Dear Editor,
The Covid-19 pandemic has major implications for blood transfusion. Because SARS-CoV-2 is a new virus, its potential for transfusion transmission, including by an asymptomatic or presymptomatic donor, is uncertain [1]. The risk for transmitting other coronaviruses including SARS-CoV by transfusion is currently considered low [1, 2]. SARS-CoV-2 RNA has been detected in the bloodstream of infected individuals [3, 4], but it is unknown whether this may translate to transmissibility. Data relating to the number of blood donors with presymptomatic infection when donating are limited [5], and therefore, an effort to collect data is important to determine whether transfusions carry a risk of transmission. We report the transfusion of blood and platelets from a presymptomatic donor.
The donor was a 48-year-old man who donated blood on August 12, 2020, at the Hippokration Blood Institute in Thessaloniki. At the time of donation, he had no symptoms of an infectious illness. According to the current blood-donation practice, he underwent screening for symptoms and elevated temperature before entering facilities and donation site. Donor blood was separated into red cells, platelets, and plasma. The red-blood-cell unit was transfused in Thessaloniki on August 14 and the platelet unit was transfused in Alexandroupolis on August 17, with no adverse reactions.
Patient 1, who received the red-cell transfusion, was an 86-year-old woman admitted to the hospital because of anemia. Patient 2, who received the platelet unit, was a 61-year-old man who had been diagnosed with myelodysplastic syndrome in February 2017. He achieved complete remission with azacitidine but disease relapsed and underwent unrelated-donor hematopoietic-cell transplantation in October 2018. He again relapsed in July 2019, and at the time of transfusion, he was treated with azacitidine and glasdegib.
On August 20, the Hippokration Blood Institute was notified about a positive nasopharyngeal SARS-CoV-2 test in the donor. The donor was evaluated on August 20. During this evaluation, he reported that he had become ill with fever and headache on August 14. No family members or close contacts had been ill. Nasopharyngeal swab testing in both patients was negative on August 21. According to the Hellenic National Public Health Organization, each patient was followed-up for 4 weeks, during which they did not develop signs or symptoms of Covid-19. A second nasopharyngeal test in patient 2 7 days later was also negative. Testing for anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody at week 4 was negative. The donor recovered at home, with supportive care and isolation.
SARS-CoV-2 RNAemia has been detected in 15% of hospitalized patients with Covid-19 [6]. According to WHO interim guidance [7], hemovigilance systems should be established to monitor any potential cases of SARS-CoV-2 transfusion transmission. Donor screening is crucial for reducing the risk of virus transmission during the pandemic [5]. The European Center for Disease Prevention and Control suggests a 21-day precautionary deferral from blood donation after any possible exposure to SARS-CoV-2 [2]. Moreover, collection of post-donation information is of critical importance in determining whether blood and platelet transfusions from presymptomatic donors carry a risk of transmission. We suggest that specific post-donation information protocols should be established to monitor SARS-CoV-2 in donors. Donors should be encouraged to promptly report any illness in the days after donation and asked to report any contact with a confirmed case prior to donation. This concern, also important for safety of staff and other donors, has been highlighted in the present report.
As Covid-19 continues to explode, sharing experience and information is necessary to address emerging problems in the transfusion chain, from donor to recipient. Our findings and previous reports [8, 9] support the conclusion that transfusion from presymptomatic donors did not result in transmission, even in severely immunocompromised patients.
Author contribution
All authors have contributed to the writing of the manuscript. All authors agree to the submission of this manuscript to Annals of Hematology.
Compliance with ethical standards
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
Ethical approval
This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.
Informed consent
Informed consent was obtained from the donor and the patients.
Footnotes
This manuscript contains original material that has not been reported or published elsewhere or submitted previously to another journal.
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