Azithromycin for sarcoidosis cough: an open-label exploratory clinical trial

Abstract

Background

Chronic cough is a distressing symptom for many people with pulmonary sarcoidosis. Continuous treatment with a macrolide antibiotic may improve cough. We aimed to assess the potential efficacy of azithromycin in patients with sarcoidosis and self-reported cough.

Methods

We conducted a noncontrolled, open-label clinical trial of azithromycin 250 mg once daily for 3 months in patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis who reported a chronic cough. The primary outcome was number of coughs in 24 h. Secondary outcomes were cough visual analogue scales and quality of life measured using the Leicester Cough Questionnaire and King's Sarcoidosis Questionnaire. Safety outcomes included QTc interval on ECG. Measurements were made at baseline and after 1 and 3 months of treatment.

Results

All 21 patients were white, median age 57 years, 9 males, 12 females, median 3 years since diagnosis. Five were taking oral corticosteroids and none were taking other immunosuppressants. Twenty patients completed the trial. The median (range) number of coughs in 24 h was 228 (43–1950) at baseline, 122 (20–704) at 1 month, and 81 (16–414) at 3 months (p=0.002, Friedman's test). The median reduction in cough count at 3 months was 49.6%. There were improvements in all patient-reported outcomes. Azithromycin was well tolerated.

Conclusion

In a noncontrolled open-label trial in people with sarcoidosis who reported a chronic cough, 3 months of treatment with azithromycin led to improvements in a range of cough metrics. Azithromycin should be tested as a treatment for sarcoidosis cough in a randomised placebo-controlled trial.

Short abstract

In a noncontrolled open-label trial in people with sarcoidosis who reported a chronic cough, 3 months of treatment with azithromycin led to improvements in a range of cough metrics https://bit.ly/2FB5tfq

Introduction

People with sarcoidosis need treatment options that improve symptoms and quality of life, without causing undesirable side effects. Chronic cough is a distressing symptom for many patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis [1, 2]. Continuous treatment with the macrolide antibiotic azithromycin may improve cough, although strong evidence is lacking [3, 4]. Azithromycin is a cheap, readily available generic drug. In clinical trials in patients with chronic airways disease, continuous treatment with azithromycin for up to 1 year reduced exacerbations and was safe and well tolerated [4]. Whether azithromycin will benefit patients with sarcoidosis can only be answered definitively by a large randomised controlled trial (RCT). We conducted a single-centre open-label noncontrolled clinical trial of azithromycin in patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis to estimate the effect size and inform design of a future RCT.

Methods

The regional ethics committee (19/YH/0100) granted approval. The trial was registered on the European Union Drug Regulating Authorities Clinical Trials Database (EudraCT 2019-000580-24). Patients were recruited from the sarcoidosis clinic at Hull University Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust. Eligibility criteria were a diagnosis of pulmonary sarcoidosis, >6 months from diagnosis without evidence of self-resolving disease and self-reported chronic cough attributed to sarcoidosis. Patients could be taking a stable dose of prednisolone and/or other immunomodulatory drugs. The main exclusion criteria were current long-term macrolide therapy, allergy or intolerance to macrolide antibiotics, QTc prolongation on ECG (males >450 ms, females >470 ms), history of clinically significant cardiac arrhythmias, severe liver or kidney disease or clinically meaningful bronchiectasis. All patients received oral azithromycin 250 mg once daily for 3 months. There was no placebo group.

Assessments were performed at baseline and at 1 month and 3 months on azithromycin therapy. The primary end-point was home-based 24-h cough counting using the Hull automated cough counter with the Leicester software algorithm [5]. Secondary end-points were visual analogue scale ((VAS) 0-100 mm) for cough severity and urge to cough, and quality of life assessments relating to cough and sarcoidosis using the Leicester cough questionnaire (LCQ) and King's sarcoidosis questionnaire (KSQ), respectively. KSQ scores for general health status (GH), lung and combined lung_GH modules were calculated following transformation of raw scores to a linear logit scale [6]. This was an exploratory study designed to inform a future RCT and no sample size calculation was performed. Statistical analyses were performed using IBM SPSS v.26. No imputation of missing data was performed and only participants with complete data were included in the repeated-measures analyses. Subgroup analyses of cough counts were performed using baseline cough severity VAS≥40 mm to stratify participants, as this is common practice in chronic cough clinical trials.

