Table 2.

eARGs detected quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR)-based methods in the eDNA isolated from environmental samples.

Antibiotic Class	Resistance Genes	Environments	Geographical Locations	References
Carbapenem Fluoro quinolones	blaKPC, blaOXA-48, blaNDM, blaIMP, blaVIM qnrA, qnrB and qnrS	WWTP	Portugal	[23]
Sulfonamides Tetracycline β-lactams Chloramphenicol Erythromycin	sul1, sul2, tetW, tetX, blaTEM, blaSHV, ampC, cat, cmr, ermA, ermB,	Sludge sample WWTP, hospital, pharmaceutical industry, sediment samples from Aoyun lake and swine manure	China	[18]
Tetracycline, Sulfonamides, β-lactams	TetC, tetM, sul1, sul2, blaTEM, qnrA and ampC.	Tap water	China	[19]
Sulfonamides Tetracycline β-lactams	sul1, sul2 tetA, tetC, tetO and tetS and blaTEM-1 and blanps-1	Sediments from bullfrog farm and polyculture farm	China	[21]
tetracyclines, sulfonamides Fluoro quinolones	sul1, sul2 tetA, tetW acc(6′)-Ib, qnrS	Biofilm, and sediment from estuary	China	[4]
tetracyclines, sulfonamides, β-lactams, macrolide	TetA, tetC, tetM, tetX, sulI, sulII,blaTEM,ereA, ermB	Wastewater treatment plant	China	[57]
tetracyclines, sulfonamides, macrolides, β-lactams	tetC, sulII, ermB, BlaPSE-1	WWTP	China	[40]
Sulfonamides Tetracyclines Macrolides β-lactams Quinolones	sul1, tet(A), ere(A), blaTEM, qnrD	Urban river water	Japan	[63]
tetracycline macrolide sulfonamide β-lactam	tetM, tetW, tetG, tetX, ermB, ermF, mefA, ereA, sul1 sul2, and blaTEM	Swine wastewater	China	[51]
sulfonamide, tetracycline	sul(I), sul(II), tet(O), tet(Q) and tet(X)	Sludge of livestock waste management structures	USA	[24]
Aminoglycoside, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, sulphonamide, vancomycin, multidrug, beta-lactamase	aac(6′)-Ib−03, aac(6′)-II, aadA-02, aadA-01, aadA2 - 02, aadA2 - 01, aadA2 - 03, strB, aadA1, and aadA5 - 01), (tetG-01 and tetM-01), (catB3 and floR), (catB3 and floR), (sul2), (VanC-03), (mexF), (blaVEB)	Municipal sewage sludge	China	[65]
sulfonamides tetracyclines β-lactams fluoroquinolones	(sul1, sul2), (tetB and tetM), (blaTEM and blaOXA-1), and (qnrS and oqxB).	Surface sea water from Coastal Bay	China	[62]
sulfonamides Tetracyclines	sul1- 3’ CS-TnAs3, sul2-intI1-ISVsa3, and tetX-p63039	Sludge from WWTP	China	[50]
Macrolide, tetracycline, sulfonamide, β-lactam, aminoglycosides, rifampicin and vancomycin.	ermB, tetA, tetB and tetC, sul1, sul2 and sul3, ampC, aph(2’)-Id, katG and vanA.	Water sample from WWTP	China	[66]
sulfonamides Tetracyclines	sul1 and sul2 tetW, and tetT	Surface water and superficial sediment from river	China	[20]
ClassI integrons-integrase Aminoglycoside tetracycline, multidrug.	intI-1(clinic) aadA01, aadA1,aadA-02,tetG-01, tetX, qacEdelta1-01, qacH-01	Sediment samples from estuary	China	[61]