Home invasive mechanical ventilation in Finland in 2015–2019

Abstract

Introduction

The prevalence of long-term invasive mechanical ventilation via tracheostomy in chronic respiratory insufficiency is largely unknown. We aimed to clarify prevalence and aetiology of the use of home invasive mechanical ventilation (HIMV) in Finland in 2015–2019.

Methods

Information on HIMV patients was collected yearly from all Finnish Hospital District patient registries between 1 January 2015 and 1 January 2019. Data included underlying diagnosis, time from diagnosis to HIMV initiation, treatment length, mortality and basic sociodemographic data.

Results

In 2015, we had 107 HIMV patients. During the follow-up we received 34 new patients (24.1%) and 46 patients (32.6%) died. In 2019, we had 95 HIMV patients and the prevalence in Finland was 2.0 in 100 000. The most common diagnoses were motor neurone disease (29.1%) and spinal cord injuries (19.9%). Mean duration of HIMV among all patients on 1 January 2019 was 12.3 years and among deceased patients, 11.2 years. Treatment durations ranged from 7.7 years for motor neurone disease patients to 47.3 years for post-polio syndrome patients. Most patients (81.6%) used HIMV 24 h·day⁻¹.

Conclusions

HIMV is a rare, long-lasting treatment, most often used in chronic hypoventilation caused by chronic neurological disease. Based on our 4 year follow-up the prevalence of HIMV seems to be diminishing in Finland. Treatment duration and survival vary greatly depending on the underlying diagnosis. Most of the patients were totally dependent on HIMV, requiring 24-h care.

Short abstract

Home invasive mechanical ventilation is a rare treatment; in 2019, the prevalence in Finland was 2.0 in 100 000. The treatment durations are long, averaging 12 years, but the duration and survival vary greatly depending on the underlying diagnosis. https://bit.ly/3bAT9aT

Introduction

Home mechanical ventilation (HMV) is a long-term treatment often used for patients with chronic respiratory insufficiency. HMV can be delivered noninvasively via an interface (noninvasive ventilation (NIV)) or invasively via an artificial airway to the trachea (invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV)). NIV is today a common and simple method for assisted ventilation that can be used by patients themselves, whereas IMV is a method of life-support ventilation, requiring more technology skills and 24-h caregiving, accruing annual costs of €250 000–400 000 in Finland.

Finland has enacted legislation to guarantee equal rights for HIMV-dependent patients regardless of the patient's socioeconomic status, religious or underlying diagnosis leading to HIMV [1]. The government covers all costs and the treatment is coordinated by specialised medical care regardless of where the patient is living (i.e. at home or in hospital). A team of registered nurses continuously attends to the patient. The history of this legislation derives from the 1950s, when poliomyelitis patients benefited from mechanical ventilation first by the iron lung and then via tracheostomy. Despite the long history, we do not have a national register for HIMV patients.

According to our previous national research, in January 2015 we had 107 Finnish ventilator-dependent patients. Most of these patients had a neurological disease or spinal cord injury (SCI). However, we have recognised that the prevalence of HIMV is largely unknown also internationally [2]. We have found some studies, in which the HMV prevalence has ranged from 2.9 in 100 000 in Hong Kong [3] to 19.9 in 100 000 in Norway [4] and the range in HIMV prevalence seems to be even greater. Thus, the aim of this study was to clarify the use of HIMV among the Finnish population and the characteristics of study patients in 2015–2019.

Methods

Study design and statistical analysis

This study was a register-based retrospective, cross-sectional study. Data for Finnish HIMV patients were collected once a year, on 1 January 2015–2019. The prevalence of HIMV was analysed at the beginning and the end of follow-up (1 January 2015 and 1 January 2019, respectively). According to Finnish legislation, patients’ consent is not required for register studies in Finland. The Medical Ethics Committee of the Hospital District of South-West Finland approved the study protocol (study number 97/1802/2014).

