Abstract
Background
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex autoimmune disease with strong genetic disposition with more than 100 susceptibility genes identified until now. However, our knowledge on SLE genetic background is still limited. The present study was aimed at evaluating the role of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in SCUBE3, a TGF-β signaling activator, with SLE susceptibility in Chinese populations.
Methods
A total of 2801 individuals (490 cases and 493 controls from GWAS cohort and 1003 cases and 815 controls from our cohort) were enrolled, and SNPs located 10 kb up- and downstream of SCUBE3 (chr6:35182190-35218609) were included in the genetic association study. Multiple layers of bioinformatics were conducted, and the levels of SCUBE3 expression were confirmed.
Results
Of the 31 SNPs in SCUBE3 tested, 24 SNPs were significantly associated with SLE at p ≤ 0.05. The top locus was rs1888822 with p = 8.74∗10−6 in the discovery cohort and was confirmed by the replication cohort with p = 0.012. Additionally, the levels of SCUBE3 mRNA expression were significantly lower in patients with SLE comparing with healthy controls (p = 4.28∗10−4). Further expression data from ArrayExpress showed that the expression of SCUBE3 was also lower in CD3+ T cells and B cells from patients with SLE.
Conclusions
Our research revealed that variants in SCUBE3, which encode SCUBE3 as a TGF-β signaling activator, can be considered as a new genetic susceptibility factor for systemic lupus erythematosus. And the reduced mRNA expression of SCUBE3 was first reported in patients with SLE.
1. Introduction
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex autoimmune disorder that is characterized by autoantibodies with immune complex deposition leading to multiorgan injury. The pathogenesis of SLE is multifactorial and remains unclear. Extensive research has shown that genetic factor contributes to the pathogenesis of SLE.
SCUBE3 encodes signal peptide-CUB-EGF-like domain-containing protein 3 which is a secreted glycoprotein and is expressed during embryonic development in several tissues [1]. SCUBE3 is dispensable for embryonic survival in the mouse [1]. SCUBE3N294K/N294K mutants showed morphological abnormalities of the skeleton, alterations of parameters relevant for bone metabolism, changes in renal function, and hearing impairments [2]. The purified SCUBE3 protein can bound to transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) type II receptor through the C-terminal CUB domain promoting the activation of TGF-β signaling [3]. It had been well documented that TGF-β plays a protective role in the pathogenesis of SLE. The MRL/lpr murine model of SLE benefits from intramuscular injections of cDNA expression vectors encoding for TGF-β with a prolonged survival [4]. SCUBE3 was associated with autoimmune diseases such as psoriasis and rheumatoid arthritis [5, 6]. Thus, the demonstration of SCUBE3 has garnered our research interest in its possible roles in SLE.
Although the study has unveiled the genetic association of SCUBE3 with serum Vit D levels in Crohn's Disease (CD) patients [7], the association between variants in the SCUBE3 gene and SLE susceptibility has not yet been elucidated. Therefore, the present study was aimed at evaluating the role of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in SCUBE3 with SLE susceptibility in Chinese populations.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population
The study sample comprised two cohorts (the discovery cohort 490 SLE cases vs. 493 healthy controls and replication cohort 1003 SLE cases and 815 healthy controls) comprising 2801 individuals. The discovery cohort was derived from a previously published GWAS cohort from Beijing, north of China [8], and the replication cohort was recruited from the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, middle east of China. All patients were diagnosed based on the 1997 American College of Rheumatology (ACR) revised criteria for SLE. The Ethical Committee of the Medical Ethics Committee of Zhengzhou University First Hospital (2019-KY-134) approved this study.
2.2. SNP Selection and Genotyping
We used UCSC Genome Browser 37 (GRCh37/hg19) to acquire the detailed genetic and location information of SCUBE3. SNPs located 10 kb up- and downstream of SCUBE3 (chr6:35182190-35218609) were included for analysis. 31 SNPs were successfully genotyped by the ImmunoChip array by previous GWAS data (Supplementary Table 1), and the replication cohort was genotyped by Sequenom MassARRAY. The genotyping yield for the replication cohort was over 99% for both SLE cases and healthy controls.
2.3. Bioinformatics
The functional annotations of rs1888822 were predicted using the online bioinformatics tools and databases including rSNPBase (http://rsnp.psych.ac.cn/) [9] and RegulomeDB (http://regulome.stanford.edu/) [10]. The QTL analysis was carried out with the GTEx database (https://www.gtexportal.org/home/) [11]. The expression data of SCUBE3 are available at ArrayExpress under accession numbers E-GEOD-13887 [12] and E-GEOD-4588.
2.4. The Expression of SCUBE3 Detection
Whole blood was kept in Trizol (Life Technologies) immediately after collection and stored at -80°C for the detection of gene expression. RNA-seq of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) whole blood and healthy controls were conducted to determine the levels of SCUBE3 expression.
