Comorbidity and clinical factors associated with COVID-19 critical illness and mortality at a large public hospital in New York City in the early phase of the pandemic (March-April 2020)

Thomas D Filardo; Maria R Khan; Noa Krawczyk; Hayley Galitzer; Savannah Karmen-Tuohy; Megan Coffee; Verity E Schaye; Benjamin J Eckhardt; Gabriel M Cohen

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0242760

. 2020 Nov 23;15(11):e0242760. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242760

Comorbidity and clinical factors associated with COVID-19 critical illness and mortality at a large public hospital in New York City in the early phase of the pandemic (March-April 2020)

Thomas D Filardo ^1,^*, Maria R Khan ², Noa Krawczyk ², Hayley Galitzer ³, Savannah Karmen-Tuohy ³, Megan Coffee ^1,⁴, Verity E Schaye ^4,⁵, Benjamin J Eckhardt ^1,⁴, Gabriel M Cohen ^1,⁴

Editor: Wisit Cheungpasitporn⁶

PMCID: PMC7682848 PMID: 33227019

Abstract

Background

Despite evidence of socio-demographic disparities in outcomes of COVID-19, little is known about characteristics and clinical outcomes of patients admitted to public hospitals during the COVID-19 outbreak.

Objective

To assess demographics, comorbid conditions, and clinical factors associated with critical illness and mortality among patients diagnosed with COVID-19 at a public hospital in New York City (NYC) during the first month of the COVID-19 outbreak.

Design

Retrospective chart review of patients diagnosed with COVID-19 admitted to NYC Health + Hospitals / Bellevue Hospital from March 9^th to April 8^th, 2020.

Results

A total of 337 patients were diagnosed with COVID-19 during the study period. Primary analyses were conducted among those requiring supplemental oxygen (n = 270); half of these patients (135) were admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU). A majority were male (67.4%) and the median age was 58 years. Approximately one-third (32.6%) of hypoxic patients managed outside the ICU required non-rebreather or non-invasive ventilation. Requirement of renal replacement therapy occurred in 42.3% of ICU patients without baseline end-stage renal disease. Overall, 30-day mortality among hypoxic patients was 28.9% (53.3% in the ICU, 4.4% outside the ICU). In adjusted analyses, risk factors associated with mortality included dementia (adjusted risk ratio (aRR) 2.11 95%CI 1.50–2.96), age 65 or older (aRR 1.97, 95%CI 1.31–2.95), obesity (aRR 1.37, 95%CI 1.07–1.74), and male sex (aRR 1.32, 95%CI 1.04–1.70).

Conclusion

COVID-19 demonstrated severe morbidity and mortality in critically ill patients. Modifications in care delivery outside the ICU allowed the hospital to effectively care for a surge of critically ill and severely hypoxic patients.

Introduction

COVID-19, the disease caused by infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was first identified in China in late 2019 and subsequently spread globally. The WHO declared the outbreak of COVID-19 a pandemic on March 11, 2020. [1] In March of 2020, New York City (NYC) became the epicenter of the outbreak in the United States, experiencing over 219,030 cases, 18,800 confirmed deaths, and 4,624 probable deaths as of July 21, 2020 [2, 3]. During the peak of the COVID-19 surge, NYC hospitals were forced to adapt in order to meet the needs of an overwhelming number of cases; bed capacity was expanded and clinical triage and treatment algorithms were rapidly implemented.

COVID-19 presents with a broad spectrum of illness, ranging from asymptomatic or mild infections to severe disease leading to critical illness and multi-organ failure. Advanced age and comorbid medical conditions, such as hypertension and diabetes, have been shown to predispose individuals to severe illness due to COVID-19 [4–8]. Prior studies have shown that patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) due to COVID-19 have high mortality [9–11]. Furthermore, critical illness due to COVID-19 can be prolonged, straining hospital systems beyond their typical capacity [10–12].

In this study we describe patients admitted to NYC Health + Hospitals / Bellevue Hospital Center (BHC), a large, academic, public safety-net hospital in NYC, with COVID-19 in the month following the hospital’s first diagnosed case. In particular, we focus on comorbidities, clinical characteristics, and outcomes for patients admitted to ICU and non-ICU settings.

Methods

Study setting

BHC is an 844-bed quaternary-care referral center for the NYC Health + Hospitals (NYCH+H) system. NYCH+H comprises 11 acute care hospitals and is the public safety-net healthcare system for NYC. NYCH+H facilities were on the front lines of the response to the COVID-19 pandemic, serving vulnerable populations throughout the city [13]. This study was approved by the New York University Grossman School of Medicine and NYCH+H Institutional Review Boards.

Data

This is a retrospective review of the electronic medical record (EMR) of patients aged 18 and older admitted to BHC with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 between March 9^th 2020 and April 8^th 2020. Laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 was defined as having a positive reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test for SARS-CoV-2 virus. Patients were tested using a variety of diagnostic tests, including those performed by the NYC Department of Health and Mental Hygiene (DOHMH) (started 2/5/2020), as well as Labcorp (started 3/8/2020) and Bioreference (started 3/19/2020) commercial laboratories. BHC began using an in-house test (Cepheid GeneXpert Xpress) on 4/1/2020. Patients diagnosed at affiliated NYCH+H hospitals and transferred to BHC during the study period were included in this analysis, with data available via an integrated EMR. Incarcerated individuals were excluded as a vulnerable population.

Retrospective manual data extraction was conducted using a standardized data capture tool. Data was gathered between April 8, 2020 and May 10, 2020. Data extracted from the EMR were entered into a secure REDCap (research electronic data capture) database [14].

Measures

Data included demographics, comorbid conditions, presenting symptoms, admission vital signs and laboratory values, level of respiratory support, treatment, complications, and hospital course (i.e. ICU transfers, discharge, death). Obesity was defined as a body mass index of 30.0 or greater. Laboratory values on hospital days 0, 1, and 2 were included as admission labs. Only the first available lab value was included if multiple were taken during this timeframe. If a patient was diagnosed with COVID-19 7 or more days after the date of hospital admission, the date of COVID-19 testing was considered hospital day 0 for this analysis. Otherwise, the day of admission was considered hospital day 0. Acute kidney injury (AKI) was defined as an increase in serum creatinine 0.3mg/dL above baseline in 48 hours or less. Use of therapies targeting SARS-CoV-2 and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) were gathered.

Race and ethnicity were gathered from patient-reported data entered into the EMR. Options available for race in the EMR included American Indian or Alaskan, Asian, Black, Native Hawaiian, Other Pacific Islander, White, Other, and Unknown/Not Recorded. Ethnicity included assessment of Hispanic / Latinx or Non-Hispanic identity. All patients who reported Hispanic / Latinx ethnicity reported “Other” or “Unknown/Not Recorded” race and were categorized as “Hispanic / Latinx” in a condensed assessment of race and ethnicity.

Our primary outcome was mortality at 30 days. Secondary outcomes included discharge from the hospital by 30 days, persistent hospitalization at 30 days, use of mechanical ventilation and other respiratory support, and incidence of AKI with or without requirement of renal replacement therapy (RRT). Patients with baseline end-stage renal disease (ESRD) were excluded from outcomes regarding renal injury.

Patients were assessed by their highest level of oxygen and ventilatory support, in ascending order of supplementation: no supplemental oxygen, oxygen via nasal cannula or simple facemask at 6L/min or less, oxygen via non-rebreather (NRB), respiratory support via non-invasive ventilation or high-flow nasal cannula (NIV/HFNC), or mechanical ventilation.

The National Early Warning Score (NEWS) was calculated for patients based on admission vitals (temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, systolic blood pressure, pulse oximetry) and altered mental status on presentation was assessed based on provider documentation [15].

