Abstract
Objective
To determine whether severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) is present in the vaginal secretions of both reproductive‐aged and postmenopausal women during acute SARS‐CoV‐2 infection.
Design
Prospective study.
Setting
A single tertiary, university‐affiliated medical centre in Israel. Time period, 1 June 2020 through to 31 July 2020.
Population
Women who were hospitalised in a single tertiary medical centre, who were diagnosed with acute SARS‐CoV‐2 infection by a nasopharyngeal RT‐PCR test.
Methods
Women were diagnosed with acute SARS‐CoV‐2 infection by a nasopharyngeal RT‐PCR test. Vaginal RT‐PCR swabs were obtained from all study participants after a proper cleansing of the perineum.
Main outcome measures
Detection of SARS‐CoV‐2 in vaginal RT‐PCR swabs.
Results
Vaginal and nasopharyngeal swabs were obtained from 35 women, aged 21–93 years. Twenty‐one women (60%) were in their reproductive years, of whom, five were in their third trimester of pregnancy. Most of the participants (57%) were healthy without any underlying medical conditions. Of the 35 patients sampled, 2 (5.7%) had a positive vaginal RT‐PCR for SARS‐CoV‐2, one was premenopausal and the other was a postmenopausal woman. Both women had mild disease.
Conclusion
Our findings contradict most previous reports, which did not detect the presence of viral colonisation in the vagina. Although passage through the birth canal exposes neonates to the vaginal polymicrobial flora, an acquisition of pathogens does not necessarily mandate neonatal infection or clinical disease. Nevertheless, when delivering the infant of a woman with acute SARS‐CoV‐2 infection, a clinician should consider the possibility of vaginal colonisation, even if it is uncommon.
Tweetable abstract
When delivering the infant of a woman with acute SARS‐CoV‐2 infection, a clinician should consider the possibility of vaginal colonisation.
Keywords: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, vaginal secretion
Tweetable abstract
When delivering the infant of a woman with acute SARS‐CoV‐2 infection, a clinician should consider the possibility of vaginal colonisation.
Introduction
The influence of severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) on the genitourinary system in general, and in particular on pregnancy outcome, remains controversial. Although positive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests were found in semen, 1 limited data exist regarding vaginal colonisation, which is clinically significant for assessment of the risk for both sexual and maternal–fetal transmission during vaginal delivery. 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 Moreover, data concerning possible neonatal infection due to viral acquisition during vaginal delivery are lacking.
Though reports of neonatal infection are anecdotal, doubt exists regarding route of infection. One study described neonatal infection with concomitant isolation of the virus from placental tissue, reinforcing the possibility of vertical transmission. 5 Others attributed neonatal infection to postnatal viral acquisition through environmental exposure. 6 , 7 Intrapartum transmission through vaginal secretions, which resembles that of other pathogens like group B streptococcus, has not been reported. 8
Previous studies that examined the presence of SARS‐CoV‐2 in vaginal secretions were limited by a small sample size and paucity of women of reproductive age; 9 , 10 , 11 we aimed to determine whether SARS‐CoV‐2 is present in the vaginal secretions of both reproductive‐aged and postmenopausal women during acute SARS‐CoV‐2 infection.
Methods
This was a prospective study of women hospitalised in a single tertiary, university‐affiliated medical centre, who were diagnosed with acute SARS‐CoV‐2 infection by a nasopharyngeal reverse transcription (RT‐) PCR test.
Disease severity was defined according to Modified Early Warning Score (MEWS). 12 A score of 5 or more was shown to be associated with an increased risk of clinical deterioration and death.
Vaginal RT‐PCR swabs were obtained from all study participants. If more than 48 hours elapsed from the nasopharyngeal swab confirming SARS‐CoV‐2, an additional nasopharyngeal swab was taken along with the vaginal swab. Only women with positive nasopharyngeal swab confirming SARS‐CoV‐2 were enrolled. To reduce the risk for faecal contamination, proper cleansing of the perineum was performed before sampling. Swabs were inserted 4–5 cm into the vaginal vault and rotated for 5 seconds. Immediately after sampling the kit was transferred to the microbiological laboratory. All samples were tested for SARS‐CoV‐2 using the sampling kit Cobas SARS‐CoV‐2 (Cobas 6800 machine; Rosche, Rotkreuz, Switzerland). Sample collection, processing and laboratory testing were performed in accordance with World Health Organization guidelines. 13
The study was approved by the local institutional review board (No. 0260‐20‐TLV) and written informed consent was obtained from all participants.