We gathered information of the diagnosis leading to HIMV, time from diagnosis to HIMV initiation, length of HIMV, mortality and weaning during the 4-year follow-up period, and basic sociodemographic data by sending a questionnaire to all five university hospital areas treating adult (aged 16 years and over) HIMV patients. All patients requiring bi-level positive pressure or volume-cycled ventilation delivered via a tracheostomy for over 3 months were included in the study. Patients with a tracheostomy not requiring mechanical ventilation and those who were under 16 years of age were excluded. Because data were collected only once a year, it is possible that some patients were overlooked. These would be patients whose treatment was over 3 months, but had ended before the next January. Information on Finland's population is from Statistic Finland, a Finnish governmental authority. The population of Finns aged 16 years and over was 4 610 030 on 31 December 2018 and 4 491 947 on 31 December 2014.

Patients were divided into six diagnostic groups according to the underlying disease: motor neurone disease (including motor neurone disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and spinal muscular atrophy), Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), post-polio syndrome, SCI (including both traumatic and nontraumatic injuries), other muscular diseases and miscellaneous. For the diseases contained within the muscular diseases and miscellaneous groups, see figure 3. Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS, version 25 (IBM SPSS Statistics). Results are shown as n (%) or mean values±sd.

FIGURE 3.

Diagnostic groups of home invasive mechanical ventilation patients on 1 January 2019. Sector diagram representing proportions of the six diagnostic groups using long-term home invasive mechanical ventilation in Finland. The motor neurone disease group includes motor neurone disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and spinal muscular atrophy patients. The spinal cord injury group includes both traumatic and nontraumatic injuries. The muscular diseases group includes congenital muscular dystrophies, Becker and limb-girdle muscular dystrophies, nemaline myopathy, myotonic dystrophy and cerebral palsy. The miscellaneous group includes congenital deformities, basal ganglia disease, encephalitis, Larsen syndrome, other polymyositis, central sleep apnoea, Guillain–Barré syndrome, other polyneuropathy and other neuropathy (brain tumours and injuries, intracerebral infarctions and haemorrhages, arteriovenous malformation).

Results

All five university hospital areas, representing a population of 4.6 million inhabitants, answered our questionnaire. On 1 January 2015, we had 107 patients and at the end of the study we had 95 patients. During the study period from 1 January 2015 to 1 January 2019 the prevalence of HIMV in Finland decreased from 2.4 in 100 000 to 2.0 in 100 000. On 1 January 2019, the geographical prevalence of HIMV in the five university hospital areas ranged from 1.5 to 3.4 in 100 000 (figure 1). During the 4-year follow-up we received 34 new patients, 46 patients died and 3 were successfully weaned from HIMV (figure 2). Altogether, we had 141 patients in the study. The number and proportion of all our HIMV patients are shown in table 1. In both the new and the deceased patients, the largest diagnosis group was motor neurone disease (32.4% and 34.8%, respectively).

FIGURE 1.

Prevalence of home mechanical ventilation in Finland on 1 January 2019. Mean prevalence of home mechanical ventilation in five university hospital areas in Finland. The mean prevalence in Finland was 2.0 in 100 000 inhabitants. The mean population was 4.6 million adults (2018). OUH: Oulu University Hospital; KUH: Kuopio University Hospital; TAUH: Tampere University Hospital; TUH: Turku University Hospital; HUH: Helsinki University Hospital.

FIGURE 2.

New and deceased home invasive mechanical ventilation patients in Finland in 2015–2019.

TABLE 1.

Number and proportion of all home mechanical ventilated patients in Finland in 2015–2019

	Patients	New patients#	Deceased patients¶	Fully HIMV-dependent patients+	Male	Electively initiated HIMV
All patients§	141 (100%)	34	46	110 (82%)	91 (67%)	47 (34%)
Motor neurone disease	41 (29%)	11	16	36 (88%)	20 (49%)	18 (44%)
Spinal cord injury	28 (20%)	8	8	22 (79%)	24 (86%)	2 (7%)
Miscellaneous	25 (18%)	5	8	16 (64%)	18 (72%)	4 (16%)
Muscular diseases	21 (15%)	7	7	18 (86%)	12 (57%)	9 (43%)
Duchenne muscular dystrophy	20 (14%)	4	5	20 (100%)	20 (100%)	12 (60%)
Post-polio syndrome	5 (4%)	0	2	4 (80%)	2 (40%)	2 (40%)

Data are presented as n (%) or n. HIMV: home invasive mechanical ventilation. ^#: Patients whose treatment was initiated on 2 January 2015 to 1 January 2019; ^¶: patients who died between 1 January 1 2015 and 1 January 2019; ⁺: patients who use HIMV 24 h a day; ^§: “All patients” includes patients who were already on HIMV treatment on 1 January 2015 (n=107) and new patients whose treatment was initiated between 2 January 2015 and 1 January 2019 (n=34).