Data analysis

Socio-demographics, clinical characteristics, and laboratory markers at admission were compared across patients with COVID-19 illness who did and did not require admission to the ICU. Given a non-normal distribution of continuous variables, as determined by a Shapiro-Wilk normality test, we presented the median and interquartile range for continuous variables and compared continuous variables using Wilcoxon rank-sum tests. For categorical variables, we reported count and proportion for each group, and used Fisher’s exact test to compare distributions across categorical variables due to the small size of the sample.

Using binomial regression, we estimated unadjusted and adjusted risk ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for associations between socio-demographic and comorbidity factors and mortality due to COVID-19 among patients requiring supplemental oxygen. Multivariable models included adjustment for all socio-demographic and comorbidity factors in order to estimate independent associations between independent variables and mortality. We also estimated RRs and 95% CIs for associations between laboratory indicators and mortality. Because laboratory indicators may offer improved clinical utility for specific subgroups based on demographics and/or presence of preexisting conditions, we tested for effect modification of the association between each laboratory indicator and mortality by age, sex, and presence of any comorbidity (cardiovascular, pulmonary, or renal comorbidity, diabetes, immunosuppression, HIV, malignancy, dementia, and obesity). In cases where associations differed by background factors (age, sex, presence of comorbidity), as indicated by significance of the background factor by laboratory indication product interaction term (P, 0.15), subgroup associations were presented. Otherwise, associations were presented in the overall sample to preserve statistical power and included adjustment for age, sex, and presence of any comorbidity. All models estimating associations between laboratory factors and mortality were adjusted for race/ethnicity; however, we did not assess effect modification by race/ethnicity because low cell counts in some race categories would not have supported reliable estimation of associations.

All statistical tests were considered to be significant at the p<0.05 level, with the exception of the interactions tests that were considered significant at the p<0.15 level. The significance level for interaction analyses was increased to avoid type II error [16]. Data analysis was completed in Stata, version 15.0 (Stata Corp., College Station, TX).

Results

Study population and demographics

Between March 9^th and April 8^th, 2020, a total of 337 adult patients eligible for inclusion in this study were diagnosed with COVID-19 at BHC. This cohort was split first by need for supplemental oxygen, with 65 patients (19.3%) never requiring supplemental oxygen. This group represented a heterogeneous population, including many admitted from congregate settings early in the outbreak for social isolation and individuals already hospitalized for other reasons (e.g. inpatient psychiatric care, acute inpatient rehab). Details regarding the 65 patients never requiring supplemental oxygen are available in S1 Table. Of the remaining 272 patients requiring supplemental oxygen, 2 patients were transferred to outside hospitals prior to hospital day 30, and therefore 30-day hospital outcomes were unable to be assessed. Primary analyses were conducted among the remaining patients who required supplemental oxygen (n = 270).

These remaining 270 patients requiring supplemental oxygen were divided by requirement of ICU admission, with 135 (50.0%) requiring ICU admission during the study period. The median age was 58, with 62 (23.0%) patients under age 50. Approximately two-thirds (67.4%) were male. Detailed information regarding race and ethnicity was available for 126 (46.7%) participants, with a minority identifying as white (9.3%). A total of 15 patients (5.6%) were homeless, either street- or shelter-domiciled (Table 1).

Table 1. Socio-demographics, medical history, and admission laboratory markers for patients with COVID-19 Illness requiring supplemental oxygen (n = 270).

	Never ICU (n = 135)	ICU (n = 135)	Total (n = 270)	p-value¹
Sex, n (%)
Male	87 (64.4%)	95 (70.4%)	182 (67.4%)	0.36
Female	48 (35.6%)	40 (29.6%)	88 (32.6%)	-
Age, median (IQR)	57 (48–67)	60 (51–68)	58 (50–67)	0.19
Age Category, n (%)
<50	36 (26.7%)	26 (19.3%)	62 (23.0%)	0.32
50–64	60 (44.4%)	63 (46.7%)	123 (45.6%)	-
≥65	39 (28.9%)	46 (34.1%)	85 (31.5%)	-
Race/Ethnicity,² n (%)
American Indian or Alaska Native	0 (0%)	1 (0.7%)	1 (0.4%)	0.42
Asian	9 (6.7%)	11 (8.2%)	20 (7.4%)	-
Black	29 (21.5%)	27 (20.0%)	56 (20.7%)	-
Hispanic/Latinx	9 (6.7%)	15 (11.1%)	24 (8.9%)	-
White	16 (11.9%)	9 (6.7%)	25 (9.3%)	-
Other	61 (45.2%)	64 (47.4%)	125 (46.3%)	-
Not Recorded or Unknown	11 (8.2%)	8 (5.9%)	19 (7.0%)	-
BMI, median (IQR), n = 261	29.02 (25.3–32.4)	28.86 (25.8–34.2)	28.96 (25.7–33.2)	0.20
Medical Comorbidities, n (%)
Cardiovascular Comorbidity³	66 (48.9%)	73 (54.1%)	139 (51.5%)	0.47
Pulmonary Comorbidity⁴	21 (15.6%)	15 (11.1%)	36 (13.3%)	0.37
Renal Comorbidity⁵	12 (8.9%)	20 (14.8%)	32 (11.9%)	0.19
CKD	4 (3.0%)	15 (11.1%)	19 (7.0%)	0.02
ESRD	8 (5.9%)	5 (3.7%)	13 (4.8%)	0.57
Type 2 Diabetes	42 (31.1%)	47 (34.8%)	89 (33.0%)	0.61
Immunosuppression	6 (4.4%)	5 (3.7%)	11 (4.1%)	1.00
HIV	3 (2.2%)	2 (1.5%)	5 (1.9%)	1.00
Malignancy	6 (4.4%)	1 (0.7%)	7 (2.6%)	0.12
Dementia	5 (3.7%)	4 (3.0%)	9 (3.3%)	1.00
Obesity (BMI >30.0), n = 261	50 (39.1%)	59 (44.4%)	109 (41.8%)	0.45
No Listed Comorbidities⁶	26 (19.3%)	24 (17.8%)	50 (18.5%)	0.88
Pregnancy, n (%)	2 (1.5%)	1 (0.7%)	3 (1.1%)	1.00
Homelessness, n (%)	8 (5.9%)	7 (5.2%)	15 (5.6%)	1.00
Symptoms, n (%)
Fever	114 (84.4%)	110 (80.5%)	224 (83.0%)	0.63
Cough	109 (80.7%)	107 (79.3%)	216 (80.0%)	0.88
Dyspnea	106 (78.5%)	102 (75.6%)	208 (77.0%)	0.67
Chest Pain	25 (18.5%)	22 (16.3%)	47 (17.4%)	0.75
Diarrhea	29 (21.5%)	34 (25.2%)	63 (23.3%)	0.57
Myalgias	45 (33.3%)	41 (30.4%)	86 (31.9%)	0.70
Anosmia	9 (6.7%)	5 (3.7%)	14 (5.2%)	0.21
Altered Mental Status	7 (5.2%)	13 (9.6%)	20 (7.4%)	0.25
Headache	32 (23.7%)	19 (14.1%)	51 (18.9%)	0.06
Syncope	0 (0%)	3 (2.2%)	3 (1.1%)	0.25
Symptom Duration⁷, median (IQR) (n = 258)	7 (4.0–8.5)	6 (3–8)	7 (4–8)	0.75
NEWS Score, median (IQR), n = 267	6 (4–8)	7 (5–9)	7 (4–9)	0.002
NEWS Score category, n (%), n = 267
Low Risk (0–4)	41 (30.6%)	27 (20.3%)	68 (25.5%)	0.008
Medium Risk (5–6)	38 (28.4%)	26 (19.6%)	64 (24.0%)	-
High Risk (≥7)	55 (41.0%)	80 (60.2%)	135 (50.6%)	-
Admission Lab Tests, median (IQR)
WBC (10³/μl)	6.49 (5.2–9.3)	8.05 (6.0–11.0)	7.5 (5.6–10.3)	0.003
ANC (10³/μl), n = 269	5.25 (3.7–7.8)	6.60 (4.7–9.6)	5.97 (4.3–9.1)	0.002
ALC (10³/μl), n = 269	0.99 (0.7–1.2)	0.82 (0.58–1.11)	0.91 (0.6–1.2)	0.07
CRP (mg/L), n = 230	109.4 (29.4–182.6)	172.8 (102.1–228.4)	147 (69.9–209.2)	<0.001
D-dimer (ng/mL), n = 211	258 (192–662)	430 (311–806)	379 (222–708)	<0.001
Ferritin (ng/mL), n = 187	725.6 (347.5–1259)	964.3 (575–1382.3)	867 (465.5–1326.4)	0.04
LDH (IU/mL), n = 223	435 (320–554)	584 (458.5–773.5)	505 (372–675)	<0.001
Admission Lab Tests, n (%)
Lactate >2.0 (mmol/L), n = 193	32 (35.2%)	33 (32.4%)	65 (33.7%)	0.76
Troponin ≥0.05 (ng/mL), n = 189	11 (13.3%)	32 (30.2%)	43 (22.8%)	0.008
AST >40 (U/L), n = 265	83 (62.9%)	105 (79.0%)	188 (70.9%)	0.005
ALT >36 (U/L), n = 265	72 (54.6%)	81 (60.9%)	153 (57.7%)	0.32

