To the Editor,
In Italy, the SARS-CoV-2 infection had its peak of contagion between March and April 2020, at the height of the pollen season. We currently recognize that despite olfactory dysfunction (hyposmia or anosmia)1 is a major symptom of COVID-19, other nasal manifestations (rhinorrhea, obstruction) are reported;2 these symptoms are similar to those of seasonal allergic rhinitis (AR). To avoid misdiagnosis that would lead to unnecessary anxiety and invasive diagnostic tests, we wanted to directly compare the clinical differences in terms of nasal symptoms between AR and SARS-CoV-2, in order to better differentiate the two conditions.
After Institutional review board request, we have administered the SNOT-22 tool3 to a cohort of 50 patients in the care of the Immunoallergology Unit of the Careggi University Hospital, with spring seasonal AR and history of SARS-CoV-2 negative swab or serology. As a comparison, we used the same tool to analyze patients hospitalized in the Infectious and Tropical Disease Unit with a positive SARS-CoV-2 pharyngeal swab and sinonasal symptoms. From the 121 patients hospitalized for SARS-CoV-2 in our institution, we excluded patients who not reported sinonasal symptomatology during the hospitalization (36 cases), patients affected by cognitive disorder (5 cases), deceased patients (19 cases), patients with a history of allergic rhinitis or another sinonasal disease (4 cases), and anyone who didn't want to take part in the study (14 cases), obtaining a COVID-19 group of 43 patients with mild-moderate disease. We compared, in the two groups, the mean score for each answer of SNOT-22 with unpaired two-tailed Student’s t-test while the prevalence of the single symptom (non-zero value) was compared by Fisher’s exact test. P values of less than 0.05 were regarded as statistically significant. Among AR patients, 47 (94%) used intranasal steroids, 27 (54%) antihistamines and 3 (6%) anti-leukotrienes. All the AR patients had an intermittent form, 34 (68%) mild and 16 (32%) moderate-severe disease. As can be seen in Table 1, the mean overall score was significantly higher in COVID-19 patients compared to AR patients. Analyzing the single items, the AR patients most frequently reported having to blow the nose and sneezing compared to COVID-19 patients, while cough, dizziness, and olfactory disorders were more prevalent in the latter group. The need to blow the nose, rhinorrhea, and sneezing were also significantly more severe in AR patients than in COVID-19 patients, while cough and olfactory disorders were worse in the COVID-19 group. As expected, almost all the items in the “psychological” and “sleep dysfunction” domains were reported to be significantly less frequent and milder in the AR population, thus emphasizing the impressive emotional component that afflicts the COVID-19 infected patients.
Table 1.
Proportion of Non-Zero Scores and Mean Score for All SNOT-22 Items With a Statistically Significant Difference Between the Two Groups.
| SNOT-22 Item | COVID-19 Group (n = 43) | Allergic Rhinitis Group (n = 50) | P-Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Need to blow nose | 67% | 88% | 0.016 |
| 1.26 | 2.46 | 0.001 | |
| Sneezing | 54% | 86% | 0.001 |
| 0.93 | 1.66 | 0.003 | |
| Running nose | 63% | 66% | 0.105 |
| 1 | 1.66 | 0.038 | |
| Cough | 88% | 60% | 0.002 |
| 2.91 | 1.12 | <0.001 | |
| Loss of smell/taste | 100% | 32% | <0.001 |
| 4.14 | 0.64 | <0.001 | |
| Dizziness | 42% | 20% | 0.002 |
| 0.84 | 0.48 | 0.183 | |
| Wake up in the middle of the night | 79% | 56% | 0.019 |
| 2.19 | 1.32 | 0.010 | |
| Lacking of a good night’s sleep | 77% | 58% | 0.050 |
| 2.37 | 1.56 | 0.027 | |
| Fatigued or tired during the day | 88% | 68% | 0.019 |
| 2.42 | 1.92 | <0.001 | |
| Reduced productivity | 95% | 48% | <0.001 |
| 3.16 | 1.04 | <0.001 | |
| Reduced concentration | 91% | 48% | <0.001 |
| 2.81 | 1.10 | <0.001 | |
| Frustrated/restless/irritated | 77% | 56% | 0.036 |
| 2.21 | 1.30 | 0.006 | |
| Sadness | 88% | 50% | 0.001 |
| 2.44 | 0.94 | <0.001 | |
| A feeling of shame | 60% | 22% | <0.001 |
| 1.09 | 0.38 | 0.001 | |
| Total score | 39.93 | 27.22 | 0.001 |
From a practical and clinical viewpoint, our data suggest that, even though there are some coinciding and potentially confounding features, the nasal symptoms of AR and COVID-19 can be differentiated on clinical grounds. Therefore, also in the case of future undesirable COVID-19 outbreaks in concomitance with pollen season, clinicians and patients with AR should be reassured and appropriately taught to recognize and to discriminate between the two conditions.
Footnotes
Author Contributions: Bruno: Conceptualization, data curation, formal analysis, investigation, figure, resources, and writing - review and editing; Locatello: Conceptualization, data curation, resources, supervision, and writing - review and editing; Cilona: data curation, resources; Fancello: data curation, resources; Vultaggio: data curation, supervision and editing; Maltagliati: data curation, resources; Rossi: data curation, supervision and editing; Vivarelli: data curation, resources; Almerigogna: data curation, supervision and editing; Piccica: data curation, supervision and editing; Lagi: data curation, supervision and editing; Maggiore: data curation, supervision and editing; Matucci: data curation, supervision and editing; Trotta: data curation, supervision and editing; Gallo: Conceptualization, supervision and writing - review and editing.
Ethical Approval: This study was approved by our institutional review board.
Declaration of Conflicting Interests: The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
Funding: The author(s) received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
Statement of Human and Animal Rights: This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects.
Statement of Informed Consent: Verbal informed consent was obtained from the patients for their anonymized information to be published in this article.
ORCID iDs
Chiara Bruno https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2506-4452
Luca Giovanni Locatello https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1879-5580
References
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