Fig. 1. Approaches to parsing heterogeneity in depression.

Schematic illustrating two data-driven approaches to parsing heterogeneity in depression described in the text using a “top-down” symptom-based approach (right, blue) or a “bottom-up” brain-based mechanistic approach (left, green). The goals of both approaches are to advance our understanding of neurobiological mechanisms underlying depression-related symptoms and behaviors and to develop new tools for informing diagnosis and treatment decisions.