2.5. Statistical Analysis
A chi-square test was carried out to compare genotype and allele frequencies of rs1888822 between cases and controls. The clinical manifestations in relation to rs1888822 genotypes were described as mean ± standarddeviation or median with range. An independent t-test was performed to test for the differences of SCUBE3 expressions. Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS 13.0 software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, United States). Values were considered significant at p < 0.05.
3. Results
3.1. Association of SCUBE3 Gene Polymorphisms with Susceptibility to SLE
Of the 31 SNPs tested, 24 SNPs were significantly associated with SLE at p ≤ 0.05 (Supplementary Table 1) [8]. Further, we identified that the most significant susceptibility locus was rs1888822 in the discovery cohort (p = 8.74∗10−6, OR 1.54, 95% CI 1.27-1.87) and confirmed the finding in the independent replication cohort (p = 0.012, OR 1.202, 95% CI 1.041-1.387) (Table 1). The distributions of genotypes and allele frequencies of SCUBE3 rs1888822 among SLE patients and healthy controls are presented and analyzed in Tables 1 and 2.
Table 1.
Association of rs1888822 in the SCUBE3 gene with susceptibility to systemic lupus erythematosus.
| Chr. | Gene | SNP | Position (hg19) | Minor allele | Discovery stage (490/493) | Replication stage (1003/815) | Meta-analysis | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MAF (case/control %) | p value | OR (95% CI) | MAF (case/control %) | p value | OR (95% CI) | p value | OR (95% CI) | |||||
| 6 | SCUBE3 | rs1888822 | 35183149 | T | 36.7/28.6 | 8.74∗10−6 | 1.54 (1.27-1.87) | 32.0/28.1 | 0.012 | 1.202 (1.041-1.387) | 4.14∗10−6 | 1.31 (1.17-1.47) |
Table 2.
Genotype frequency of SCUBE3 rs1888822 in SLE patients and healthy controls.
| rs1888822 | Genotype | SLE N (%) | Controls N (%) | OR (95% CI) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Codominant | GG | 461 (46.3) | 412 (50.9) | Reference | |
| GT | 431 (43.3) | 340 (42.0) | 1.133 (0.933-1.376) | 0.209 | |
| TT | 103 (10.4) | 58 (7.2) | 1.587 (1.121-2.248) | 8.92∗10−3 | |
| Additive model | GG | 461 (46.3) | 412 (50.9) | Reference | |
| TT | 103 (10.4) | 58 (7.2) | 1.587 (1.121-2.248) | 8.92∗10−3 |
3.2. Association of SCUBE3 rs1888822 with Clinical Manifestations in SLE
To unveil the possible genetic associations in SCUBE3 rs1888822 with SLE clinical manifestations, a case-only analysis was applied in the replication cohort (Table 3). The presence of malar rash, discoid rash, photosensitivity, oral ulcers, arthritis, serositis, leukopenia, lymphopenia, thrombocytopenia, anti-dsDNA antibody, and anti-Sm antibody was higher in patients with risk T allele. Importantly, SLE patients carrying risk T allele showed significantly higher levels of serum creatinine (Scr) (GT+TT vs. GG, p = 0.017). However, after the Bonferroni correction, there was no significant association between SCUBE3 rs1888822 G/T polymorphism and SLE phenotype.
Table 3.
Correlation between rs1888822 and clinical relevance.
