |
| Dual-layer carotid stent (No./No.) (%) | 8/95 (8.4%) |
| Intraprocedural heparin (No./No.) (%) | 40/95 (42.1%) |
| Intraprocedural single-antiplatelet therapy (No./No.) (%) | 46/79 (58.2%) |
| Intraprocedural dual-antiplatelet therapy (No./No.) (%) | 10/43 (23.3%) |
| Postprocedural single-antiplatelet therapy (No./No.) (%) | 25/54 (46.3%) |
| Postprocedural dual-antiplatelet therapy (No./No.) (%) | 30/60 (50%) |
| Symptomatic ICH | 26/94 (27.7%) |
Note:—mTICI indicates modified TICI.
Fifty-six patients (58.9%) presented with a left-hemispheric stroke. Median baseline ASPECTS was 8, and the NIHSS score was 16.8. Forty-five patients (47.4%) were treated with mechanical thrombectomy plus intravenous thrombolysis. The mean onset-to-groin time was 284.5 ± 156.4 minutes, the mean onset-to-recanalization time was 376.7 ± 168.3 minutes, and the mean procedural time was 90.6 ± 58.2 minutes.
Clinical and Angiographic Outcomes
A successful intracranial recanalization (modified TICI 2b–3) was achieved in 58 of 95 patients (61.1%): TICI 3 in 31 (32.6%), TICI 2c in 5 (5.3%), and TICI 2b in 22 (23.2%). The rate of unsuccessful recanalization was 38.9%: TICI 2a in 28 patients (29.5%), TICI 1 in 3 (3.2%), and TICI 0 in 6.3%.
The rate of postprocedural sICH was 27.7%. Parenchymal hematoma type 1 occurred in 12 (12.7%) patients, and parenchymal hematoma type 2, in 14 (14.9%) patients. Clinical follow-up at 3 months from stroke was available in 84 patients: Thirty-three (39.3%) were functionally independent (mRS 0–2), and 47 (56%) achieved a favorable outcome (mRS 0–3).
Management of Tandem Lesions
Emergent carotid artery stent placement was performed in all patients. In 87 patients, a single-layer carotid stent was used, and 8 patients were treated with a dual-layer carotid stent.
Factors Influencing Clinical Outcomes: ANOVA, Univariate, and Multivariate Analyses
The subgroup comparison of patients with functional independence (mRS 0–2) and dependence at 3-month follow-up is presented in On-line Table 1. Patients with good clinical outcome were younger (mean age, 61.4 versus 65.9 years), presented with shorter onset-to-recanalization time (median, 317.5 versus 360 minutes), had a higher rate of successful intracerebral recanalization (modified TICI ≥ 2b: 75.8% versus 52.9%), were more commonly prescribed postprocedural dual-antiplatelet therapy (67.9% versus 25.9%), and showed lower rates of sICH (9.1% versus 42%). All other cofactors were not statistically different between groups. The univariate logistic regression analysis is presented in On-line Table 2.
Factors associated with a good clinical outcome were higher baseline ASPECTS (OR = 1.53; 95% CI , 1.16–2; P = .002), lower rates of sICH (OR = 0.13; 95% CI, 0.37–0.51; P = .001), and ≤2 MT attempts (OR = 0.71; 95% CI, 0.55–0.99; P = .04). Moreover, those patients receiving dual-antiplatelet therapy after hemorrhagic transformation had been ruled out on 24-hour CT had higher chances of functional independence at 3-month follow-up (OR = 6.03; 95% CI, 1.87–19.44; P = .003).
All other intraprocedural or postprocedural anticoagulant/antiplatelet protocols were not associated with good clinical outcome.
The multivariate general linear analysis (MANOVA) reported a relevant difference between patients with and without good clinical outcome when considered jointly on the variables of baseline ASPECTS, sICH, postprocedural dual-antiplatelet therapy, and number of MT attempts.
There was a significant difference between patients with and without good clinical outcome on baseline ASPECTS, F (1–53) = 8.57, P = .001, partial η2 = 0.14, with functionally independent patients having higher mean ASPECTS on baseline CT (8.4 ± 0.4; 95% CI , 7.9–9.2) versus dependent patients (6.9 ± 0.4; 95% CI, 6–7.7).