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All variables were calculated for the full sample of 270 patients, unless different (n) indicated in variable column. Median and interquartile range (IQR) presented for continuous variables (age, BMI, symptom duration, NEWS score, and some lab results). Count and proportion presented for remaining categorical variables.

¹p-values are presented for Wilcoxon rank-sum tests for continuous variables and Fisher’s exact tests for categorical variables.

²Race/ethnicity categories are presented as recorded in electronic records. See Methods section for details.

³Hypertension, Heart Failure, Stroke or Transient Ischemic Attack, Coronary Artery Disease.

⁴Asthma, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), Obstructive Sleep Apnea, Interstitial Lung Disease.

⁵Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) or End-stage Renal Disease (ESRD).

⁶Patients lacking all comorbid medical conditions included in this table. No patients in this sample had chronic liver disease or cirrhosis, which is omitted.

⁷Patients were omitted if diagnosis occurred >7 days after hospital admission.

Baseline comorbid medical conditions

The majority of patients had at least one comorbid medical condition, with cardiovascular conditions (51.5%), obesity (41.8%), and type 2 diabetes (33.0%) being most prevalent (Table 1). Few patients had baseline pulmonary (13.3%) or renal (11.9%) disease. A total of 50 patients (18.5%) had none of these specifically assessed comorbidities. In general, presence of baseline comorbid conditions did not differ by ICU admission except for chronic kidney disease (CKD), which was more prevalent in the ICU population (11.1% vs 3.0%, p = 0.02). Only 13 patients (4.8%) reported being active smokers (S2 Table).

Clinical presentation

The most common presenting symptoms were fever (83.0%), cough (80.0%) and dyspnea (77.0%). There were no significant differences in symptom presentation when stratified by ICU admission. Median duration of symptoms prior to presentation was similar in hypoxic patients managed on the floor (7 days) and in the ICU (6 days). Median NEWS score was higher for patients admitted to the ICU (7 vs 6, p = 0.002), and high-risk NEWS scores were more prevalent in patients requiring ICU admission (p = 0.008) (Table 1). Assessment of possible COVID-19 exposures and admission vital signs are included in S2 Table.

Median white blood cell count (8.05 vs 6.49), neutrophil count (6.60 vs 5.25), CRP (172.8 vs 109.4), ferritin (964.3 vs 725.6), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) (584 vs 435) were higher in patients admitted to the ICU compared to those not admitted to the ICU (p<0.05) (Table 1). Higher rates of troponin elevation (30.2% vs 13.3%, p = 0.008) and AST elevation (79.0% vs 62.9%, p = 0.005) were also seen in patients admitted to the ICU.

Treatment

The majority of patients requiring supplemental oxygen received at least one medication targeting SARS-CoV-2 virus (Table 2). The majority of patients received hydroxychloroquine (HCQ; 82.2%), with a higher rate of treatment in patients admitted to the ICU (90.4% vs 74.1%). The majority of patients admitted to the ICU received steroids compared to a minority of patients not admitted to the ICU (71.9% vs 3.0%). Most patients also received antibiotics, with a higher rate of use in patients admitted to the ICU (80.7% vs 53.3%).

Table 2. Treatments, respiratory support, and renal injury for patients with COVID-19 Illness requiring supplemental oxygen (n = 270).

	Never ICU (n = 135)	ICU (n = 135)	Total (n = 270)
Treatment, n (%)
Lopinavir/Ritonavir	15 (11.1%)	13 (9.6%)	28 (10.4%)
Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ)	25 (18.5%)	10 (7.4%)	35 (13.0%)
HCQ + Azithromycin	75 (55.6%)	112 (83.0%)	187 (69.3%)
Any HCQ	100 (74.1%)	122 (90.4%)	222 (82.2%)
Tocilizumab	3 (2.2%)	26 (19.3%)	29 (10.7%)
Remdesivir Study Enrollment¹	0 (0%)	4 (3.0%)	4 (1.5%)
Antibiotics	72 (53.3%)	109 (80.7%)	181 (67.0%)
Steroids	4 (3.0%)	97 (71.9%)	101 (37.4%)
None of the Above	6 (4.4%)	2 (1.5%)	8 (3.0%)
Highest Level of Respiratory Support, n (%)
Oxygen—Nasal Cannula	91 (67.4%)	0 (0%)	91 (33.7%)
Oxygen—Non-Rebreather (NRB)	41 (30.4%)	5 (3.7%)	46 (17.0%)
NIV/HFNC	3 (2.2%)	9 (6.7%)	12 (4.4%)
Mechanical Ventilation	0 (0%)	121 (89.6%)	121 (44.8%)
Renal Injury, n (%)
Baseline ESRD	8 (5.9%)	5 (3.7%)	13 (4.8%)
No ESRD	127 (94.1%)	130 (96.3%)	257 (95.2%)
No AKI²	103 (81.1%)	31 (23.8%)	134 (52.1%)
AKI without RRT²	23 (18.1%)	44 (33.8%)	67 (26.1%)
AKI with RRT²	1 (0.8%)	55 (42.3%)	56 (21.8%)

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Data are reported as count and proportion for categorical variables.

¹Receipt of remdesivir or placebo is unknown for these patients.

²Percentages reported from denominator of patients without baseline ESRD.

Abbreviations: NIV Non-invasive Ventilation: HFNC High Flow Nasal Cannula: AKI Acute Kidney Injury: RRT Renal Replacement Therapy: ESRD End-Stage Renal Disease.

Patients managed outside the ICU mostly required nasal cannula alone (67.4%) but 44 of these patients (32.6%) required treatment with NRB or NIV/HFNC for severe hypoxia or respiratory distress. Nearly all patients admitted in the ICU required mechanical ventilation (89.6%) with only 14 (10.4%) requiring either NRB or NIV/HFNC as their highest level of respiratory support (Table 2).

Renal injury

Of patients requiring ICU admission, 99 of 130 patients without baseline ESRD (76.1%) developed AKI and 55 of these patients (42.3%) required RRT. Of hypoxic floor patients without ESRD (127), 23 had AKI without RRT (18.1%) and 1 patient required RRT (0.8%) (Table 2).

Hospital outcomes

Hospital outcomes stratified by respiratory support and renal injury are available in Table 3. Mortality among those requiring supplemental oxygen was 28.9%: 53.3% (72 of 135) in the ICU and 4.4% (6 of 135) outside the ICU. Half of the patients with fatal outcome outside the ICU had AKI without RRT (3 of 6), and two-thirds required NRB or NIV/HFNC (4 of 6). The majority of deaths occurred in the ICU (72 of 78, 92.3%) and among patients requiring mechanical ventilation (67 of 78, 85.9%). The subset of patients requiring NRB or NIV/HFNC outside the ICU showed a trend towards higher mortality than those requiring nasal cannula alone (9.1% vs 2.2%, p = 0.088). Of ICU patients surviving to discharge or hospital day 30, 45 (33.3%) remained hospitalized with 22 (16.3% of total) still in the ICU; only 18 (13.3% of total) had been discharged home or to a care facility.

