In addition to the unprecedented high death toll and the devastating economic impact, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic has also caused great disruption to nearly 200,000 dental providers in the United States (Eklund & Bailit, 2017; Munson & Vujicic, 2018). The coronavirus (SARS‐CoV‐2) is present in respiratory secretions and saliva of infected patients and is spread through respiratory large droplets (Bahl et al., 2020; Tay et al., 2020; Xu et al., 2020). Because of aerosol‐generating procedures in oral healthcare settings and close person‐to‐person contact, dental providers, auxiliaries and their patients are at high risk of infection ("The New York Times (New York) March, 2020"). Due to these concerns, all routine dental services were suspended for more than two months (American Dental Association, 2020).
Telehealth offers providers the opportunity to provide continuity of care, triage patient's concerns and relieve patient's anxiety regarding oral/mucosal issues. Patient care can be delivered in a timely and safe manner allowing for evaluation of oral mucosal disorders, and to address pain, some forms of minor bleeding, swelling and other postoperative complications that may not necessarily require a face‐to‐face consultation thus reducing the risk of potential exposure to COVID‐19. In response to the recent COVID‐19 pandemic, several oral medicine practices in North America established tele(oral)medicine services to provide virtual patient care and continuity of clinical education for dental and oral medicine trainees (Villa et al., 2020). Telemedicine has been widely adopted by the medical profession for more than four years (Bashshur & Armstrong, 1976; Conrath et al., 1977; Muller et al., 1977) and has been well received by both patients and providers (Hollander & Sites, 2020). Telehealth visits in the medical field have increased rapidly since the recent COVID‐19 outbreak began, yet telehealth in the oral medicine/dental community has not to our knowledge been widely utilized.
The aim of this multicenter cross‐sectional study was to assess patient and provider's satisfaction, experiences, acceptance and engagement in using tele(oral)medicine during the COVID‐19 pandemic with the hope to provide helpful information to other colleagues who are looking to implement future tele(oral)medicine programs.
This study was conducted at three oral medicine centers in the United States that started tele(oral)medicine since the beginning of the COVID‐19 pandemic. Patients and oral medicine providers were invited to complete an anonymous survey at the end of each video visit. The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Tufts University, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), and University of North Carolina (UNC), Chapel Hill.
A modified version of a previously validated survey was administered to providers that transitioned in‐person visits to tele(oral)medicine visits (Glaser et al., 2010). Briefly, the survey queried on overall satisfaction with the video visit, comfort level with the video technology (quality of the video and sound) and willingness to use telemedicine in the future. Patients who underwent video appointments via Zoom (Zoom Video Communications, Inc.) and or WebEx answered survey questions via Qualtrics (UCSF and UNC) or on paper (Tufts) at the end of each encounter. Patient experience was measured in multiple items. Sociodemographic characteristics including gender, age, and type of insurance were collected as well.
A total of 100 patients (23.5%; 100/425) responded to the survey from April 1st to July 30, 2020 (Table 1). The majority of patients were females (73.9%), White (76.6%), with a median age of 61 years (23–81) and a household's annual income >$ 100,000 in 53.7% of cases. Most patients (41.9%) had Medicare coverage; 25.8% patients had medical insurance and 21.0% had private dental insurance. Forty‐two patients (48.3%) would have travelled >60 miles to see the oral medicine specialist if tele(oral)medicine was not an option. The most common device used for the video consult was a laptop (51.7%) followed by smartphone (20.9%), desktop (15.4%), and tablet (12.1%; Table 2).
Table 1.