The most common diagnostic groups were motor neurone disease (29.1%, n=41) and SCI (19.9%, n=28) (figure 3). Data on patient age at diagnosis and at HIMV initiation, the time from diagnosis to HIMV initiation, the duration of HIMV and characteristics of the deceased on 1 January 2019 are shown in table 2. The mean duration of HIMV treatment was 12.3 years and for the deceased, 11.2 years, but treatment times varied largely from 7.7 years for the motor neurone disease group to 47.3 years for the post-polio syndrome group. At treatment initiation, the patients were on average 42.9 years of age, but the ages ranged from 28.4 years for DMD patients to 56.5 years for motor neurone disease patients (table 2). The majority (68.1%) of patients lived at home with a specialised nurse team. The rest of the patients lived in nursing homes (14.2%), hospitals (9.2%) or municipality health centres (8.5%). The speciality of the treating doctor varied; a neurologist treated 46.8% of patients and a pulmonologist 34.0%. HIMV was initiated electively for 34.1% (n=47) of the patients and 81.6% (n=110) were fully HIMV-dependent.

TABLE 2.

Specific data of diagnostic groups using HIMV in Finland in 2015–2019

	All patients (n=141)	Motor neurone disease (n=41)	Spinal cord injury (n=28)	Miscellaneous (n=25)	Muscular diseases (n=21)	Duchenne muscular dystrophy (n=20)	Post-polio syndrome (n=5)
Age at diagnosis	35.8±24.8	54.5±10.9	41.1±21.1	40.4±25.6	10.1±14.7	9.8±8.4	3.2±3.7
Age at HIMV initiation years	42.9±21.2	56.5±9.3	42.7±21.3	44.6±25.5	29.7±21.2	28.4±9.5	25.2±30.2
Time from diagnosis to HIMV initiation years	7.6±12.3	2.0±2.4	2.4±7.9	4.7±8.0	18.8±15.8	20.5±10.0	22.0±32.2
Time from HIMV initiation to 1 January 2019 years	12.3±11.4	7.7±5.1	9.4±7.9	12.0±9.7	19.9±13.9	11.0±7.7	47.3±24.2
Lifetime of deceased patient years	61.7±14.7	65.4±9.0	58.6±14.7	68.4±16.1	59.5±15.6	33.1±8.5	68.0±3.3
HIMV duration of deceased patient years	11.2±12.4	9.0±4.1	7.4±5.4	6.4±1.8	22.5±17.1	4.6±4.4	34.4±43.3
Prevalence of HIMV per 100 000 people	2.0	0.5	0.4	0.4	0.3	0.3	0.0

HIMV: home invasive mechanical ventilation. All deceased patients were diagnosed before 1 January 2015.

Discussion

The prevalence of HIMV in Finland was extremely low, diminishing during the 4-year follow-up. The average treatment periods were long, over 10 years. We found great variation in treatment lengths depending on the underlying diagnosis. As the treatment is long, even for the whole lifetime, it is noteworthy that since most patients are totally IMV-dependent they also need 24-h care, which is demanding and expensive. Despite this, most of the patients were able to live at home.

Many diseases, most commonly motor neurone disease, SCI and different muscular diseases, can lead to chronic hypoventilation and the need for HIMV treatment. Typical of these diseases is that they are currently incurable. The patients can also be divided into two categories: those with a disease leading to progressive respiratory failure and whose treatment is usually started electively, and those who failed to wean from mechanical ventilation after acute respiratory failure (e.g. SCIs) [5].

Few studies have examined the prevalence of HMV, and only a couple of countries have registers following HMV prevalence and treatment characteristics. The prevalence of HMV has been found to vary greatly between countries and also nationally [6]. In the Eurovent survey (2001–2002), the average prevalence of HMV was 6.6 in 100 000 [7]. Of these patients, 13% received invasive ventilation via tracheostomy, yielding a prevalence of 0.9 in 100 000, and the most common cause for HIMV was neuromuscular disease. The corresponding prevalence of HIMV in Australia and New Zealand was 0.5 in 100 000 [8] and in the United States 0.4 in 100 000 [9]. In Norway (2002–2007), the prevalence was 1.3 in 100 000 [4].