Table 3. Hospital outcomes stratified by respiratory support and renal injury for patient with COVID-19 illness requiring supplemental oxygen (n = 270).

	Totals	Mortality	p-value¹	Remain in ICU at HD 30	Remain on floor at HD 30	Discharge by HD 30
Totals	270	78 (28.9%)		22 (8.1%)	33 (12.2%)	137 (50.7%)
Never ICU. n (%)	135	6 (4.4%)		-	10 (7.4%)	119 (88.2%)
Respiratory Support
Nasal Cannula	91	2 (2.2%)	Ref	-	4 (4.4%)	85 (93.4%)
NIV or NRB/HFNC	44	4 (9.1%)	0.088	-	6 (13.6%)	34 (77.3%)
Renal Injury
ESRD	8	0 (0%)	-	-	3 (37.5%)	5 (62.5%)
No AKI	103	3 (2.9%)	Ref	-	4 (3.9%)	96 (93.2%)
AKI without RRT	23	3 (13.0%)	0.074	-	2 (8.7%)	18 (78.2%)
AKI with or without RRT²	24	3 (12.5%)	0.081	-	3 (12.5%)	18 (75.0%)
ICU, n (%)	135	72 (53.3%)		22 (16.3%)	23 (17.0%)	18 (13.3%)
Respiratory Support
NIV or NRB	14	5 (35.7%)	Ref	0 (0%)	2 (14.3%)	7 (50.0%)
Mechanical Ventilation	121	67 (55.3%)	0.257	21 (17.4%)	21 (17.4%)	12 (9.9%)
Renal Injury
ESRD	5	4 (80.0%)	-	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	1 (20.0%)
No AKI	31	9 (29.0%)	Ref	5 (16.1%)	5 (16.1%)	12 (38.7%)
AKI without RRT	44	23 (52.3%)	0.059	7 (15.9%)	10 (22.7%)	4 (9.1%)
AKI with RRT	55	36 (65.5%)	0.002	10 (18.2%)	8 (14.5%)	1 (1.8%)
AKI with or without RRT	99	59 (59.6%)	0.004	17 (17.2%)	18 (18.2%)	5 (5.0%)

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Data are reported as count and proportion for categorical variables.

¹P-values for comparison of mortality, stratified by respiratory support and renal injury categories, are calculated by Fisher’s exact test. Reference group (Ref) listed. Patients with ESRD are excluded from analysis of renal injury on mortality.

²Renal injury groups combined as only one patient in this group had AKI requiring RRT.

Abbreviations: HD Hospital Day: AKI Acute Kidney Injury: RRT Renal Replacement Therapy: NIV Non-invasive Ventilation: NRB Non-rebreather: HFNC High Flow Nasal Cannula: ESRD End-Stage Renal Disease.

In critically ill patients without ESRD at baseline, incidence of AKI without requirement of RRT showed a trend towards higher mortality (52.3% vs 29.0%, p = 0.059) and AKI with RRT was associated with increased mortality (65.5% vs 29.0%, p = 0.002). Among patients outside the ICU without ESRD at baseline, AKI was associated with a trend towards increased mortality (12.5% vs 2.9%, p = 0.081) (Table 3).

In multivariate analysis of risk factors for mortality, controlling for demographics and baseline comorbid conditions, the strongest risk factors for mortality included dementia (aRR 2.11 95%CI 1.50–2.96), age 65 or older (aRR 1.97, 95%CI 1.31–2.95), obesity (aRR 1.37, 95%CI 1.07–1.74), and male sex (aRR 1.32, 95%CI 1.04–1.70). The effect of cardiovascular (aRR 1.12, 95%CI 0.75–1.68) and renal comorbidities (aRR 1.27, 95%CI 0.90–1.78) showed a trend towards higher mortality but did not reach statistical significance. Pulmonary conditions and type 2 diabetes were not associated with mortality (Table 4).

Table 4. Unadjusted and adjusted Risk Ratios (RR) and 95% Confidence Intervals (CI) for associations between baseline socio-demographic and baseline comorbidity¹ and COVID-19 mortality (n = 270 patients treated with supplemental oxygen).

Baseline Characteristics	N (%) Mortality	RR (95% CI)	Adjusted RR² (95% CI)
Age
18–64 years (n = 185)	41 (22.2)	Ref	Ref
65 years and older (n = 85)	37 (43.5)	1.96 (1.37–2.82)^*	1.97 (1.31–2.95)^*
Sex
Female (n = 88)	22 (25.0)	Ref	Ref
Male (n = 182)	56 (30.8)	1.23 (0.81–1.88)	1.32 (1.04–1.70)^*
Race
White (n = 25)	7 (28.0)	Ref	Ref
Black/Latinx (n = 80)	24 (30.0)	1.07 (0.53–2.18)	0.98 (0.50–1.93)
Other, Asian, American Indian/Alaska Native (n = 146)	43 (29.5)	1.05 (0.53–2.07)	1.27 (0.65–2.48)
Not Defined (n = 19)	4 (21.1)	0.75 (0.26–2.20)	1.21 (0.46–3.19)
Cardiovascular Comorbidity³
No (n = 131)	32 (24.4)	Ref	Ref
Yes (n = 139)	46 (33.1)	1.35 (0.92–1.99)	1.12 (0.75–1.68)
Pulmonary Comorbidity⁴
No (n = 234)	68 (29.1)	Ref	Ref
Yes (n = 36)	10 (27.8)	0.96 (0.54–1.68)	0.86 (0.51–1.45)
Renal Comorbidity⁵
No (n = 238)	67 (28.2)	Ref	Ref
Yes (n = 32)	11 (34.4)	1.22 (0.73–2.05)	1.27 (0.90–1.78)
Type 2 Diabetes
No (n = 181)	52 (28.7)	Ref	Ref
Yes (n = 89)	26 (29.2)	1.02 (0.68–1.51)	0.86 (0.62–1.21)
Immunosuppression
No (n = 259)	76 (29.3)	Ref	Ref
Yes (n = 11)	2 (18.2)	0.62 (0.17–2.20)	0.63 (0.17–2.36)
HIV
No (n = 265)	76 (28.7)	Ref	Ref
Yes (n = 5)	2 (40.0)	1.39 (0.47–4.15)	1.46 (0.49–4.31)
Malignancy
No (n = 263)	77 (29.3)	Ref	Ref
Yes (n = 7)	1 (14.3)	0.49 (0.08–3.02)	0.57 (0.09–3.57)
Dementia
No (n = 263)	71 (27.2)	Ref	Ref
Yes (n = 9)	7 (77.8)	2.86 (1.91–4.27)^*	2.11 (1.50–2.96)^*
Obesity (Body Mass Index ≥30)
No (n = 152)	41 (27.0)	Ref	Ref
Yes (n = 109)	35 (32.1)	1.19 (0.82–1.74)	1.37 (1.07–1.74)^*

Open in a new tab

*p<0.05.

¹A total of 211 of 270 patients had at least one comorbidity upon hospitalization including cardiovascular, pulmonary, or renal comorbidity, diabetes, immunosuppression, HIV, malignancy, dementia, obesity (Body Mass Index ≥30). Presentation with any comorbidity was associated with 1.56 times the mortality risk (95%CI:0.87–2.82).

²All socio-demographic and comorbidity factors were included in the fully-adjusted model.

³Hypertension, Heart Failure, Stroke or Transient Ischemic Attack, Coronary Artery Disease.

⁴Asthma, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), Obstructive Sleep Apnea, Interstitial Lung Disease.

⁵Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) or End-stage Renal Disease (ESRD).

