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. 2020 Sep 30;7(4):685–702. doi: 10.1007/s40744-020-00238-z

Incidence and Complication Rates for Total Hip Arthroplasty in Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Across Four Decades

Owen Taylor-Williams 1, Johannes Nossent 1,2,✉, Charles A Inderjeeth 1,2,✉
PMCID: PMC7695804  PMID: 33000421

Abstract

Introduction

Over the past several decades, management of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has evolved significantly, but few studies have examined the real-world impact of these changes on orthopaedic surgery in patients with RA. This systematic review assessed total hip arthroplasty (THA) incidence and postoperative complication rates across the past four decades.

Methods

This is a systematic literature review sourcing data on THA in patients with RA from the electronic databases MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus, and Cochrane between January 1, 1980 and December 31, 2019.

Results

The search retrieved 1715 articles of which 44 were included for quantitative synthesis. The rate for THA decreased by almost 40% from 11/1000 patient years (PY) in the 2000s to 7/1000 PY in the 2010s, while the overall complication rate decreased from 9.9% in the 1990s to 5.3% in the 2010s. Throughout the duration of the study, THA incidence and overall complication rate decreased. However, not all individual complication rates decreased. For example, revision and periprosthetic fracture decreased, infection and aseptic loosening remained constant, and dislocation increased.

Conclusion

Medical management of patients with RA has reduced the need for THA, while postoperative medical and surgical management has improved some postoperative outcomes. Nevertheless, there remains room for further improvement to postoperative outcomes through RA-specific management.

Electronic Supplementary Material

The online version of this article (10.1007/s40744-020-00238-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Keywords: Complications, Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs, Incidence, Rheumatoid arthritis, Systematic review, Total hip arthroplasty

Key Summary Points

This systematic review analysed published literature on total hip arthroplasty (THA) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) to estimate the incidence of THA and postoperative outcomes (revision, periprosthetic fracture, infection, aseptic loosening, dislocation, venous thromboembolism (VTE), and mortality) in patients with RA throughout the past four decades.
Medical management has resulted in a decreasing incidence of THA in patients with RA, while surgical and medical management has improved postoperative outcomes for patients with RA.
Not every postoperative outcome has improved: revision and periprosthetic fracture rates have decreased, infection and aseptic loosening have remained constant, and dislocation has increased.
Specific changes to RA management which have reduced THA incidence are likely to include acceptance of methotrexate (MTX) as first-line therapy, earlier initiation of synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (sDMARD) therapy, and the introduction of biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (bDMARDs).
Factors involved in changing complication rates include changing demographics, use of sDMARD and bDMARD therapy, newer surgical approaches, and improved thrombophylaxis.
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Digital Features

This article is published with digital features to facilitate understanding of the article. To view digital features for this article go to https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.12967229.

Introduction

Over the past several decades, medical management for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has evolved significantly with the increased use of early, targeted therapies to take advantage of the ‘window of opportunity’, and the addition of newer synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (sDMARDs) aiming for a low state of disease activity or remission [1–3]. Despite pharmacological therapy, disease progression may reach a stage where patients require surgery for joint damage [1]. Surgery, being at the end of the treatment protocol [1, 4], is a good indicator for the summative effect of all interventions used to treat RA [1, 5]. Consequentially, measuring operation rates will provide an improved understanding of how changes to RA management have impacted patient outcomes and resource allocation [6, 7]. Rates of total hip arthroplasty (THA) have increased in the general population [8], but a decline has been reported for patients with RA which appears to have started before the introduction of biological DMARD (bDMARD) [9–11]. This paper will investigate THA incidence in patients with RA over time to help determine whether changes in RA management may have affected operation rates.

