We read with great interest the paper by Bhatt et al. (1) comparing acute cardiovascular hospitalizations in 2019 and 2020, reporting a decline in the total number of hospitalizations and a significantly longer median length of stay (LOS) in patients admitted during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.
These data have prompted us to conduct a retrospective analysis to evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the management of patients presenting with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) during the first month of the Italian lockdown. Clinical outcome in this class of patients is influenced by time delay to treatment. We have analyzed all the components of the ischemic time (patient delay + system delay) to assess in-hospital outcomes (major adverse cardiovascular events) (Table 1 ).
Table 1.
Comparison of COVID-Negative Patients Presenting With ACS in 2019 and 2020
| Admissions 2019 (n = 26) | Admissions 2020 (n = 22) | p Value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male | 32 (66.7) | 15 (57.7) | 17 (77.3) | 0.221 |
| Age, yrs | 71 ± 14 | 70.7 ± 15.9 | 72.6 ± 11.42 | 0.649 |
| Hypertension | 31 (64.6) | 20 (76.9) | 11 (50.0) | 0.072 |
| Diabetes | 12 (25) | 6 (23.1) | 6 (27.3) | 0.751 |
| Smoking | 11 (23) | 6 (23.1) | 5 (22.7) | 1.00 |
| Dyslipidemia | 18 (37.5) | 10 (38.5) | 8 (36.4) | 1.00 |
| Access by ambulance | 30 (62.5) | 12 (46.2) | 18 (81.8) | 0.017 |
| Pre-coronary time, h | 7 (3–12) | 7 (3.5–12.0) | 6 (3–12) | 0.786 |
| Symptoms onset to FMC, min | 241 (120–731) | 311 (188–649) | 216.5 (117.5–880.2) | 0.541 |
| ED arrival to diagnosis, min | 13.5 (8.0–37.5) | 9 (7–37) | 19 (11–41) | 0.087 |
| ED arrival to ED discharge, min | 33 (10–60) | 17 (7–46) | 40 (15.8–127.5) | 0.075 |
| ED discharge to cath-lab arrival, min | 39 (21–54) | 38 (18–54) | 41 (26.0–218.5) | 0.274 |
| Cath-lab arrival to wire crossing, min | 33 (26–40) | 31 (24–39) | 34 (27.8–43.8) | 0.291 |
| Symptoms onset to wire crossing, min | 495 (224–997) | 417 (245–820) | 525 (211.0–1,716.5) | 0.410 |
| ED admission to wire crossing, min | 105 (84–206) | 94 (84–136) | 196 (82–398) | 0.038∗ |
| Length of stay, days | 8 (6–13) | 7.5 (6–11) | 9.5 (6.0–14.3) | 0.395 |
| GRACE | 164 (140–188) | 173.5 (144.2; 192.5) | 160.2 (134–188) | 0.768 |
| In-hospital MACE | 7 (15.2) | 1 (3.8) | 6 (27.3) | 0.038∗ |
Values are n (%), mean ± SD, or median (interquartile range).
ACS = acute coronary syndromes; Cath-lab = catheterization laboratory; COVID = coronavirus disease; ED = emergency department; FMC = first medical contact; GRACE = Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events; MACE = major adverse cardiovascular events (including sustained ventricular arrhythmias, nonfatal stroke).
p < 0.05.
We confirm a mild decrease in the number of ST-segment elevation–acute coronary syndrome hospitalizations in 2020 compared with the same period in 2019. Notably, in patients negative for COVID-19, we were not able to detect a remarkable “patient delay,” but we observed a significant prolongation of the time from patient arrival at the percutaneous coronary intervention center to wire crossing, mainly due to the requirement of testing negativity for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection. These results were coupled with a significant increase of in-hospital major adverse cardiovascular events but not of LOS, pointing to the occurrence of early complications.
It is key to note that implementing STEMI chain of survival with adjunctive measures required by the COVID-19 pandemic may negatively affect the management of patients presenting with acute cardiovascular conditions, and whose negativity cannot be ensured, as recently reported also by Wilson et al. (2).
Elongation of total ischemic time might be appropriate for risk-benefit clinical evaluation in patients with COVID-19. Conversely, delayed reperfusion in patients without COVID-19 is not justified and does not provide clinical advantage in risk stratification. In addition, although patient delay could be shortened by improving patients’ awareness and by overcoming the fear of entering hospitals, system delay has to be readily modifiable by organizational measures.
As this pandemic has offered the framework to focus on missing clinical priorities, data from Bhatt et al. (1), along with our report, confirm that ensuring a timely treatment of acute coronary syndromes makes no exception.
Footnotes
The authors have reported that they have no relationships relevant to the contents of this paper to disclose. Bojan Cercek, MD, PhD, served as Guest Associate Editor for this paper. P.K. Shah, MD, served as Guest Editor-in-Chief for this paper.
The authors attest they are in compliance with human studies committees and animal welfare regulations of the authors’ institutions and Food and Drug Administration guidelines, including patient consent where appropriate. For more information, visit the JACCauthor instructions page.
References
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