Of laboratory values assessed for association with mortality in adjusted analysis, elevated ferritin (>1000 mg/dL;aRR 1.66 95%CI 1.05–2.63), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH >500 IU/mL; aRR 2.12 95%CI 1.32–3.41), elevated aspartate transaminase (AST >40 U/L; aRR 1.84, 95% CI 1.11–3.04) and troponin (>0.05 ng/mL;aRR 1.57 95%CI 1.03–2.41) were associated with mortality in the overall sample. Neutrophil and lymphocyte counts were not associated with mortality in adjusted or unadjusted analysis. (Table 5)

Table 5. Unadjusted and adjusted Risk Ratios (RR) and 95% Confidence Intervals (CI) for associations between selected laboratory indicators and COVID-19 mortality (n = 270 patients treated with supplemental oxygen).

Laboratory Indicators	N (%) Mortality	RR (95% CI)	Adjusted RR¹ (95% CI)
White Blood Cell >10.8 10³/μL
No (n = 209)	59 (28.2)	Ref	Ref
Yes (n = 61)	19 (31.2)	1.10 (0.72–1.70)	1.09 (0.72–1.65)
		Stratified by Age:²	Stratified by Age: ²
		18–64 yrs: 1.60 (0.90–2.83)	18–64 yrs: 1.75 (1.00–3.08)
		65+ yrs: 0.63 (0.32–1.23)	65+ yrs: 0.70 (0.36–1.35)
Absolute Neutrophil Count (ANC) >7.6 10³/μL
No (n = 189)	47 (26.1)	Ref	Ref
Yes (n = 89)	31 (34.8)	1.33 (0.92–1.94)	1.28 (0.89–1.86)
Absolute Lymphocyte Count (ALC) <0.8 10³/μL
No (n = 158)	41 (26.0)	Ref	Ref
Yes (n = 111)	37 (33.3)	1.28 (0.89–1.86)	1.11 (0.76–1.61)
Aspartate Transaminase (AST) >40 U/L
No (n = 80)	16 (20.0)	Ref	Ref
Yes (n = 185)	60 (32.4)	1.62 (1.00–2.63)	1.84 (1.11–3.04)
C-reactive protein (CRP) >200 mg/L
No (n = 168)	45 (26.8)	Ref	Ref
Yes (n = 62)	19 (30.7)	1.14 (0.73–1.79)	1.03 (0.66–1.59)
		Stratified by Age: ²	Stratified by Age: ²
		18–64 yrs: 1.79 (0.99–3.23)	18–64 yrs: 1.83 (1.01–3.31)^*
		65+ yrs: 0.62 (0.28–1.37)	65+ yrs: 0.57 (0.26–1.24)
Ferritin >1000 ng/mL
No (n = 107)	24 (22.4)	Ref	Ref
Yes (n = 80)	27 (33.8)	1.50 (0.94–2.40)	1.66 (1.05–2.63)
			Stratified by Sex: ²
			Female: 3.60 (1.90–6.83)^*
			Male: 1.32 (0.77–2.24)
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) >500 IU/mL
No (n = 106)	19 (17.9)	Ref	Ref
Yes (n = 117)	44 (37.6)	2.10 (1.31–3.36)^*	2.12 (1.32–3.41)
Troponin >0.05 ng/mL
No (n = 146)	39 (26.7)	Ref	Ref
Yes (n = 43)	19 (44.2)	1.65 (1.08–2.54)^*	1.57 (1.03–2.41)
		Stratified by Sex: ²	Stratified by Sex: ²
		Female: 0.92 (0.35–2.40)	Female: 0.81 (0.31–2.15)
		Male: 2.09 (1.29–3.36)^*	Male: 1.95 (1.23–3.09)^*
			Stratified by Comorbidity: ²
		Stratified by Comorbidity: ²	No Comorbidity: 4.25 (1.94–9.31)^*
		No Comorbidity: 5.41 (2.64–11.09)^*	≥1 Comorbidity: 1.43 (0.91–2.25)
		≥1 Comorbidity: 1.41 (0.89–2.25)

Open in a new tab

*p<0.05.

¹Adjusted for age (65 years or older versus 18–64 years), sex, race, and presence of at least one comorbidity upon hospitalization (cardiovascular, pulmonary, or renal comorbidity, diabetes, immunosuppression, HIV, malignancy, dementia, obesity).

²Interactions tested for age, sex, and presence of any comorbidity. Stratified estimates only included for interactions that were significant at the p<0.15 level.

In subgroup analysis, we observed substantial variation in the association between laboratory values and mortality by age, sex, and comorbidity status. Elevated white blood cell counts and c-reactive protein levels were risk factors for mortality in those aged 18–64 years (WBC >10.8 10³/μL; aRR 1.75, 95% CI 1.00–3.08: CRP >200 mg/L; aRR 1.83, 95% CI 1.01–3.31) but were not associated with mortality among those 65 years or older (WBC aRR 0.70, 95% CI 0.36–1.35: CRP aRR 0.57, 95% CI 0.26–1.24). Elevated ferritin was a mortality risk factor for females (>1000 mg/dL; aRR 3.60, 95% CI 1.90–6.83) but not males (aRR 1.32, 95% CI 0.77–2.24). Elevated troponin was a risk factor for mortality for males (>0.05 ng/mL; aRR 1.95, 95% CI 1.23–3.09) but not females (aRR 0.81, 95% CI 0.31–2.15). Elevated troponin was also a risk factor among those with no comorbid conditions (aRR 4.25, 95% CI 1.94–9.31) while it was weakly and insignificantly associated with mortality among those with at least one comorbidity (aRR 1.43, 95% CI 0.91–2.25).

Discussion

We describe clinical presentation and outcomes of patients admitted with COVID-19 to a large, safety-net hospital in NYC. In this exploratory analysis, we assessed differential characteristics and outcomes by severity of illness primarily by location of care (ICU vs non-ICU), with a focus on patients requiring supplemental oxygen. Our main findings include identification of dementia as well as obesity, age, and male sex as strong mortality risk factors, a finding of low mortality among patients with severe illness managed outside the ICU, and the clinical impact of renal injury for patients both in and outside the ICU.

Mortality among patients requiring supplemental oxygen, excluding those with mild disease not requiring supplemental oxygen therapy, was 28.9%, with the majority of deaths occurring in the ICU and among those receiving mechanical ventilation. Mortality rates in the ICU and with mechanical ventilation vary widely in previous reports (14.6%-88.1%) [4, 10, 12, 17]. The 30-day mortality rate in the BHC ICU (53.3%) was higher than some other NYC reports. This may have been influenced by BHC’s status as a referral center for critically ill patients, including those requiring subspecialty care, for the NYCH+H system. Another potentially mediating factor is duration of symptoms prior to presentation. The median duration of symptoms in our population was longer (7 days) than other NYC cohorts, although most studies do not report this variable and it is prone to recall and reporter bias [10]. One study from Seattle which showed similar mortality rate (50%) in critically ill patients had similar duration of symptoms prior to presentation [9].

Mortality for those managed outside the ICU was 4.4%, including for those managed for severe hypoxia with escalation to NRB or NIV/HFNC, similar or lower than what was observed in other NYC cohorts [4, 12, 17]. Several interventions allowed for safe management of higher acuity patients outside the ICU, including the following: 1) An increase in continuous oxygen monitoring capabilities, allowing for rapid detection of decompensations and situations that required escalations in care; 2) Expansion of rapid response and code teams ensuring a timely response to these decompensating patients; 3) An increase in nurse staffing ratios on the floor to 4:1 from the standard of 6:1; and 4) Newly developed oxygenation protocols to guide frontline providers in management of these patients.