However, most of the earlier studies on the HIMV prevalence are over 10 years old, and therefore, current data are not available. Sweden and Norway have registers following HMV patients. According to the Swedevox data, the prevalence of HIMV patients in Sweden was 1.3 in 100 000 in 2018, but this is probably an underestimation. Patients especially with progressive neuromuscular disorder can convert from NIV to invasive ventilation without reporting the conversion to the registry. In addition, the coverage had been suboptimal during the last years (personal communication; Dr. Andreas Palm, Department of Medical Sciences, Respiratory, Allergy and Sleep Research, Uppsala, Sweden). Thus, we found the prevalence of HIMV in Finland to be similar to the Swedish results.

Reasons for the variation in prevalence are not fully known. Probably cultural and religious reasons explain some of the variation. Not all countries have precise definitions on when to initiate HMV, especially HIMV and this leaves more room for individual decision-making. Being married doubled the likelihood of proceeding to tracheostomy [10]. In addition, the caregivers’ attitudes, age under 65 years and the presence or absence of advanced planning might affect the patient's decision [10, 11]. In a Norwegian study, the treating physicians’ enthusiasm, knowledge and positive attitude towards HIMV were greater in the areas with high prevalence and these seemed to be important factors affecting the initiation of HIMV [6]. Moreover, regions with tertiary clinics that regularly followed the patients and densely populated areas seemed to have higher prevalence [8, 12]. Funding for the treatment varies largely. In some countries, like Finland and Japan, the government covers all expenses, but in other countries the economic burden is substantial for the patient [10]. One reason for Finland's higher prevalence might by the Finnish legislation that guarantees everyone the possibility for HIMV, including financing the expensive treatment. Neither do we impose age restrictions for the treatment. As mentioned already in introduction, in Finland, the treatment is always arranged by special medical care and funded by the government, so the patients should have no reason to arrange the treatment in for example private medical care. Neither does the private sector have knowledge of organising the demanding treatment. Thus, we believe, that no long-term HIMV patients should be missing from this study. Reasons for the Finnish national variation in prevalence are probably similar to the international reasons discussed above. The majority of Finns are evangelical Lutherans, but we did not study the possible effects of religious belief, civil or socioeconomic status on HIMV initiation in Finnish patients. We also acknowledge that the small number of patients may have an effect on our results, and part of the national variation could be explained by random variation.

The last study on ALS prevalence in Finland was done in 1983, when the prevalence was 6.4 in 100 000 [13]. According to our neurological authorities, the prevalence today is similar to that of Norway, 7.6 in 100 000. In our study, the prevalence of HIMV in ALS patients was 0.5 in 100 000. We found regional variation in the prevalence, from 1.6 in 100 000 in Oulu to 0.2 in 100 000 in Kuopio. About 5% of all Finnish ALS patients were tracheostomised and used life-support ventilation. Their survival was long; the mean treatment duration for all motor neurone patients was 7.7 years and for those who died, 9.0 years. Internationally, ALS prevalence was about 5.2–7.6/100 000 [14–16]. In Western countries, 1.5–5% of ALS patients underwent tracheostomy [17, 18], except in Italy, where the figure was 10.6% [19], and in Japan, even higher at about 30–39% [10, 18]. In other, older studies, median survival times after tracheostomy were shorter, from 0.7 to 6.2 years [10, 17, 19, 20]. Internationally, the majority of ALS HIMV patients have been male [16, 18, 19], but in our study the sex distribution was equal. HIMV treatment was started electively in only 34% of our patients. One possible explanation for the low proportion of elective IMV initiation is that about 3% of all ALS patients have respiratory-onset ALS. These patients are predominantly male, their survival times are shorter than in patients with bulbar or spinal onset ALS and their IMV start was more often unplanned [21].