Descriptive statistics were used to assess the demographic and clinical characteristics of the participants, and are presented as mean ± standard deviation or range.
There was no patient involvement or public involvement in the design and conduct of this research.
Results
Vaginal and nasopharyngeal swabs were obtained from 35 women, aged 21–93 years. Demographic and clinical characteristics of the participants are presented in Table 1. Twenty‐one women (60%) were of reproductive age, and of them, five were in their third trimester of pregnancy, with mean gestational age of 34+3 weeks (± 4.9 weeks). Most of the participants (57%) were otherwise healthy with no underlying medical conditions.
Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of women with acute SARS‐CoV‐2 infection
| Characteristic | |
|---|---|
| Age (years) | 48.3 (21–93) |
| Reproductive‐aged women | 21 (60) |
| Pregnant | 5 (14.2) |
| Postmenopausal | 14 (40) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 26.2 ± 5.7 |
| Smoking | 0 |
| Underlying medical disorders | |
| Obesity (BMI >30 kg/m2) | 6 (17.1) |
| Chronic hypertension | 7 (20) |
| Type II diabetes mellitus | 4 (11.4) |
| Cardiac disease* | 3 (8.6) |
| Dyslipidaemia | 5 (14.3) |
| Lupus erythematosus | 1 (2.8) |
| APLA | 1 (2.8) |
| Asthma | 1 (2.8) |
| Hypothyroidism | 2 (5.7) |
| None | 20 (57.1) |
| Presenting symptoms | |
| Headache | 12 (34.3) |
| Respiratory** | 25 (71.4) |
| Gastrointestinal*** | 10 (28.6) |
| Anosmia and ageusia | 8 (22.9) |
| Chest pain | 4 (11.4) |
| Fever (>38°C) | 12 (37.4) |
| Asymptomatic | 6 (17.1) |
APLA, antiphospholipid antibody; BMI, body mass index.
Data are presented as n (%), mean ± SD or median (IQR).
Cardiac disease included ischaemic heart disease and congestive heart failure.
Respiratory symptoms included cough and dyspnoea.
Gastrointestinal symptoms included nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea and anorexia.
Disease severity at the time of vaginal sampling is presented in Table 2. The mean time interval between symptom onset and vaginal sampling was 8.3 days (±4.6 days). Most patients (85%) had mild to moderate disease, and 74% of the study group did not require any respiratory support; moreover, 74% of the entire group were admitted for observation and did not require any medical treatment.
Table 2.
Medical status at the time of vaginal sampling
| n (%) | |
|---|---|
| Interval between onset of symptoms and vaginal sampling (days) | 8.3 ± 4.6 |
| MEWS ≥5 | 5 (14.3) |
| Treatment | |
| Dexamethasone | 9 (25.7) |
| LMWH | 8 (22.9) |
| Actemra (IL‐6 receptor antagonist) | 5 (14.3) |
| Convalescent plasma | 1 (2.9) |
| Remdesivir | 3 (8.6) |
| None | 26 (74.3) |
| Respiratory support | |
| Nasal cannula/Vapotherm | 8 (22.9) |
| Mechanical ventilation | 1 (2.9) |
| Leucopenia <4 (10e3/µl) | 4 (12.1) |
| Leucocytosis >12 (10e3/µl) | 3 (9.1) |
| Neutrophilia >85% | 4 (12.1) |
| Lymphopenia <1000 (10e3/µl) | 12 (34.3) |
IL‐6, interleukin‐6; LMWH, low‐molecular‐weight heparin; MEWS, Modified Early Warning Score. 13
Results are presented as mean ± SD or n (%).
Of the 35 women sampled, 2 (5.7%) had a positive vaginal RT‐PCR for SARS‐CoV‐2. The first patient was 86 years old, with a significant medical history of hypertension, cardiac and renal failure, type 2 diabetes mellitus and a previous deep vein thrombosis. During her admission, she was afebrile and remained haemodynamically stable, not requiring any medical treatment. She was categorised as MEWS 3. Vaginal sampling was performed 11 days after diagnosis of SARS‐CoV‐2. Two days after the first positive vaginal swab was obtained, a repeat vaginal swab was performed to reduce the risk of faecal contamination, which was also positive.