Patients' characteristics (N = 100)*
| N* | % | |
|---|---|---|
| Site | ||
| UCSF | 55 | 55.0% |
| UNC | 10 | 10.0% |
| Tufts | 35 | 35.0% |
| Gender | ||
| Female | 48 | 73.9% |
| Male | 17 | 26.2% |
| Median age (range) | 61 (23–81) | |
| Race | ||
| Black or African American | 4 | 6.3% |
| Other | 5 | 7.8% |
| Asian | 6 | 9.4% |
| White | 49 | 76.6% |
| Education | ||
| Less than high school | 1 | 1.5% |
| High school graduate | 4 | 6.2% |
| Some college/professional degree | 14 | 21.5% |
| Graduate school | 18 | 27.7% |
| College degree | 28 | 43.1% |
| Household's annual income | ||
| Less than $10,000 | 2 | 3.7% |
| $10,000–$19,999 | 1 | 1.9% |
| $20,000–$39,999 | 6 | 11.1% |
| $40,000–$59,999 | 4 | 7.4% |
| $60,000–$79,999 | 7 | 13.0% |
| $80,000–$99,999 | 5 | 9.3% |
| $100,000–$149,999 | 11 | 20.4% |
| More than $150,000 | 18 | 33.3% |
| Insurance type | ||
| Medicaid | 1 | 1.6% |
| Other | 6 | 9.7% |
| Dental | 13 | 21.0% |
| Medical | 16 | 25.8% |
| Medicare | 26 | 41.9% |
| How many miles would you have travelled if you did not use telehealth today? | ||
| 0–5 | 11 | 12.6% |
| 6–14 | 1 | 1.2% |
| 15–30 | 18 | 20.7% |
| 31–60 | 15 | 17.2% |
| >60 | 42 | 48.3% |
N*: Numbers do not add up to 100 due to some missing responses.
Table 2.
Patients' survey for tele(oral)medicine visits (N = 100)
| N* | % | |
|---|---|---|
| What device did you use for the interview? | ||
| Tablet | 11 | 12.1% |
| Desktop | 14 | 15.4% |
| Smartphone | 19 | 20.9% |
| Laptop | 47 | 51.7% |
| I was able to communicate adequately with the specialist | ||
| Neutral | 1 | 1.0% |
| Somewhat disagree | 1 | 1.0% |
| Somewhat agree | 6 | 6.1% |
| Strongly agree | 90 | 91.8% |
| The specialist was able to understand what was bothering me today | ||
| Strongly agree | 90 | 92.8% |
| Somewhat agree | 6 | 6.2% |
| Strongly disagree | 1 | 1.0% |
| The oral exam was embarrassing to me because it was done on a video and not in person | ||
| Somewhat agree | 5 | 5.3% |
| Strongly agree | 9 | 9.6% |
| Neutral | 13 | 13.8% |
| Somewhat disagree | 23 | 24.5% |
| Strongly disagree | 44 | 46.8% |
| I had difficulty hearing the specialist over the telemedicine system | ||
| No | 61 | 93.9% |
| Yes | 4 | 6.2% |
| I had difficulty seeing the specialist over the telemedicine system | ||
| No | 63 | 98.4% |
| Yes | 1 | 1.6% |
| Telemedicine made it easier to get oral/medical care today | ||
| Strongly disagree | 1 | 1.0% |
| Somewhat disagree | 4 | 4.1% |
| Neutral | 8 | 8.3% |
| Somewhat agree | 17 | 17.5% |
| Strongly agree | 67 | 69.1% |
| I would have gotten better care if I had seen the specialist in person | ||
| Strongly agree | 5 | 7.7% |
| Somewhat disagree | 8 | 12.3% |
| Somewhat agree | 14 | 21.5% |
| Neutral | 16 | 24.6% |
| Strongly disagree | 22 | 33.9% |
| Overall, I was very satisfied with today's telemedicine session | ||
| Neutral | 1 | 1.0% |
| Strongly disagree | 1 | 1.0% |
| Somewhat agree | 13 | 13.3% |
| Strongly agree | 83 | 84.7% |
| The next time I would prefer to see the specialist in person despite the possible inconvenience | ||
| Somewhat disagree | 7 | 10.8% |
| Strongly agree | 7 | 10.8% |
| Strongly disagree | 9 | 13.9% |
| Somewhat agree | 15 | 23.1% |
| Neutral | 27 | 41.5% |
N*: In some cases, numbers may not add up to 100 due to some missing responses.
Most patients felt they were able to communicate well with the specialist via video (91.8%) and that the specialist was able to understand their main oral related problem (92.8%). Almost two thirds of patients thought tele(oral)medicine made it easier to get their care and 84.7% were very satisfied with the telehealth session. A small percentage of patients thought they would have gotten better care if they had seen the specialist in person (“strongly agree”: 7.7%).
Nine oral medicine specialists responded to the survey for a total of 108 visits. Full details and responses are reported in Table 3. Providers thought that tele(oral)medicine improved patient access to oral medicine services in 82.3% of cases and “agreed” or “completely agreed” that telehealth was an adequate replacement for their patients in 49.4% of the visits. Providers were “somewhat satisfied” or “very satisfied” with the tele(oral)medicine outcome in 31.7% and 37.6% of the cases, respectively. Thirty percent of the patients required a biopsy after the video consultation.