The prevalence of our SCI patients has slightly increased; the prevalence was 0.4 in 100 000 in 2015 and 0.43 in 100 000 in 2019. The incidence of all SCIs in Finland was 9.2 in 100 000, the incidence of traumatic SCIs was 2.5–3.7 in 100 000 and the incidence of nontraumatic SCIs was 5.5 in 100 000 [22, 23]. In a Norwegian study, 0.4% of all SCI patients had HIMV, and the prevalence of HIMV was 0.2 in 100 000 [24]. During our 4-year follow-up SCI patients were the second largest group of new patients. Because SCI is an acute event, HIMV treatment is rarely initiated electively. The most common mechanisms for traumatic SCIs are traffic accidents and high falls in younger age groups and low falls in the elderly [23]. Decreasing the number of these accidents is challenging, and prevalence will likely remain similar. Very few studies exist on the survival of HIMV-treated SCI patients. In a British 25-year retrospective study, the mean survival of SCI patients with HIMV was 10.5 years, with younger patients surviving longer [25]. Our patients’ mean HIMV duration was 9.4 years and treatment duration of deceased patients was 7.4 years.

DMD and other muscular disease patients were among the youngest (average age 28.4 and 29.7 years) on HIMV treatment, initiation explained by the fact that DMD and other muscular diseases usually lead to chronic hypoventilation already in adolescence. This result is comparable to a Belgium study, where HIMV treatment started at an average age of 32.7 years [26]. The time from diagnosis to IMV initiation was long, about 20 years, so it is probable that NIV treatments, before proceeding to HIMV, were also lengthy. The treatment durations of DMD patients were long, an average of 11.0 years, and surviving patients were on average 40.3 years old on 1 January 2019. The lifetimes are comparable to other studies, where lifespan has ranged from 29 to 40 years [26–28]. In some studies, HIMV prolonged survival by 6–9 years, although some patients died because of complications associated with the tracheostomy tube [29].

The use of NIV treatment is growing rapidly. In Sweden in the 1990s and in Hong Kong at the beginning of 2000, the prevalence of HMV doubled over 5–6 years [8]. The technology of NIV treatment and mouthpiece ventilation has evolved, together with the knowledge of treating physicians, as the treatment has become more familiar [2, 14]. It seems that patients are surviving longer with NIV, and this is decreasing and postponing the initiation of HIMV. When comparing DMD patients’ survival on NIV and HIMV, no survival benefit over the other treatment was found [26, 27, 30]. However, the DMD Care Considerations Working Group guideline [31] (published in 2018) recommends NIV instead of tracheostomy to optimise the patient's quality of life. In our clinics, we also have the impression that DMD and other muscular disease patients are surviving longer with NIV and the prevalence of HIMV among them is decreasing. In ALS, NIV prolongs survival, especially in patients with better bulbar function, and low-quality evidence suggests that NIV maintains quality of life [32].

Our ALS patients’ treatment durations seems to be longer and in other disease groups at least equal to other studies [10, 19, 20, 28]. One explanation is that in Finland all HIMV patients are considered hospital patients and a registered nurse attends to the patient continuously. Therefore, treatment of the underlying disease for HIMV as well as other possible diseases are carefully managed. It is also possible that patients who decide to undergo tracheostomy are healthier and more motivated in treatments than nontracheostomised patients. According to our clinical experience, we try to base all HIMV initiations on careful planning; however, as we see in our results, most of the HIMV initiations are unplanned. This may be explained by the relatively large number of patients with SCI.

Limitations

Some limitations of our study warrant discussion. We have no history of a long-term register of HIMV use in Finland, and therefore, it is possible that some patients are missing from the study. The follow-up period was short (4 years) and our sample size was relatively small at 141 patients, thus the prevalence results must be interpreted with caution. However, our findings are comparable with other international studies. We acknowledge that there might have been HIMV initiations for patients who failed to survive long enough to be registered in this study, as we only gathered patients’ data once a year during the study. In this study, we did not include our NIV patients, thus we are lacking information on prevalence and characteristics of NIV-treated patients in Finland. Therefore, we were unable to compare the characteristics and survival of these patient groups.

Conclusions

HIMV prevalence in Finland is rare, 2.0 in 100 000 inhabitants, and seems to be decreasing. However, the treatment durations are long, probably reflecting the good overall care of these patients. The use of NIV is increasing and this might explain the decreasing number of HIMV initiations. In the future, more research is needed to evaluate and compare the efficacy and safety of NIV and HIMV treatments and also the effect on HIMV and NIV on patients’ quality of life.