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. 2021 Jan 1;11(1):461–469. doi: 10.7150/thno.51963

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Classification and biogenesis of tsRNAs. tRFs can be classified into five types: tRF-5, tRF-3, tRF-1, tRF-2, and i-tRF. tiRNAs are cleaved by ANG at the middle site of the anticodon of mature tRNAs. SHOT-RNAs are induced by sex hormones. The production of tRFs and tiRNAs is promoted by various stress conditions. They play roles in processes such as transcriptional regulation and the regulation of protein biogenesis. Abbreviations: tsRNAs, tRNA-derived small RNAs; Pol III, polymerase III; pre-tRNA, precursor tRNA; RNase Z, ribonuclease Z; ELAC2, cytoplasmic homolog ribonuclease Z 2; ANG, Angiogenin; SHOT-RNAs, sex hormone-dependent tRNA-derived RNAs; tRF, tRNA-derived fragments; tiRNA, tRNA-derived stress-induced RNA; P, phosphate; cP, cyclicphosphate; aa, amino acid; Ho, hydroxyl.