Abstract
Objetivo
Investigar si la carrera a pie influye sobre el hábito tabáquico.
Diseño
Estudio de casos y controles, con emparejamiento 1:1. Observación longitudinal retrospectiva.
Emplazamiento
Atención primaria. Ciudad de Toledo.
Participantes
Casos: 48 corredores voluntarios sanos de 47 ± 7,8 años de edad. Controles: 48 sujetos sanos, emparejados por sexo y año de nacimiento, elegidos al azar entre la población adscrita al medico investigador.
Mediciones principales
Hábito tabáquico y gramos semanales de alcohol mediante cuestionario, peso, talla, presión arterial y frecuencia cardíaca de reposo. Se obtuvieron las odds ratio (OR) de las proporciones de sujetos que fumaban o habían fumado alguna vez, de los que seguían fumando y de las probabilidades de abandono del tabaco de cada grupo.
Resultados
La OR de la proporción de sujetos que fumaban o habían fumado entre los grupos de corredores (54,2%) y controles (70,9%) era de 0,486 (intervalo de confianza [IC] del 95%, 0,205-1,149; χ2 = 2,8; p = 0,093). La OR para continuación del hábito entre los grupos de corredores (8,4%) y controles (41,7%) era de 0,127 (IC del 95%, 0,035-0,456; χ2 = 14,0; p = 0,0002). En el grupo de corredores había abandonado el tabaco el 45,8% y en el de controles, el 31,2% (OR = 7,85; IC del 95%, 1,89-32,52; χ2 = 11,8; p = 0,0007). El 50% de los corredores que fumaban lo había dejado desde que comenzó a correr y el 76,9% de éstos lo había dejado justo en el momento de comenzar a correr.
Conclusiones
Hay una asociación negativa entre carrera a pie y tabaco. Si un fumador decide comenzar a correr regularmente, tiene muchas probabilidades de dejar de fumar y mantenerse así.
Palabras clave: Carrera a pie, Tabaco, Estudio casos-controles
Keywords: Running, Tobacco, Case-control study
Abstract
Objective
To investigate whether running influences smoking habits.
Design
Study of cases and controls, with 1:1 pairing. Retrospective longitudinal observational study.
Setting
Primary care City of Toledo, Spain.
Participants
Cases: 48 healthy volunteer runners of 47±7.8 years of age. Controls: 48 healthy subjects, paired by gender and year of birth, chosen at random from the medical list assigned to the medical researcher.
Principal measurements
Smoking habits and alcohol consumption in grams per week using a questionnaire, weight, height, blood pressure, and heart rate at rest. The odds ratio (OR) was obtained on the proportion of subjects who smoked or smoked at some time, those who continued smoking and the probabilities of giving up tobacco in each group.
Results
The OR of the proportion of subjects who smoked or had smoked between the groups of runners (54.2%) and controls (70.9%) was 0.486 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.205-1.149; χ2=2.8; P=.093). The OR for continuing the habit between groups of runners (8.4%) and controls (41.7%) was 0.127 (95% CI, 0.035-0.456; χ2=14.0; P=.0002). In the group of runners, 45.8% had stopped smoking, as well as 31.2% of the controls (OR=7.85; 95% CI, 1.89-32.52; χ2=11.8; P=.0007); 50% of the runners who smoked had given it up since starting to run and 76.9% of these had given it up just at the time of starting to run.
Conclusions
There is a negative association between running and tobacco. If a smoker decides to run regularly he/she has high probabilities of giving up smoking and continue to do so.
Bibliografía
- 1.Marti B., Abelin T., Minder C.E., Vader J.P. Smoking, alcohol consumption, and endurance capacity: an analysis of 6,500 19-yearold conscripts and 4,100 joggers. Prev Med. 1988;17:79–92. doi: 10.1016/0091-7435(88)90074-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 2.Symons J.D., Stebbins C.L. Hemodynamic and regional blood flow responses to nicotine at rest and during exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1996;28:457–467. doi: 10.1097/00005768-199604000-00010. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 3.Song E.Y., Lim C.L., Lim M.K. A comparison of maximum oxygen consumption, aerobic performance, and endurance in young and active male smokers and nonsmokers. Mil Med. 1998;163:770–774. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 4.Marti B. Benefits and risks of running among women: an epidemiologic study. Int J Sports Med. 1988;9:92–98. doi: 10.1055/s-2007-1024985. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 5.Koplan J.P., Powell K.E., Sikes R.K., Shirley R.W., Campbell C.C. An epidemiologic study of the benefits and risks of running. JAMA. 1982;248:3118–3121. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 6.Ussher M., West R., McEwen A., Taylor A., Steptoe A. Efficacy of exercise counselling as an aid for smoking cessation: a randomized controlled trial. Addiction. 2003;98:523–532. doi: 10.1046/j.1360-0443.2003.00346.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 7.Marcus B.H., Albrecht A.E., King T.K., Parisi A.F., Pinto B.M., Roberts M. The efficacy of exercise as an aid for smoking cessation in women: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Intern Med. 1999;159:1169–1171. doi: 10.1001/archinte.159.11.1229. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 8.Albrecht A.E., Marcus B.H., Roberts M., Forman D.E., Parisi A.F. Effect of smoking cessation on exercise performance in female smokers participating in exercise training. Am J Cardiol. 1998;82:950–955. doi: 10.1016/s0002-9149(98)00511-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 9.Price T.B., Krishnan-Sarin S., Rothman D.L. Smoking impairs muscle recovery from exercise. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2003;285:E116–E122. doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.00543.2002. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 10.Gorecka D., Czernicka-Cierpisz E. Effects of smoking tobacco on exercise tolerance in healthy subjects. Pneumonol Alergol Pol. 1995;63:632–638. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 11.Hirsch G.L., Sue D.Y., Wasserman K., Robinson T.E., Hansen J.E. Immediate effects of cigarette smoking on cardiorespiratory responses to exercise. J Appl Physiol. 1985;58:1975–1981. doi: 10.1152/jappl.1985.58.6.1975. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 12.Nishi N., Jenicek M., Tatara K. A meta-analytic review of the effect of exercise on smoking cessation. J Epidemiol. 1998;8:79–84. doi: 10.2188/jea.8.79. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]