The second participant with a positive vaginal RT‐PCR for SARS‐CoV‐2 was a 21‐year‐old, healthy woman, who was admitted because of a short episode of dyspnoea that had resolved. During her admission, she developed a sore throat and fatigue. Vaginal sampling was performed 6 days after symptom onset. She remained afebrile and haemodynamically stable, did not require any medical treatment and was categorised as MEWS 1.
Discussion
Main findings
In the current study, we aimed to determine whether SARS‐CoV‐2 was detectable in the vaginal secretions of women with an acute SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. We found a positive vaginal RT‐PCR in two women (5.7%), one of them was premenopausal and the other was postmenopausal. Our findings are supported by a previous case report of a 23‐year‐old primiparous woman with a positive vaginal RT‐PCR for SARS‐CoV‐2. 5 However, our findings contradict previous reports, which did not detect the presence of viral colonisation in the vagina. 9 , 10 , 11 This discrepancy can be explained by the small number of cases in each group. As we assume that vaginal colonisation of SARS‐CoV‐2 has relatively low incidence, larger studies are required to confirm our findings. Another explanation could be a correlation between the presence of a high viral load and/or viraemia, and vaginal detection of the virus.
Strengths and limitations
The main strengths of our study are the relatively large study group, with a dominance of reproductive‐aged women. Additionally, 85% of the participants presented with mild to moderate disease. We assumed that women with severe illness, who had respiratory and haemodynamic compromise, will most probably be delivered by a caesarean section, so the study group in the current study optimally reflects our group of interest. There are several limitations to our study. Although we performed proper cleansing of the perineum before sampling, we cannot rule out the possibility of a false‐positive result. Additionally, a positive sample does not necessarily mean that the virus colonising the vagina is viable and/ or intact. Moreover, our sample size makes it difficult to draw conclusions regarding the incidence of vaginal colonisation and the possibility of maternal–fetal or sexual transmission, larger studies over longer periods of time are required to confirm our results.
Interpretation
Our findings may have significant clinical implications. Although passage through the birth canal exposes neonates to the vaginal polymicrobial flora, an acquisition of pathogens does not necessarily mean a neonatal infection or clinical disease. This can be influenced by many factors, including prematurity, underlying medical condition of mother and neonate, inoculum size and the virulence of the pathogen. The scarcity of evidence regarding the neonatal outcome of women in labour with acute SARS‐CoV‐2 infection should be taken into consideration at the time of delivery. Although we did not find vaginal colonisation by SARS‐CoV‐2 in any of the pregnant women in the study, it is still too early to determine the safety of vaginal delivery in women with acute SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. Further studies are needed before this can be definitively determined.
Conclusion
In conclusion, in the current study we found a positive vaginal RT‐PCR in two women (5.7%). Although passage through the birth canal exposes neonates to the vaginal polymicrobial flora, an acquisition of pathogens does not necessarily mandate neonatal infection or clinical disease. Nevertheless, when delivering the infant of a woman with acute SARS‐CoV‐2 infection, a clinician should consider the possibility of vaginal colonisation, even if it is uncommon.
Disclosure of interests
All authors report no conflict of interests. Completed disclosure of interests forms are available to view online as supporting information.
Contribution to authorship
AS designed the study together with RY, YY and RG. AS applied for ethical approval; AS recruited the participants and collected the samples together with AZ and SA. In addition, AS analysed the data with support from YY and RG. AS wrote the manuscript. The manuscript was revised by YY, AM and RG and they also approved the final version.
Details of ethical approval
Ethical approval was obtained from the research ethics committee at Tel‐Aviv Sourasky Medical Centre: registration number 0260‐20‐TLV, date of approval 22 April 2020. A written informed consent was obtained from all participants. The information given to the patients contains information that data from the registers may be used in research. Patients always have the possibility to remove any personal data from the registers.
Funding
None.
Acknowledgement
The authors thank Ms Ora Halutz for her contribution to the study.
Supporting information
Supplementary Material
Schwartz A, Yogev Y, Zilberman A, Alpern S, Many A, Yousovich R, Gamzu R. Detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) in vaginal swabs of women with acute SARS‐CoV‐2 infection: a prospective study. BJOG 2021;128:97–100.
Data availability statement
The data that support the findings of this study are available on request from the corresponding author. The data are not publicly available due to privacy or ethical restrictions.
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Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Supplementary Materials
Supplementary Material
Data Availability Statement
The data that support the findings of this study are available on request from the corresponding author. The data are not publicly available due to privacy or ethical restrictions.