Figure 5.

Common etiologies, risk factors, and strategies for frailty and cognitive impairment. Based on the common etiologies and risk factors shared between frailty and dementia, including insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, hypoglycemia, abdominal obesity, arteriosclerotic disease, cerebral white matter lesions, chronic inflammation, malnutrition, and low physical activity, common strategies such as dietary therapy, exercise, optimal glycemic control, treatment of arteriosclerotic risk factors, and social participation and support are important for effective management. ADL, activities of daily living.