Uncemented THA procedures introduced in the late 1970s to reduce complication rates, such as osteolysis, are currently preferred by many surgeons [12]. Research into orthopaedic surgery outcomes in patients with RA is scarce. However, an increased risk of complications for patients with RA, compared to the general population, has been postulated due to the complex pathogenesis of RA, use of immunomodulating drugs, and increased prevalence of joint deformity [13]. Some, but not all studies, report a higher frequency of dislocation, infection, venous thromboembolism (VTE), and periprosthetic fracture after total joint replacement (TJR) in patients with RA compared to patients with osteoarthrosis (OA) [14–19]. A possible reason for the reported discrepancies is that studies were inadequately powered [19], something which could be better assessed by a systematic review and meta-analysis. Knowing THA complication rates (risk–benefit) is essential to patients and surgeons when considering surgery.

This paper aims to determine overall and temporal rates of THA in patients with RA across the past four decades and the overall and temporal rates of complications including specific rates for VTE, infection, dislocation, periprosthetic fracture, aseptic loosening, revision, and mortality.

Methods

Study Design

The guidelines for systematic reviews of prevalence studies by the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) [20] and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2009 recommendations were followed [21]. Medical Subject Headings, keywords, and Boolean operators were used when searching the electronic databases MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus, and Cochrane. No separate searches for grey literature were done. The search strategy was peer-reviewed between the first author, chief investigator, and senior librarian (see Table 1). Search results were loaded into EndNote X8 (Clarivate Analytics, PA, USA) and duplicates removed. Next, titles and abstracts of studies were screened and included for further review if articles were in English and reported on primary or secondary outcomes of interest. If it was uncertain whether a study met inclusion or exclusion criteria, this was discussed with the chief investigator. Then, included studies were reviewed in full, and excluded if the exclusion criteria were met. Following this, the studies’ reference lists were searched for further relevant studies.

Table 1.

Abbreviated search strategy with concepts for the search in the header rows, and search terms for each concept listed below

Rheumatoid arthritis AND Total hip replacement AND Rates AND Adult

Rheumatoid arthritis

OR

Rheumatic disease

Total hip replacements

OR

Total hip arthroplasty/total hip arthroplasties

OR

Total hip implantation(s)

OR

Hip prosthesis implantation

Rate(s)

OR

Incidence

OR

Prevalence

OR

Trend(s)

OR

Epidemiology

Adult

OR

Aged

OR

Middle-aged
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Each column is representative of the parenthesis used in the search, with terms combined using Boolean operators (AND and OR) as shown. For the full search strategy (how it was entered into the MEDLINE database), please see the supplementary material

This article is based on previously conducted studies and does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.

Inclusion Criteria

Studies providing sufficient data to calculate the primary outcomes, rates of primary THA or THA complications in patients with RA, were included on the basis of the remainder of the inclusion criteria (see “Data Synthesis and Analysis” section for more detail). Similar criteria applied for the secondary outcomes, dislocation, VTE, infection, aseptic loosening, 90-day mortality, postoperative periprosthetic fracture, and revision rates. Rates were taken as averages, across each decade and continent. Studies included for quantitative analysis also had to be of a cohort, cross-sectional, or randomised control trial design and published from January 1, 1980 to December 31, 2019.

Exclusion Criteria

Studies were excluded if patients did not have adult-onset RA and were (a) non-research papers (editorials, letters, conference proceedings/abstracts); (b) systematic reviews; (c) animal models; (d) case report or case series. For studies with overlapping populations, reporting the same outcomes, the larger study was included and the smaller study excluded; but if different outcomes were reported, both were included.

Data Abstraction

In addition to primary and secondary outcomes, information on the general study characteristics, population, and methodology was collected. General study characteristics extracted included (a) author; (b) year of publication; (c) location where the study was conducted. Population data that was extracted include (a) sample size; (b) median age; (c) number of male and female subjects; (d) body mass index. Methodological information that was collected included (a) sampling method; (b) definition of RA (versus secondary OA); (c) follow-up duration.