Results

Details of the 21 participants are shown in table 1. Their median age was 57 years, comprising 9 men and 12 women. All patients were white, reflecting the local population. The consort diagram is shown in figure 1. Twenty participants completed the trial.

TABLE 1.

Demographic and clinical details of 21 recruited patients with sarcoidosis

Age years	57 (48–71)
Male/female	9/12
Years since diagnosis	3 (1–13)
Scadding chest radiography stage 1/2/3	2/6/13
FEV1 % predicted	87.5 (52–131)
FVC % predicted	91.5 (63–128)
FEV1/FVC ratio	0.75 (0.55–0.93)
QTc interval ms	427 (370–463)
Oral corticosteroid therapy	5
Other immunomodulatory therapy	0
Inhaled corticosteroids	3
Number of coughs in 24 h	228 (43–1950)
Number of coughs·h−1	10 (2–81)
Cough severity VAS mm	31 (9–94)
Urge to cough VAS mm	26 (8–94)
Leicester cough questionnaire score	15.96 (5.07–19.74)
King's sarcoidosis questionnaire GH score	50.7 (23.8–100)

Data are presented as median (range) or n. FEV₁: forced expiratory volume in 1 s; FVC: forced vital capacity; VAS: visual analogue scale.

FIGURE 1.

CONSORT diagram. VAS: visual analogue scale; LCQ: Leicester cough questionnaire; KSQ: King's sarcoidosis questionnaire.

The median (range) number of coughs in 24 h was 228 (43–1950) at baseline, 122 (20–704) at 1 month, and 81 (16–414) at 3 months (p=0.002, Friedman's nonparametric ANOVA) (figure 2). After 3 months of azithromycin therapy, the median percentage reduction in the number of coughs was 49.6%. To exclude the possibility that corticosteroid therapy affected cough responses, a sensitivity analysis of participants who were not taking oral steroids was performed which showed a similar result to the whole population (data not shown).

FIGURE 2.

Number of coughs in 24 h. Individual subject data showing 24-h cough counts at baseline and during treatment with azithromycin for 1 month and 3 months.

There were improvements in cough severity VAS, urge to cough VAS, LCQ scores, and KSQ scores (figure 3 and table 2). For 19 participants with complete data at 3 months, 11 (58%) had clinically meaningful improvements in LCQ score (minimum clinically important difference (MCID)≥1.3 points [7]). Considering meaningful improvements in the KSQ [8], 15 participants (79%) had an increase in KSQ_GH score of >8 points, 12 (63.2%) had an increase in KSQ_lung score of >4 points and 13 (68.4%) had an increase in KSQ_lung_GH score of >5 points. Absolute changes in cough counts correlated with changes in LCQ (r=−0.637, r²=0.41, p=0.003, Pearson's correlation) and KSQ_GH (r=−0.587, r²=0.34, p=0.008), but not with KSQ_lung or KSQ_lung_GH scores.

FIGURE 3.

Patient-reported outcomes. Individual subject data showing: a) cough severity visual analogue scale (VAS); b) urge to cough VAS; c) Leicester cough questionnaire (LCQ) scores; and d) King's sarcoidosis questionnaire (KSQ) general health scores at baseline and during treatment with azithromycin for 1 month and 3 months. VAS are 100 mm scales with lower numbers indicating lower cough severity and urge to cough. Higher scores on LCQ and KSQ indicate better cough- and sarcoidosis-related quality of life respectively.

TABLE 2.