Risk factors associated with mortality reported in prior studies include advanced age, male sex, obesity, and other comorbidities, specifically cardiovascular conditions such as hypertension [4, 12, 18, 19]. In our population, advanced age, male sex, and obesity were the main factors associated with mortality. Cardiovascular and renal comorbidities were not associated with mortality in an adjusted analysis, perhaps owing to a limited sample size and inability to detect these associations. Alternatively, our findings could suggest the relative importance of age and obesity in a younger population with fewer medical comorbidities. In contrast with other cohorts from NYC, where fewer than 10% of patients had no comorbid conditions, approximately one in five patients in our cohort had no recognized comorbid conditions. However, we cannot assess in our analysis whether the lower comorbidity rate is related to unrecognized comorbid conditions in a vulnerable population without adequate access to primary care services.

Low rates of baseline immunosuppression, HIV, and liver disease precluded adequate assessment of the effect that these comorbid conditions may have on COVID-19 severity and outcomes. Despite a small population of patients with pre-existing dementia, this comorbidity was strongly associated with mortality. This could reflect prior observations of increased mortality related to pneumonia among those with pre-existing dementia [20]. On dedicated review, we noted that do-not-resuscitate orders were in place for 5 of the 7 patients with dementia at the time of death, and therefore a lower likelihood of care escalation with measures such as resuscitation or intubation may have led to higher rates of mortality. However, code status was unavailable for the full cohort, limiting comparative analyses. Additionally, all patients with dementia were over the age of 65, and compared to the full cohort of individuals over 65, their age was on average 8 years greater. This raises the possibility of additional confounding based on more advanced age not accounted for in our adjustment by age category.

Laboratory abnormalities associated with mortality included ferritin and LDH. Additionally, markers of multi-organ involvement such as transaminase and troponin elevation were associated with mortality. Despite a relatively small cohort, subgroup analyses demonstrated interesting associations, including the correlation of ferritin with mortality specifically among female patients and the association of troponin elevation with mortality among male patients. These observations could help tailor laboratory assessment at the time of admission for patients diagnosed with COVID-19, and direct the development of predictive models in larger datasets in the future.

Despite a low prevalence of baseline renal comorbidities, AKI and need for RRT were seen in a high proportion of critically ill patients, consistent with other NYC reports [4, 10]. The expanded need for RRT was unexpected, and has led to a significant strain on dialysis capability across hospital systems [21, 22]. The need for expanded dialysis access should be expected for hospitals responding to a surge in COVID-19 illness unless current and future therapies employed against COVID-19 can mitigate the rate of renal injury in COVID-19 critical illness.

Rates of RRT in critically ill populations in NYC are similar across different hospitals, ranging from approximately 30–40% in most reports [4, 10, 12]. Many hypotheses for high rates of AKI and RRT in critical illness in COVID-19 have been proposed. As suggested by other researchers, the fluid-restrictive strategy in management of ARDS could cause unintended harm by worsening AKI, which may explain similar rates of RRT in ICU cohorts [12]. Additionally, pathologic studies have identified that viral entry and replication in renal cells via ACE-2 receptors may point to a direct impact on renal injury, which could be exaggerated during uncontrolled viral replication in critical illness [23, 24].

Regarding treatment of patients with COVID-19 illness, this cohort of patients notably presented during a period when scant evidence was available for guidance of treatment strategies. We observed high rates of hydroxychloroquine usage, although subsequent observational and randomized trials have failed to show significant benefit in treatment of COVID-19 illness [25–27]. Steroids were employed frequently for critically ill patients in our study but rarely used for patients requiring supplemental oxygen outside the ICU. Steroid therapy has subsequently shown promise to reduce mortality in patients receiving mechanical ventilation and supplemental oxygen compared to usual care [28]. We anticipate that many of the patients requiring supplemental oxygen but not requiring ICU admission would be treated with steroids under current treatment guidelines. Fewer numbers of critically ill patients received tocilizumab, likely owing to limited familiarity with this medication and a higher perceived risk profile. The role of targeted immune suppressants such as tocilizumab remains to be elucidated; while early observational data suggested a benefit, subsequent randomized trials have not demonstrated benefit [29]. Remdesivir, which had limited availability during this study period through a randomized trial, has subsequently shown promise in reducing time to recovery although did not demonstrate a significant mortality reduction in a randomized trial [30]. Finally, we observed high rates of concurrent antibiotic usage for management of patients both in and outside the ICU despite low rates of documented co-infection [31]. Widespread usage of broad-spectrum antimicrobials without clear benefit outside of documented bacterial infection raise the concern about accelerating antimicrobial resistance in vulnerable populations in the face of the pandemic.

Strengths of this study include that data was gathered by manual chart review. This assures that information not well recorded in extractable areas in the EMR (e.g. symptoms and symptom duration) were accurately gathered. Among adult patients, only those incarcerated were excluded as a vulnerable population; therefore, this study is representative of the outbreak at our single institution for the first month of the COVID-19 outbreak in NYC.

This study has several limitations. As a retrospective chart review, data is restricted to what is documented in the EMR, with the possibility of patient-recall error or documentation error. The retrospective analysis is also restricted to the clinical data gathered, leading to missing data points. Detailed race and ethnicity were not recorded for many patients in this study, owing likely to limitations with demographic data entry during surge in clinical volume, limiting our ability to robustly analyze presentation and outcomes by race and ethnicity.

Conclusion

We describe a cohort of patients managed at a public hospital in NYC during the first month of the COVID-19 pandemic. BHC, along with the entire NYCH+H system, made significant structural changes to care for the vulnerable populations seen at our institution to provide a high level of care and mitigate to the extent possible the morbidity and mortality associated with COVID-19. Our results shed light on important clinical characteristics and outcomes in public hospitals. Future work is needed to continue to understand the pathophysiology of COVID-19 and develop best practices for the management of hospitalized patients with COVID-19.

Supporting information

S1 Table. Socio-demographics, medical history, admission laboratory markers, treatment, and hospital outcomes for patients not requiring supplemental oxygen (n = 65).

(DOCX)

Click here for additional data file.^{(24.9KB, docx)}

S2 Table. Smoking, exposures, and presenting vital signs for patients with COVID-19 illness requiring supplemental oxygen (n = 270).

(DOCX)

Click here for additional data file.^{(16.3KB, docx)}

Data Availability

All relevant data are within the manuscript and its Supporting Information files.

Funding Statement

The authors received no specific funding for this work.

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PLoS One. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242760.r001

Decision Letter 0

Wisit Cheungpasitporn

1 Sep 2020

PONE-D-20-23829

Comorbidity and Clinical Factors Associated with COVID-19 Critical Illness and Mortality at a Large Public Hospital in New York City in the Early Phase of the Pandemic (March-April 2020)

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Reviewer #1: Yes

Reviewer #2: Yes

Reviewer #3: Partly

Reviewer #4: Partly

Reviewer #5: Yes

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2. Has the statistical analysis been performed appropriately and rigorously?

Reviewer #1: No

Reviewer #2: I Don't Know

Reviewer #3: No

Reviewer #4: I Don't Know

Reviewer #5: Yes

**********

3. Have the authors made all data underlying the findings in their manuscript fully available?

The PLOS Data policy requires authors to make all data underlying the findings described in their manuscript fully available without restriction, with rare exception (please refer to the Data Availability Statement in the manuscript PDF file). The data should be provided as part of the manuscript or its supporting information, or deposited to a public repository. For example, in addition to summary statistics, the data points behind means, medians and variance measures should be available. If there are restrictions on publicly sharing data—e.g. participant privacy or use of data from a third party—those must be specified.

Reviewer #1: Yes

Reviewer #2: Yes

Reviewer #3: Yes

Reviewer #4: No

Reviewer #5: Yes

**********

4. Is the manuscript presented in an intelligible fashion and written in standard English?

PLOS ONE does not copyedit accepted manuscripts, so the language in submitted articles must be clear, correct, and unambiguous. Any typographical or grammatical errors should be corrected at revision, so please note any specific errors here.