The multivariate analysis confirmed the association with sICH (negative correlation; P = .005) and postprocedural dual-antiplatelet therapy (positive correlation; P = .003). Moreover, mean mechanical thrombectomy attempts of 1.9 ± 0.3 (95% CI, 1.3–2.5; P = .004) were associated with good clinical outcome versus dependent patients undergoing 3.2 ± 0.3 (95% CI, 2.6–3.9) attempts to recanalize the intracerebral occlusion.
Factors Influencing Successful Recanalization and Stent Patency: ANOVA and Univariate Analysis
The subgroup comparison of patients with successful and unsuccessful intracerebral recanalization is presented in On-line Table 1.
The intracerebral large-vessel occlusion was more often successfully recanalized in patients presenting with left-hemispheric stroke (69% versus 43.2%), higher baseline ASPECTS (median, 8 versus 7), and faster onset-to-groin time (median, 236 versus 275 minutes). Moreover, a trend toward successful recanalization (P = .052) was observed for patients receiving intraprocedural heparin. The univariate logistic regression analysis is presented in On-line Table 2.
The only factors associated with a successful recanalization were a left-hemispheric stroke (OR = 2.91; 95% CI, 1.23–6.86; P = .01) and ≤2 mechanical thrombectomy attempts (OR = 0.69; 95% CI, 0.51–0.93; P = .01).
The comparison of the available data on stent patency within 72 hours reported a higher rate of acute in-stent occlusion for dual-layer stent compared with single-layer stent (4/5 patients versus 10/59 patients; 80% versus 16.9%; P < .001). A similar result was obtained by univariate logistic regression analysis (On-line Table 2) for dual-layer stent patency (OR = 0.05; 95% CI, 0.005–0.50; P = .007).
Factors Influencing Symptomatic Intracerebral Hemorrhage: ANOVA, Univariate, and Multivariate Analyses
The subgroup comparison of patients with and without sICH is presented in On-line Table 1. The only factor associated with sICH was a lower baseline ASPECTS (median, 6.5 versus 8) confirmed by univariate logistic regression analysis (On-line Table 2; P = .009). Moreover, those patients receiving dual-antiplatelet therapy after hemorrhagic transformation had been ruled out on 24-hour CT had less chance of sICH (OR = 2.4; 95% CI, 1–5.8; P = .02).
The multivariate general linear analysis (MANOVA) reported a significant difference between patients with and without symptomatic ICH when considered jointly on the variables baseline ASPECTS, intraprocedural heparin, and number of mechanical thrombectomy attempts, the Wilk Λ = 0.8, F (3.80) = 6.03, P = .001, partial η2 = 0.18.
There was a significant difference between patients with and without symptomatic ICH on baseline ASPECTS, F (1–84) = 12.17, P = .001, partial η2 = 0.13, with patients with sICH having lower ASPECTS on baseline CT (mean = 6.6 ± 0.4; 95% CI , 5.8–7.4) compared with patients without sICH (8.3 ± 0.2; 95% CI , 7.8–8.7).
There was a significant difference between patients with and without sICH in intraprocedural heparin administration, F (1–84) = 6.4, P = .01, partial η2 = 0.07, with patients with sICH in patients receiving higher amounts of heparin (mean = 3547 ± 588 IU; 95% CI, 2377–4718 IU) compared with patients without sICH (1817 ± 339 IU ; 95% CI = 1141–2493 IU).
There was a significant difference between patients with and without symptomatic ICH in the number of mechanical thrombectomy attempts, F (1–84) = 32.14, P = .002, partial η2 = 0.1, with sICH in patients treated with a higher number of passes (mean, 3.3 ± 0.3; 95% CI, 2.6–4.1) compared with those without sICH (1.9 ± 0.2; 95% CI , 1.5–2.4).
