Table 2.
Disordered eating prevalence among individuals with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder symptomatology.
| Population | Country | Children- Adolescents |
Adults | ADHD Diagnosis Instruments | N | Age Mean (SD) (Years) |
Gender Female (%) |
Disordered Eating | ADHD Symptoms | Non-ADHD Symptoms | Statistics | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | Disordered Eating Prevalence (%) | n | Disordered Eating Prevalence (%) | Odds Ratio | 95% Confidence Intervals | p | |||||||||
| General population | |||||||||||||||
| [105] | USA | x | K-SADS PL and CRPS | 79 | 11.0 (1.9) | 48.1 | LOC-E | 31 | 70.5 | 7 | 20 | 12.68 | 3.11–51.64 a | ||
| [106] | Australia | x | SDQ or parent-reported ADHD diagnosis or medication | 2672 | 14.9 (0.3) | 0 | Regular objective BE | 2.9 | 0.3 | 9.4 | 1.7–52.8 | ||||
| Partial syndrome BN | 1.6 | 1.5 | 1.0 | 0.1–8.0 | |||||||||||
| Partial syndrome BED | 1.3 | 0.2 | 6.2 | 0.6–61.1 | |||||||||||
| 100 | Regular objective BE | 6.5 | 2.2 | 3.1 | 0.7–14.0 | ||||||||||
| Partial syndrome BN | 6.5 | 3.6 | 1.9 | 0.4–8.2 | |||||||||||
| Partial syndrome BED | 0 | 0.6 | - | - | |||||||||||
| [107] | Sweden | x | DSM-IV criteria | 18,029 | 33.6 (7.6) | 55.6 | BE behavior | 113 | 7.17 | - | 3.65 | 2.72–4.91 | |||
| DSM-5 BE behavior | 58 | 3.72 | - | 3.01 | 2.09–4.35 | ||||||||||
| DSM-5 BED | 7 | 0.45 | - | 2.55 | 1.11–5.86 | ||||||||||
| DSM-5 BN | 48 | 3.11 | - | 3.09 | 2.09–4.56 | ||||||||||
| [108] | UK | x | ASRS | 7403 | 46.3 (18.6) | 51.4 | Self-sick for feeling full | 8.5 | 2.7 | 2.79 | 1.76–4.42 b | ||||
| 1.26 | 0.63–2.51 c | ||||||||||||||
| Uncontrolled eating | 22.8 | 6.4 | 3.94 | 2.94–5.28 b | |||||||||||
| 1.67 | 1.14–2.46 c | ||||||||||||||
| Possible ED | 19.2 | 5.7 | 3.48 | 2.56–4.72 b | |||||||||||
| 1.32 | 0.82–2.13 c | ||||||||||||||
| [13] | France | x | WURS-25 + ASRS | 1517 | 20.6 (3.6) | 68.2 | Food addiction | 12 | 14.1 | 57 | 4.0 | 2.27 | 1.05–4.88 d | ||
| Any ED | 28 | 32.9 | 249 | 17.4 | 1.33 | 0.76–2.33 d | |||||||||
| [109] | USA | x | DIS-IV (childhood) + adult ACDS | 4719 | 31 (DNS) | 52.1 | Past 12-month any ED | 9.74 | 4.23–22.40 b | ||||||
| 2.84 | 1.22–6.63 c | ||||||||||||||
| Past 12-month BED | 4.53 | 1.82–11.24 b | |||||||||||||
| 1.65 | 0.67–4.04 c | ||||||||||||||
| Past 12-month BN | 28.24 | 6.33–126.01 b | |||||||||||||
| 5.04 | 1.15–22.08 c | ||||||||||||||
| Past 12-month subthreshold BED | 5.55 | 1.90–16.24 b | |||||||||||||
| 3.83 | 0.94–15.67 c | ||||||||||||||
| Psychiatry outpatients | |||||||||||||||
| [103] | USA | x | DSM-IV criteria | 252 | 10.8 (3.7) | 47.2 | BE | 28 | 26 | 3 | 2.0 | - | - | *** | |
| [110] | USA | x | SCID-IV | 1134 | 39.7 (14.4) | 58 | Any ED | 19 | 9.3 | 35 | 3.8 | 2.67 | 1.45–4.80 | ||
| Patients with obesity | |||||||||||||||
| [104] | Sweden | x | Medical records or DAWBA | 40 | 12.4 (3.0) | 48.7 | LOC-E | 5 | 55.6 | 21 | 67.7 | - | - | >0.05 | |
| [11] | France | x | DIVA 2.0 | 105 | 46.5 (10.7) | 86.7 | Food addiction | 8 | 28.6 | 7 | 9.1 | 4.00 | 1.29–12.40 | ||
| Significant distress in relation to food | 9 | 32.1 | 9 | 11.7 | 3.58 | 1.25–10.30 | |||||||||
| ADHD outpatients | |||||||||||||||
| [111] | France | x | Children-MINI adapted for adults | 81 | 34.8 (11.6) | 37 | Bulimia nervosa | 7 | 8.6 | - | - | - | - | - | |
| [29] | Norway | x | DSM-IV criteria | 533 | 36.2 (11.3) | 100 | Any ED | 36 | 13.0 | - | - | - | - | - | |
| 37.4 (10.7) | 0 | Any ED | 3 | 1.1 | - | - | - | - | - | ||||||
Note: N or n: group size; SD: Standard Deviation; ADHD: Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder; DSM-IV: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of mental disorders, fouth edition; LOC-E: Loss Of Control overEating; BE: Binge Eating; BED: Binge Eating Disorder; BN: Bulimia Nervosa; ED: Eating Disorder; K-SADS PL: Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for school-age children-Present and Lifetime Version; CRPS: Conners-3 Parent Rating Scale-Revised; SDQ: Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire; ASRS: Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale; WURS: Wender Utah Rating Scale; DIS-IV: Diagnostic Interview Schedule for DSM-IV; ACDS: ADHD Clinical Diagnostic Scale; SCID-IV: The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV; DAWBA: Development and Well-Being Assessment; DIVA: Diagnostische Interview Voor ADHD; MINI: Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview; DNS: data not specified; a: model adjusted for age, sex, race, body mass index z score; b: model adjusted for age, race, sex; c: model adjusted for age, race, sex and lifetime diagnosis of psychiatric comorbidities; d: model adjusted on universities (place of recruitment), cursus and financial difficulties; *** p < 0.001.