Reviewer #1: Yes

Reviewer #2: Yes

Reviewer #3: Yes

Reviewer #4: Yes

Reviewer #5: Yes

**********

5. Review Comments to the Author

Please use the space provided to explain your answers to the questions above. You may also include additional comments for the author, including concerns about dual publication, research ethics, or publication ethics. (Please upload your review as an attachment if it exceeds 20,000 characters)

Reviewer #1: 1. * Table 1: means for skewed continuous variables (labs) need to be compared using a non-parametric test, such as the Kruskal-Wallis test, not a between-group t-test, which assumes normal distributions.

2. * The authors state “... altered mental status was more common in patients requiring ICU admission (9.6% vs 5.2%, p = 0.16) ..“ When a difference is not significant, the proper way to report it would be something like “ ...altered mental status did not differ significantly between those who did vs did not require ICU admission (9.6% vs 5.2%, p = 0.16). When the p value is > .05 and < 0.10, it may be acceptable to report a difference ‘with a trend level of significance’.

3. It is confusing to have “Supplemental Oxygen” in the table headings in Tables 1 and 2. I would suggesting removing this so it is clear the columns refer to ICU and no-ICU.

4. * Interactions are mentioned in the Method section and are shown in Table 5, but are never discussed in the Results or Discussion.

Reviewer #2: Persons with dementia seem more sensitive to certain types of immune challenge and show higher mortality. Are you able to do any further analysis of the dementia group to suggest reasons for their susceptibility to death from Covid-19?

Given the rapid developments in Covid-19 treatment could the authors make additional comments on the treatment regimes or recent relevant studies.

Reviewer #3: The manuscript entitled ‘Comorbidity and Clinical Factors Associated with COVID-19 Critical Illness and Mortality at a Large Public Hospital in New York City in the Early Phase of the Pandemic (March-April 2020)’ with the aim to assess demographics, comorbid conditions, and clinical factors associated with critical illness and mortality among patients diagnosed with COVID-19 at a public hospital in New York City (NYC) during the first month of the COVID-19 outbreak.

This is an interesting study but the manuscript can be further improved in terms of presentation.

Comments

Abstracts

n= to be inserted for the number of subjects i.e n=127

Methods

Data

For the ‘team of students’, who are the students to be clearly stated.

Data analysis

All statistical tests used in the results section to be clearly stated in statistical analyses section. More information to be provided after this statement ‘testing effect modification by sex, age and comorbidity at the 0.15 level’. The acceptance level of statistical significant to be stated.

Results

Table 1, n= to be employed to indicate total sample. X^2 to be replaced with the actual ‘chi square' symbol.

n(%), N(%) to be placed in the first row. Individual symbol % for individual figures to be omitted. Statistical tests to be clearly denoted in table footnote.

Table 1, under Admission Laboratory Tests, n to be placed after the variable name and not after median (IQR) values (Likewise with Supplemental Table 1). The categorical variables and the continuous variable to be clearly separated with space and indicated with their respective p value. Row alignment for CRP to be improved. Symbol >= to be replaced with symbol ≥ (likewise in Supplemental Table 1). In Supplemental Table 2 <= to be replaced with ≤)

Table 2 & 3 n(%) N(%) to be placed in the first row. Symbol % for individual figure to be omitted. Likewise with Supplemental Table 1 & Supplemental Table 2.

Table 2, NRB to be placed after Oxygen-Non-Rebreather.

Treatment

The sentence ‘The majority of patients received hydroxychloroquine (82.4%)’ to be revised and match the variable name in Table 2. HQ and any HCQ to be clearly defined/denoted in table footnote.

Hospital outcomes

Table 3, footnote X^2 to be replaced with symbol ‘chi square' .

Table 3 to be cited after ‘ In critically ill patients …. P=0.045)

Clinical Presentation

For ‘Mean NEWS score was higher for patients admitted to the ICU (7.0 vs 5.9, p<0.01)’, median was reported in Table 1.

Table 4 & 5, small n to be used to indicate individual sample size. N for overall total.

Table 5, the description for superscript 2,3,4 in the footnote requires fine tuning.

Symbol colon : for the sub title to be omitted.

Some references were not conformed to the journal format.

Tables formatting to follow journal format.

Reviewer #4: Review for PLoS ONE

Aug 17, 2020

Title: Comorbidity and Clinical Factors Associated with COVID-19 Critical Illness and Mortality at a Large Public Hospital in New York City in the Early Phase of the Pandemic (March-April 2020)

This paper presents a study to describe patients admitted to NYC Health + Hospitals / Bellevue Hospital Center, in NYC, with COVID-19 in the month following the hospital’s first diagnosed case. Authors focused on comorbidities, clinical characteristics, and outcomes for patients admitted to ICU and non-ICU settings. However, there are questions that limit my enthusiasm of the paper, as outlined below.

1. Data Analysis:

a. Authors considered IQR, median, frequency, t-test and chi-squared tests, while they weren’t introduced at data analysis section. Please explain the descriptive statistics (for both continuous and categorical variables) along with the association tests that were applied across manuscript including t-test and chi-squared test. (Numbers 1 and 7 of caption of Table 1 need to be transferred to the data analysis with more details.)

b. Why authors considered parametric t-test compared with non-parametric methods? Is it based on known or unknown variance? Please justify this part since for the parametric t-test, the normality distribution needs to be assessed before applying t-test.

c. As an example, Table shows the association between race and requiring supplemental Oxygen. How authors consider the chi-squared test for such analysis with few observations or even zero values? Please adjust such analysis by applying an appropriate statistical analysis (such as Fisher’s exact test) and add to the data analysis section as well.

d. What is the statistical significant threshold for the statistical analyses across manuscript? Please add to the manuscript.

e. Statistically, the logistic regression model is fitted not estimated. But we can consider the logistic regression model to estimate the OR and/or RR. In addition, bivariate analyses or bivariable analyses? Please clarify this part at data analysis section.

2. Results:

a. For NEWS score, authors considered mean or median? Page 13, authors mentioned mean, so please be consistent across manuscript to report descriptive statistics.

b. Table 1, not easy to follow. For example for symptom duration or NEWS, it’s supposed to have (median, IQR), but what are those numbers after the IQR values? If they represent the total observations then please modify the table and re-do the Table in better way.

c. Table 1, for the CRP (admission lab test), please report all required values.

d. Please define “other” group in race as a caption or across the manuscript.

e. Why authors report cirrhosis (medical history), while it doesn’t show any observation/data?

f. Table 3: not easy to follow the association analysis for outcomes. Please add the P values (in the caption) to the Table and make it easier to follow. In addition, apply the previous comments regarding the chi-square test.

g. For the sum of the percentage of contingency table, it should be always 100%. So please modify the Table and exclude those two patients. In addition, the sum of the supplemental Oxygen, ICU is 135 not 136? Please modify Table 3 not easy to follow.

h. For the adjusted logistic model, how the authors decide which variables or covariates need to be included in the model to adjust the fitted model?

Reviewer #5: Thank you for the opportunity to review the well reported manuscript.

In general, the data analyses were appropriately performed and reported. Minor amendments with a recheck on percentage calculations throughout all tables were needed for a quality presentation. Detailed comments that focused mainly on the data analysis can be found from the attachment.

**********

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Reviewer #1: No

Reviewer #2: No

Reviewer #3: No

Reviewer #4: No

Reviewer #5: No

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PLoS One. 2020 Nov 23;15(11):e0242760. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242760.r002

Author response to Decision Letter 0

14 Oct 2020

We have updated file naming conventions based on reviewing author guidelines.

Regarding classification of individuals as part of this study, we have updated out methods section to include our categorization of race and ethnicity. This was also suggested by reviewers, and is included in our response to reviewers. We hope that this provides clarification of our study methodology.

Finally, we have included in our Methods section the dates of access of the electronic medical record as requested (Page 3).

Attachment

Submitted filename: Response to Reviewers.docx

Click here for additional data file.^{(29.2KB, docx)}

PLoS One. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242760.r003

Decision Letter 1

Wisit Cheungpasitporn

10 Nov 2020

Comorbidity and Clinical Factors Associated with COVID-19 Critical Illness and Mortality at a Large Public Hospital in New York City in the Early Phase of the Pandemic (March-April 2020)

PONE-D-20-23829R1

Dear Dr. Filardo,

We’re pleased to inform you that your manuscript has been judged scientifically suitable for publication and will be formally accepted for publication once it meets all outstanding technical requirements.