DISCUSSION
In this study, we assessed functional outcome and complications in patients with acute ischemic stroke and tandem occlusions treated with emergent carotid stent placement and mechanical thrombectomy. We focused our multicenter retrospective analysis on this specific subgroup of patients with special regard for medical management to respond to the demanding questions raised after the recently reported higher successful recanalization rates and better clinical outcome in tandem occlusions managed with carotid stent placement.13-16
We found that a large ischemic core at the initial CT scan (ASPECTS ≤ 7), >2 mechanical thrombectomy attempts, and ≥3000 IU of intraprocedural heparin were significant predictors of sICH (Table 2). Functional independence was related to a small ischemic core (ASPECTS ≥ 8) and with the first-passages effect (ie, successful recanalization obtained with ≤2 mechanical thrombectomy attempts) (Table 2). Moreover, both single- and dual-antiplatelet therapy seem safe in emergent carotid stent placement, even if patients receive intravenous thrombolysis. Despite these results differing from those reported by van de Graaf et al,20 they are in accordance with the most recent data from the TITAN registry.29
Table 2:
Multivariate analysis of factors influencing symptomatic ICH and functional independence
| Factors | Mean | 95% CI | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Influencing symptomatic ICH | |||
| Intraprocedural heparin ≥3000 IU | 3547 ± 588 IU | 2377–4718 | .01 |
| ASPECTS ≤7 | 6.6 ± 0.4 | 5.8–7.4 | .001 |
| MT attempts ≥3 | 3.3 ± 0.3 | 2.6–4.1 | .002 |
| Influencing functional independence (mRS ≤2) | |||
| ASPECTS ≥8 | 8.4 ± 0.4 | 7.9–9.2 | .001 |
| MT attempts ≤2 | 1.9 ± 0.3 | 1.3–2.5 | .004 |
Furthermore, patients receiving dual-antiplatelet therapy after ICH had been ruled out on postprocedural CT had higher chances of functional independence at 3 months from stroke, confirming the safety profile of antiplatelet therapy. This finding is in line with the study by Zhu et al,29 which reported a lower 90-day mortality rate in the antiplatelet therapy group.
Regarding anticoagulation, the intraprocedural heparin dosage influenced the development of sICH. While we did not observe an increased risk of ICH (ie, hemorrhagic infarction or parenchymatous hematoma30) within 24 hours from treatment in patients receiving low-dose intraprocedural heparin (ie, <3000 IU), consistent with previous reports,20,31,32 low-dose heparin was not related to higher reperfusion rates.27 On the contrary, a higher dose of intraprocedural heparin (ie, ≥3000 IU) was associated with sICH without improvement in the rate of successful recanalization or stent patency.
Heparin is commonly used to reduce the risk of re-occlusion and distal embolization during endovascular treatment,33 and post hoc analyses from the Thrombectomy REvascularization of Large Vessel Occlusions in Acute Ischemic Stroke (TREVO 2) and Mechanical Embolus Removal in Cerebral Ischemia (MERCI) trials showed its utility in obtaining good functional outcome without increasing the risk of hemorrhagic complications.31,34 However, the most recent results from large multicenter registries did not find differences between patients with and without heparin treatment in terms of good outcome35 or successful revascularization rates.28,29,36
In our series, the overall sICH risk seems higher compared with the TITAN registry.29,37,38 The explanation of this discrepancy may reside in differences among the study populations. In our analysis, we included only patients who underwent emergent carotid stent placement. Thus, most of the included patients received a mixture of antiplatelet therapy, intravenous thrombolysis, and heterogeneous doses of intraprocedural heparin; in contrast, in the TITAN registry, the analysis of the effect of anticoagulants was based only on patients who received a low dose of heparin.
This multicenter analysis has some limitations. First, the observational and nonrandomized design is subject to methodologic biases inherent in this form of study. Second, although only experienced neuroradiologists assessed data at each institution, we did not confirm our findings using a core lab assessment of brain imaging. Third, despite the effort to establish a comprehensive multicenter registry, there may be a concerning risk of bias due to patients lost to follow-up and missing data in the retrospective dataset. In our study, dual-layer stents represented an independent factor related to in-stent thrombosis, as previously reported by Yilmaz et al;39 however, the small group of 8 with dual-layer stents did not allow running a powerful subgroup analysis comparing single- and dual-antiplatelet therapy in dual-layer stents.
Finally, the medical treatment strategy was left to the interventionist’s discretion with heterogeneous drug dosages and administration times.
CONCLUSIONS
In the literature, there are few data to guide management of tandem occlusions in patients with acute ischemic stroke, and optimal antithrombotic therapy remains to be assessed for patients treated with emergent carotid artery stent placement. In our analysis, regular doses of intraprocedural heparin (≥3000 IU) were associated with sICH, antiplatelets were safe, and dual-antiaggregation therapy was related to better functional outcomes. The current findings may inform clinical practice and provide support for a prospective randomized controlled trial aimed at assessing endovascular treatment of patients with tandem occlusions.
Supplementary Material
ABBREVIATIONS:
- AIS
acute ischemic stroke
- ICH
intracranial hemorrhage
- MT
mechanical thrombectomy
- sICH
symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage
- TO
tandem occlusion
Footnotes
V.D. Ros and J. Scaggiante contributed equally to the article.
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