| Clinical manifestations | GG (n = 461) | GT+TT (n = 534) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender (male, %) | 27 (5.9) | 44 (8.2) | 0.145 | |
| Onset age (mean ± SD) | 31 ± 13 | 30 ± 13 | 0.349 | |
| Malar rash (+, %) | 113 (24.5) | 138 (25.8) | 0.630 | |
| Discoid rash (+, %) | 2 (0.4) | 5 (0.9) | 0.344 | |
| Photosensitivity (+, %) | 15 (3.3) | 27 (5.1) | 0.159 | |
| Oral ulcers (+, %) | 33 (7.2) | 39 (7.3) | 0.930 | |
| Nonerosive arthritis (+, %) | 125 (27.1) | 152 (28.5) | 0.636 | |
| Pleuritis or pericarditis (+, %) | 31 (6.7) | 51 (9.6) | 0.141 | |
| Renal disorder | Scr (median QR) | 54 (47-65) | 56 (48-70) | 0.017 |
| 24 h UTP (mean ± SD) | 2.07 ± 2.73 | 2.80 ± 9.26 | 0.316 | |
| Pathological classifications (I+II/III+IV/V, %) | 6 (6.8)/71 (80.7)/11 (12.5) | 13 (11.6)/86 (76.8)/13 (11.6) | 0.517 | |
| Neurologic disorder (+, %) | 19 (4.1) | 16 (3.0) | 0.337 | |
| Hematologic disorder | Hemolytic anemia (+, %) | 9 (2.0) | 9 (1.7) | 0.753 |
| Leukopenia (+, %) | 107 (23.9) | 138 (26.2) | 0.409 | |
| Lymphopenia (+, %) | 181 (40.7) | 220 (42.0) | 0.680 | |
| Thrombocytopenia (+, %) | 109 (24.4) | 134 (25.5) | 0.695 | |
| Immunologic disorder | Anti-dsDNA (+, %) | 257 (62.1) | 310 (63.9) | 0.569 |
| Anti-Sm (+, %) | 53 (15.5) | 78 (19.0) | 0.211 | |
| C3 (mean ± SD) | 0.73 ± 0.38 | 0.71 ± 0.34 | 0.269 | |
| C4 (mean ± SD) | 0.14 ± 0.12 | 0.14 ± 0.14 | 0.711 | |
| SLEDAI (mean ± SD) | 4.6 ± 4.2 | 4.7 ± 4.1 | 0.828 | |
| Treatments | Glucocorticoids (+, %) | 300 (65.1) | 351 (65.7) | 0.841 |
| Immunosuppressants (+, %) | 105 (22.8) | 111 (20.8) | 0.448 | |
3.3. Functional Annotations of rs1888822
rs1888822 is annotated as a regulatory variant by rSNPBase and rank 4 (4 indicating TF binding+DNase peak) in the RegulomeDB. Further analysis by the GTEx study revealed that rs1888822 was predicted to be a potential eQTL locus associated with the expression of SCUBE3, DEF6, ZNF76, TCP11, RPL10A, PPARD, and TAF11 in multiple tissues (Supplementary Table 2). In the whole blood, individuals carrying the risk rs1888822 allele were associated with lower expression of DEF6 and ZNF76 expression (Figure 1(a)). The result was also confirmed by the integrated analysis of the expression and genotyping data from the HapMap 3 project (Figure 1(b)).
Figure 1.
The expression of SCUBE3 in rs188822 genotypes. Data from GTEx study (a) and the integrated analysis of the expression and genotyping data from the HapMap 3 project (b) showed the expression of SCUBE3 in different rs188822 genotypes.
3.4. Low Expression of SCUBE3 in SLE Patients
In order to explore the possible role of SCUBE3 in SLE, we further examined the mRNA expression of SCUBE3 in 75 SLE patients and 24 healthy controls. And the levels of SCUBE3 mRNA expression were significantly lower in patients with SLE comparing with healthy controls (p = 4.28∗10−4) (Figure 2(a)). Moreover, we searched public gene expression databases, ArrayExpress, consisting of a large number of whole blood gene expression profiles. We adopted the expression data from CD3 T cells (E-GEOD-13887) and B cells (E-GEOD-4588) from peripheral blood. Comparing with healthy donors, the expression of SCUBE3 was also lower in CD3 T cells (p = 0.277) and B cells (p = 0.151) from patients with SLE (Figures 2(b) and 2(c)).
Figure 2.
Low expression of SCUBE3 in SLE patients. The levels of SCUBE3 mRNA expression in whole blood from our lab and in CD3 T cells (E-GEOD-13887) and B cells (E-GEOD-4588) from the ArrayExpress database.
4. Discussion
In recent years, there have been numerous genetic association studies on a variety of SLE susceptibility. However, these genes can only explain a small portion of the genetic liability for SLE, as SLE is widely known to be a polygenic disorder with many risk genes of small effects. In this study, we examined the impact of polymorphisms within the SCUBE3 gene and SLE susceptibility.
In the present study, a genetic discovery-replication study was performed and the association between rs1888822 SCUBE3 and SLE susceptibility was identified in the Chinese population. In the Korean population, the genetic association result between rs1888822 SCUBE3 and SLE susceptibility was 9.88∗10−4 (OR 1.17, 95% CI 1.06-1.28) [8]. Our research exposed that patients carrying risk T allele (GT+TT genotypes) may have an impact on elevated Scr value which is one of the important biomarkers to assess renal function. Considering the potential vulnerable renal function, SLE patients with risk genotype of rs1888822 SCUBE3 were suggested to monitor serum creatinine and urinalysis more actively. Whether the expression of rs1888822 SCUBE3 was affected by the disease conditions such as high creatinine/renal failure was interesting and well worth to be investigated in separated projects in the future. Despite the correlation between the level of Scr and rs1888822 genotypes, we failed to identify more clues to connect rs1888822 genotypes and clinical manifestations. Replication studies from different populations are required, a large sample size of SLE cases is crucial to confirm our genetic finding, and more clinical connections can be expected to be discovered.