Within one week, you’ll receive an e-mail detailing the required amendments. When these have been addressed, you’ll receive a formal acceptance letter and your manuscript will be scheduled for publication.

An invoice for payment will follow shortly after the formal acceptance. To ensure an efficient process, please log into Editorial Manager at http://www.editorialmanager.com/pone/, click the 'Update My Information' link at the top of the page, and double check that your user information is up-to-date. If you have any billing related questions, please contact our Author Billing department directly at authorbilling@plos.org.

If your institution or institutions have a press office, please notify them about your upcoming paper to help maximize its impact. If they’ll be preparing press materials, please inform our press team as soon as possible -- no later than 48 hours after receiving the formal acceptance. Your manuscript will remain under strict press embargo until 2 pm Eastern Time on the date of publication. For more information, please contact onepress@plos.org.

Kind regards,

Wisit Cheungpasitporn, MD

Academic Editor

PLOS ONE

Additional Editor Comments (optional):

I reviewed the revised manuscript and the response to reviewers' comments. Revised Manuscript is well written. All comments have been addressed and thus accepted for publication

Reviewers' comments:

Reviewer's Responses to Questions

Comments to the Author

1. If the authors have adequately addressed your comments raised in a previous round of review and you feel that this manuscript is now acceptable for publication, you may indicate that here to bypass the “Comments to the Author” section, enter your conflict of interest statement in the “Confidential to Editor” section, and submit your "Accept" recommendation.

Reviewer #2: All comments have been addressed

Reviewer #3: All comments have been addressed

Reviewer #4: All comments have been addressed

Reviewer #5: All comments have been addressed

**********

2. Is the manuscript technically sound, and do the data support the conclusions?

Reviewer #2: Yes

Reviewer #3: Partly

Reviewer #4: Yes

Reviewer #5: Yes

**********

3. Has the statistical analysis been performed appropriately and rigorously?

Reviewer #2: I Don't Know

Reviewer #3: No

Reviewer #4: Yes

Reviewer #5: Yes

**********

4. Have the authors made all data underlying the findings in their manuscript fully available?

Reviewer #2: Yes

Reviewer #3: Yes

Reviewer #4: Yes

Reviewer #5: Yes

**********

5. Is the manuscript presented in an intelligible fashion and written in standard English?

Reviewer #2: Yes

Reviewer #3: Yes

Reviewer #4: Yes

Reviewer #5: Yes

**********

6. Review Comments to the Author

Reviewer #2: Thank you for your hard work and the thought given in the revision. Hopefully this will contribute to the wider body of research on Covid-19

Reviewer #3: The authors have put in great effort to address the comments

For Fisher's Exact Test, 1 or 2 tailed test to be stated.

Reviewer #4: All comments have been addressed. Thank you!

Minor comment, please make sure to use right name for Fisher's exact test across the manuscript (Please check caption Table 3). Please note that for enough sample, it is appropriate to consider the Chi-squared test. However for small sample size, the Fisher's exact test is the appropriate one.

Reviewer #5: All comments have been fully addressed and hence the manuscript has been accepted by me for publication.

**********

7. PLOS authors have the option to publish the peer review history of their article (what does this mean?). If published, this will include your full peer review and any attached files.

If you choose “no”, your identity will remain anonymous but your review may still be made public.

Do you want your identity to be public for this peer review? For information about this choice, including consent withdrawal, please see our Privacy Policy.

Reviewer #2: Yes: Rodney P Jones

Reviewer #3: No

Reviewer #4: No

Reviewer #5: No

PLoS One. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242760.r004

Acceptance letter

Wisit Cheungpasitporn

13 Nov 2020

PONE-D-20-23829R1

Comorbidity and Clinical Factors Associated with COVID-19 Critical Illness and Mortality at a Large Public Hospital in New York City in the Early Phase of the Pandemic (March-April 2020)

Dear Dr. Filardo:

I'm pleased to inform you that your manuscript has been deemed suitable for publication in PLOS ONE. Congratulations! Your manuscript is now with our production department.

If your institution or institutions have a press office, please let them know about your upcoming paper now to help maximize its impact. If they'll be preparing press materials, please inform our press team within the next 48 hours. Your manuscript will remain under strict press embargo until 2 pm Eastern Time on the date of publication. For more information please contact onepress@plos.org.

If we can help with anything else, please email us at plosone@plos.org.

Thank you for submitting your work to PLOS ONE and supporting open access.

Kind regards,

PLOS ONE Editorial Office Staff

on behalf of

Dr. Wisit Cheungpasitporn

Academic Editor

PLOS ONE

Associated Data

This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.

Supplementary Materials

S1 Table. Socio-demographics, medical history, admission laboratory markers, treatment, and hospital outcomes for patients not requiring supplemental oxygen (n = 65).

(DOCX)

Click here for additional data file.^{(24.9KB, docx)}

S2 Table. Smoking, exposures, and presenting vital signs for patients with COVID-19 illness requiring supplemental oxygen (n = 270).

(DOCX)

Click here for additional data file.^{(16.3KB, docx)}

Attachment

Submitted filename: comments_08172020.docx

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Attachment

Submitted filename: PONE-D-20-23829_reviewer comments.pdf

Click here for additional data file.^{(1MB, pdf)}

Attachment

Submitted filename: Response to Reviewers.docx

Click here for additional data file.^{(29.2KB, docx)}

Data Availability Statement

All relevant data are within the manuscript and its Supporting Information files.

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PERMALINK

Comorbidity and clinical factors associated with COVID-19 critical illness and mortality at a large public hospital in New York City in the early phase of the pandemic (March-April 2020)

Thomas D Filardo

Maria R Khan

Noa Krawczyk

Hayley Galitzer

Savannah Karmen-Tuohy

Megan Coffee

Verity E Schaye

Benjamin J Eckhardt

Gabriel M Cohen

Roles

Abstract

Background

Objective

Design

Results

Conclusion

Introduction

Methods

Study setting

Data

Measures

Data analysis

Results

Study population and demographics

Table 1. Socio-demographics, medical history, and admission laboratory markers for patients with COVID-19 Illness requiring supplemental oxygen (n = 270).

Baseline comorbid medical conditions

Clinical presentation

Treatment

Table 2. Treatments, respiratory support, and renal injury for patients with COVID-19 Illness requiring supplemental oxygen (n = 270).

Renal injury

Hospital outcomes

Table 3. Hospital outcomes stratified by respiratory support and renal injury for patient with COVID-19 illness requiring supplemental oxygen (n = 270).

Table 4. Unadjusted and adjusted Risk Ratios (RR) and 95% Confidence Intervals (CI) for associations between baseline socio-demographic and baseline comorbidity1 and COVID-19 mortality (n = 270 patients treated with supplemental oxygen).

Table 5. Unadjusted and adjusted Risk Ratios (RR) and 95% Confidence Intervals (CI) for associations between selected laboratory indicators and COVID-19 mortality (n = 270 patients treated with supplemental oxygen).

Discussion

Conclusion

Supporting information

Data Availability

Funding Statement

References

Decision Letter 0

Wisit Cheungpasitporn

Roles

Author response to Decision Letter 0

Decision Letter 1

Wisit Cheungpasitporn

Roles

Acceptance letter

Wisit Cheungpasitporn

Roles

Associated Data

Supplementary Materials

Data Availability Statement

ACTIONS

PERMALINK

RESOURCES

Similar articles

Cited by other articles

Links to NCBI Databases

Table 4. Unadjusted and adjusted Risk Ratios (RR) and 95% Confidence Intervals (CI) for associations between baseline socio-demographic and baseline comorbidity¹ and COVID-19 mortality (n = 270 patients treated with supplemental oxygen).