Secondary end-points

	Baseline	1 months	3 months	Change from baseline at 3 months	p-value (Friedman's test)
Cough severity VAS	Median 30.5 (9, 94) Mean 38.8 (25.7)	24.0 (3, 88) 33.7 (25.2)	19.0 (0, 62) 19.8 (17.7)	−9.0 (−93, 20) −18.1 (27.6)	0.009
Cough urge VAS	Median 26.0 (8, 94) Mean 38.7 (26.2)	26.0 (2, 83) 32.5 (23.3)	18.5 (0, 61) 22.2 (18.3)	−13.0 (−83, 42) −15.7 (27.9)	0.066
LCQ	Median 15.96 (5.07, 19.74) Mean 14.63 (4.07)	17.6 (6.11, 20.75) 16.68 (3.41)	19.02 (14.93, 20.38) 18.23 (1.76)	1.85 (−1.17, 12.18) 3.47 (4.0)	0.006
KSQ_GH	Median 50.7 (23.8, 100) Mean 52.93 (18.3)	61.9 (29.4, 100) 63.0 (18.1)	72.25 (39.9, 100) 69.63 (15.4)	16.3 (−13.8, 47.1) 17.5 (15.8)	0.001
KSQ_lung	Median 50.2 (29.0, 68.0) Mean 52.0 (10.4)	52.6 (33.6, 77.1) 54.5 (12.0)	61.95 (41.6, 100) 62.5 (14.0)	6.5 (−1.3, 34.8) 10.7 (11.3)	0.001
KSQ_lung_GH	Median 58.1 (36.7, 74.7) Mean 57.3 (9.1)	58.7 (41.9, 86.1) 61.9 (11.6)	66.25 (50.1, 91.5) 67.58 (10.4)	10.7 (−2.3, 26.8) 10.6 (8.3)	0.0001

Data are presented as median (range) and mean (sd). VAS: visual analogue scale; LCQ: Leicester cough questionnaire; KSQ: King's sarcoidosis questionnaire (presented as general health (GH), lung and combined lung-GH domains).

We looked at the impact of baseline cough severity VAS scores on cough count and response to azithromycin therapy. Baseline cough count was significantly higher in patients with baseline cough severity VAS>40 mm compared with <40 mm (median 365 versus 125 coughs in 24 h, p=0.001 (Mann–Whitney U-test)). After 3 months of azithromycin therapy, the median percentage reduction in cough count was −78.8% in patients with baseline VAS>40 mm compared with −40.6% in patients with baseline VAS<40 mm (p=0.057).

Ten participants reported 16 adverse events, 11 mild and 5 moderate, one of which led to temporary interruption of azithromycin therapy. No participant had to stop treatment permanently because of adverse events. The most common adverse event was the common cold in six participants (the trial was conducted over the winter), with two of these reporting transient worsening cough. Two participants reported transient gastrointestinal symptoms (stomach cramps, slight reduction in appetite). There were no serious adverse events. The median QTc interval on 12-lead ECG was 427 ms (range 370–463) at baseline, 428 ms (389–461) at 1 month and 435 ms (397–468) at 3 months (p=0.214).

Discussion

In this noncontrolled open-label trial in people with sarcoidosis who reported a chronic cough, 3 months of treatment with azithromycin led to improvements in a range of cough metrics. The results support an RCT of azithromycin as a treatment for sarcoidosis cough.

Current concepts link chronic cough with hypersensitivity of airway nerves or their central connections [9]. In sarcoidosis, Sinha et al. [2] reported that only cough reflex sensitivity was associated with objective cough frequency, and there was no association with lung function, number of organs involved, chest radiography stage or serum angiotensin-converting enzyme. Cough is an important patient-reported trial end-point in sarcoidosis as it is a distressing and frequently disabling symptom for patients [2], and it may change more quickly and sensitively in response to treatment than lung function tests or radiology.

An appealing strategy is to repurpose existing drugs that are safe for long-term use. Azithromycin has an acceptable tolerability profile when used for long-term treatment of chronic airways diseases [4]. Macrolide therapy has the potential to modulate cough through antibacterial or immunomodulatory effects or promoting oesophageal motility through motilin agonism. Azithromycin is preferable to other macrolide antibiotics because of its safety data for long-term use, once-daily administration and minimal inhibition of liver CYP3A enzymes.

More than half of the patients with sarcoidosis cough treated with azithromycin reported clinically meaningful improvements in cough-related quality of life as indicated by a ≥1.3-point increase in LCQ score [7], and more than three quarters had clinically meaningful improvements sarcoidosis-related quality of life measured using the KSQ_GH score. Correlations estimated that 41% of the increase in LCQ and 34% of the increase in KSQ_GH could be attributed to reduction in the number of measured coughs. The KSQ lung module (alone as KSQ_lung or combined with general health as KSQ_lung_GH) was less responsive to changes in cough count, and only one of the six lung-related questions pertains to cough. Although cough counting has the perceived benefit of being an objective end-point, our findings confirm that it correlates poorly with patient-reported outcomes. This will be an important consideration when designing a future RCT that focuses on improving symptoms.