SLE is an autoimmune inflammatory disease in which the abnormalities of various pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines played crucial pathogenic roles. TGF-β was mainly produced by regulatory T cells (Treg) and has both immunoregulatory and proinflammatory properties [13, 14]. The levels of TGF-β were significantly lower in patients with SLE and were negatively correlated with disease activity [15–18]. Disruption of the TGF-β1 gene in mice resulted in immune and inflammatory disorders resembling the symptom of SLE, including the formation of autoantibodies and renal impairment [19–22]. Treatment with ATG+latent TGF-beta1 synergistically inhibited the progression of proteinuria and albuminuria and provided a significant improvement in long-term survival [23]. The above evidences suggested that the protective role of TGF-β1 had been well recognized in the pathogenesis of SLE [24]. The C-terminal CUB domain of SCUBE3 protein can activate TGF-β signaling by bounding to the TGF-β type II receptor [3]. Both data from our lab in whole blood and data from the ArrayExpress database in CD3 T cells (E-GEOD-13887) and B cells (E-GEOD-4588) confirmed the decreased mRNA expression of SCUBE3. Thus, we speculated that the reduced expression of SCUBE3 might contribute to the insufficient activation of the TGF-β signaling pathway promoting the development of SLE. Because our knowledge of SCUBE3 biological function in autoimmune disease remains limited, future biological studies on lupus-prone mice might provide more detailed information and carry out essential clues for SCUBE3 in the pathogenesis of SLE. The function of TGF-β1 is inherently a double-edged sword by acting as both immune suppressor and immune reaction promoter [25, 26]. As a TGF-β signaling activator, additional studies are needed to evaluate the value of targeting SCUBE3 for autoimmune disease therapy.
Variants in DEF6 had been confirmed associated with SLE susceptibility with robust evidences [8]. Notably, the concomitant lack of DEF6 and Swap-70 in C57BL/6 mice spontaneously develop a lupus-like syndrome in aging female mice [27]. ZNF76, which functions as a transcriptional repressor, had a strong inhibitory effect on p53 in various cell lines [28]. Bioinformatics analysis indicated rs1888822 was a functional locus, particularly the eQTL effects. Individuals carrying rs1888822 risk T allele were associated with lower expression of DEF6 and ZNF76. Whether rs1888822 promotes the pathogenesis of SLE through the reduced expression of DEF6 or ZNF76 requires further investigation.
5. Conclusions
Our research revealed that variants in SCUBE3 can be considered as a new genetic susceptibility factor for systemic lupus erythematosus. Moreover, rs1888822 was a potential functional locus which might promote the pathogenesis of SLE by eQTL effects. Additionally, the reduced mRNA expression of SCUBE3 was first reported in SLE patients.
Acknowledgments
We thank all the members of our laboratory for their technical assistance. This work was supported by the National Science Foundation of China (grant numbers 81900643, 81873611, and 81600555), the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation Grant (grant number 2019M652592), the Postdoctoral Research Grant in Henan Province (grant numbers 1902005 and 1901004), the Science and Technology Innovation Team of Henan (grant number 17IRTSTHN020), the Foundation for Leading Personnel of Central Plains of China (grant number 194200510006), the Foundation for Medical Science and Technology Program of Henan (grant numbers 11195 and 11272), and the Henan Science and Technology Research Program (grant numbers SB201901048, 2018020102, and 2018020142).
Abbreviations
- SLE:
Systemic lupus erythematosus
- LN:
Lupus nephritis
- GWAS:
Genome-wide association study
- eQTL:
Expression quantitative trait loci
- SNP:
Single nucleotide polymorphism
- SCUBE3:
Signal peptide-CUB-EGF-like domain-containing protein 3
- ZNF76:
Zinc finger protein 76
- DEF6:
Differentially expressed in FDCP 6 homolog.
Data Availability
The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Ethical Approval
The study was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of Zhengzhou University First Hospital (2019-KY-134).
Consent
The patient consent was obtained from all participants and/or their legal guardians.
Disclosure
The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
Authors' Contributions
YY.Q. and ZZ.Z. conceived and designed the experiment; YY.Q., YF.Z., and XH.N. performed the experiments; YY.Q., XR.L., YL.Z., XY.W., Y.C., and XX.Z. analyzed the data; YY.Q., YF.Z., and ZZ.Z. performed the interpretation of the findings; all the authors contributed to writing the manuscript. Yuan-yuan Qi and Ya-fei Zhao contributed equally to this work.
Supplementary Materials
Supplementary Table 1. Association results of SNPs in SCUBE3 and SLE susceptibility. Supplementary Table 2. eQTLs of rs1888822.
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Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Supplementary Materials
Supplementary Table 1. Association results of SNPs in SCUBE3 and SLE susceptibility. Supplementary Table 2. eQTLs of rs1888822.
Data Availability Statement
The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.