Table 3.
Providers' survey for tele(oral)medicine visits (N = 108)
| N* | % | |
|---|---|---|
| The Telehealth visit from today improved patient access to oral medicine services | ||
| Somewhat agree | 7 | 7.30% |
| Neutral | 10 | 10.40% |
| Agree | 15 | 15.60% |
| Completely agree | 64 | 66.70% |
| The telehealth system was a convenient way for my patient to access oral medicine services | ||
| Somewhat agree | 10 | 9.50% |
| Neutral | 12 | 11.40% |
| Agree | 16 | 15.20% |
| Strongly agree | 23 | 21.90% |
| Completely agree | 44 | 41.90% |
| I think the telehealth visit was an adequate replacement for this specific patient | ||
| Completely disagree | 4 | 3.8% |
| Somewhat disagree | 6 | 5.7% |
| Disagree | 14 | 13.3% |
| Neutral | 16 | 15.2% |
| Somewhat agree | 10 | 9.5% |
| Agree | 20 | 19.1% |
| Completely agree | 35 | 33.3% |
| Based on your perception about today's telemedicine visit, how satisfied are you with today's telemedicine outcome? | ||
| Very dissatisfied | 2 | 2.0% |
| Somewhat dissatisfied | 11 | 10.9% |
| Neutral | 18 | 17.8% |
| Somewhat satisfied | 32 | 31.7% |
| Very satisfied | 38 | 37.6% |
| The oral examination was easy to perform | ||
| Completely disagree | 5 | 5.0% |
| Somewhat disagree | 8 | 8.0% |
| Disagree | 29 | 29.0% |
| Neutral | 26 | 26.0% |
| Somewhat agree | 3 | 3.0% |
| Agree | 16 | 16.0% |
| Completely agree | 13 | 13.0% |
| I had difficulty hearing the patient over the telemedicine system | ||
| Completely disagree | 30 | 43.5% |
| Disagree | 25 | 36.2% |
| Neutral | 4 | 5.8% |
| Agree | 8 | 11.6% |
| Completely agree | 2 | 2.9% |
| I felt the resolution of the video during the intra‐oral examination was sufficient | ||
| Completely disagree | 4 | 5.80% |
| Disagree | 16 | 23.2% |
| Neutral | 11 | 15.9% |
| Agree | 20 | 29.0% |
| Completely agree | 18 | 26.1% |
| I felt the patient medical/dental history and other information collected were sufficient | ||
| Disagree | 3 | 4.4% |
| Neutral | 3 | 4.4% |
| Agree | 22 | 31.9% |
| Completely agree | 41 | 59.4% |
| Did patient require a biopsy today? | ||
| No | 21 | 70.0% |
| Yes | 9 | 30.0% |
N*: In some cases, numbers may not add up to 108 due to missing responses.
The COVID‐19 pandemic caused great disruption to the dental community and is shaping how we will deliver care for the years to come. Our study showed that tele(oral)medicine was well received among patients and providers. As oral medicine practices gradually return to in‐person patient visits, telemedicine still remains a safe and effective option for patients with certain oral mucosal or pain disorders. Tele(oral)medicine has shown to be a convenient and effective healthcare delivery technology for those individuals that have limited access to care from oral medicine specialists.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
None to declare.
AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS
Alessandro Villa: Conceptualization; Data curation; Formal analysis; Investigation; Methodology; Project administration; Validation; Writing‐original draft. Vidya Sankar: Conceptualization; Writing‐review & editing. Ali Shazib: Methodology; Writing‐review & editing. Daniel Ramos: Investigation; Writing‐review & editing. Piri Veluppillai: Investigation; Writing‐review & editing. Ava Wu: Data curation; Writing‐review & editing. Caroline Helene Shiboski: Conceptualization; Investigation; Methodology; Writing‐review & editing.
PEER REVIEW
The peer review history for this article is available at https://publons.com/publon/10.1111/odi.13678.
Villa A, Sankar V, Shazib MA, et al. Patient and providers' satisfaction with tele(oral)medicine during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Oral Dis.2022;28(Suppl. 1):929–932. 10.1111/odi.13678
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