The present study did not include a placebo arm, and a placebo response could explain some of the observed reduction in cough metrics. A modest but significant placebo response in subjective end-points has been observed in a meta-analysis of clinical trials of inhaled corticosteroids for chronic cough [10]. In sarcoidosis cough, Du Bois et al.’s [11] study of inhaled fluticasone reported that in the placebo group, four-point cough scores fell by 17% at 1–3 months and 40% at 4–6 months. The mean increase in LCQ in the present study (3.47 points) following treatment with azithromycin compares favourably with changes in LCQ in published trials of azithromycin for chronic cough. In COPD patients with chronic cough, LCQ increased by mean 2.2 points with thrice-weekly azithromycin 250 mg for 12 weeks and by 0.9 points with placebo [12]. In treatment-resistant chronic cough, LCQ increased by mean 2.4 points with thrice-weekly azithromycin 250 mg for 8 weeks and by 0.7 points with placebo [13]. In the present study, the number of recorded coughs reduced by about half after 3 months of azithromycin therapy. Objective measurement of cough counting should be more resistant to placebo effect than subjective symptom scores [10]. There are no data in sarcoidosis specifically, but in a study of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) cough Dutta et al. [14] reported that the mean 24 h cough frequency in the placebo group fell by 8.8% (8.3 from 9.1) over the 90-day treatment period. Birring et al. [15] reported stable 24-h cough counts at day 14 in the placebo group in their study of inhaled PA101 in IPF cough, albeit in patients with more severe cough at baseline compared to our sarcoidosis cohort. Unlike IPF, sarcoidosis may naturally remit which accounts for many transitory successes claimed at one time or another for a variety of therapeutic interventions [16]. We deliberately chose to study patients with chronic stable pulmonary sarcoidosis (median 3 years since diagnosis) to minimise risk of confounding by natural disease resolution and regression to the mean. We believe that the magnitude of objectively measured cough reduction with azithromycin is greater than expected for a placebo response alone.

Consideration should be given to inclusion criteria for a future RCT of azithromycin for sarcoidosis cough. We selected patients with self-reported chronic cough, and cough frequency in our cohort (median 10 coughs·h⁻¹) was somewhat lower than trials which have used cough severity VAS≥40 mm as an arbitrary inclusion criterion (typically around 20 coughs·h⁻¹). A baseline cough count of ≥15 coughs·h⁻¹ has been used for trials in IPF cough [15]. The rationale is that selecting participants who have more severe cough will maximise the chance of detecting a meaningful benefit of therapy and optimise clinical trial efficiency. In our sarcoidosis trial cohort, subjects with baseline cough severity VAS≥40 mm had significantly more coughs in 24 h and a trend towards larger reduction in cough counts in response to treatment, although the latter did not reach statistical significance (p=0.057). On the other hand, only 8 of 21 (38%) or our trial participants had a baseline cough severity VAS≥40 mm, which would restrict recruitment to a RCT compared with our broad inclusion of self-reported cough. It can be argued that for a treatment designed primarily to improve cough, patient-reported outcomes such as quality of life scores are more important trial end-points than counting coughs.

Azithromycin was well tolerated. The potential for macrolides to lengthen the QTc interval on ECG has not translated into risk of serious cardiac adverse events in several large trials of long-term therapy in patients with chronic airways disease [4, 17]. The possibility of interaction with asymptomatic cardiac sarcoidosis needs to be considered when designing a future trial of azithromycin for sarcoidosis cough. The prevalence of occult cardiac involvement in sarcoidosis has been reported to be up to 25% as assessed using magnetic resonance imaging [18]. However, whether the presence of incidental cardiac imaging abnormalities translates into increased arrhythmia risk that could be exacerbated by macrolide therapy is unknown. A pragmatic approach is to exclude subjects with a history of serious cardiac arrhythmias or abnormal QTc prolongation on ECG at screening, and to perform serial ECG monitoring.

Both immunomodulatory and antibacterial properties of macrolides would be plausibly beneficial in sarcoidosis, but we do not know whether long-term macrolide therapy could ameliorate granulomatous inflammation or reduce sarcoidosis progression. Improvements in sarcoidosis end-points have been reported using antibiotic combinations that included azithromycin [19, 20]. In the present exploratory study, we were not aiming to demonstrate an effect on disease progression in patients taking azithromycin because of the sample size limitation of our single-centre study and the imprecision of physiological end-points such as change in forced vital capacity. A large RCT would be needed to study this.