Data Synthesis and Analysis

Studies were initially assessed using Hoy’s et al. risk of bias tool, before inclusion in the review [22]. Since the median number of studies in a meta-analysis on the Cochrane Database for Systematic Reviews is three, a meta-analysis on pooled results was carried out if there were three or more studies [23]. Individual complication rates were calculated by dividing the number of patients with RA with complications after THA by the total number of patients with RA undergoing THA. The overall complication rate was calculated by adding together the rates of dislocation, VTE, infection, aseptic loosening, and revision for each study. THA rates were calculated by dividing the number of patients with RA receiving THA by the total number of RA patient years (PY). If PY were not provided, they were calculated by multiplying the mean number of follow-up years by the number of patients. If a mean was not published, then the median was used as a substitute for the mean. For THA incidence, studies were pooled, analysed, and compared by decade of publication, continent of origin, and whether an attempt was made to exclude patients with OA. Post-surgical outcomes were analysed by the decade of publication, continent of origin, and surgical outcomes reported (dislocation, VTE, infection, aseptic loosening, mortality, and revision). A random effect model with a Freeman Turkey Transformation on the System for the Unified Management, Assessment and Review of Information (JBI, Adelaide, SA) was used for analysis. Study heterogeneity was tested using the I2 statistic and represented visually using forest plots.

Results

The electronic search carried out on February 6, 2020 produced 1715 results. Removal of duplicates eliminated 823 results, leaving 892 articles' titles and abstracts to be reviewed. Of these 892 articles, 140 were reviewed in full and resulted in 38 articles being included. References for the 38 included articles were then searched using the same inclusion criteria as the electronic search, resulting in an additional six articles being included. From these 44 articles, 12 were included exclusively in the incidence analyses [11, 24–34], 31 exclusively in the complications analyses [16, 35–64], and one article in both sections [65] (see Fig. 1).

Fig. 1.

Fig. 1

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PRISMA flow chart

Included Studies

Incidence

Distribution of Studies

The 13 studies analysed for THA incidence originated from 11 countries [11, 24–34, 65], mostly in Europe, with the remainder from North America and Asia. Temporal distribution was weighted towards the later decades, with the most studies published from 2010 to 2019. Unfortunately, as a result of no studies being published in the 1980s, and only one study in the 1990s, analysis of temporal trends could not be analysed pre 2000s. In all 617,096 PY, from patients with diagnosed RA and no previous THA, were included from studies ranging in size from 452 PY to 161,129 PY, with a mean of 47,468 PY and standard deviation of 47,468 PY.

Exclusion and Inclusion Criteria of Included Studies

Two articles specifically excluded patients with OA [33, 65], while 11 articles did not [11, 24–32, 34]. No articles reported the clinical indications for THA such as pain, functional limitations, or stiffness [66]. No papers used comorbidities as exclusion criteria.

Risk of Bias and Study Type

All studies included were cohort studies and deemed as having a low risk of bias [11, 24–34, 65]. Six articles did not verify the RA diagnosis via the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) 1987 or American Rheumatology Association (ARA) 1956 criteria [11, 25–28, 30]. Two articles had a loss to follow-up exceeding 20% and lacked analysis as to whether this resulted in a non-response bias [31, 34].

Complications

Distribution of Studies

Thirty-two articles reporting on the complications of infection (22 articles) [16, 35–41, 43, 44, 47, 48, 51, 52, 55–60, 62, 64], overall revision (21 articles) [16, 35, 36, 38, 39, 41, 42, 44, 50–55, 57–59, 62–65], aseptic loosening (15 articles) [35, 36, 38, 39, 42, 46, 50–52, 55, 57–59, 61, 63], dislocation (13 articles) [16, 35, 36, 38, 39, 41, 42, 47, 49, 50, 52, 59, 63], mortality (5 articles) [16, 45, 48, 60, 64], periprosthetic fracture (11 articles) [16, 36, 38, 39, 41, 44, 47, 50, 58, 59, 63], and VTE (5 articles) [16, 52, 62–64] were analysed. Studies came from four continents and 15 countries. By continent, Europe and North America published the most articles, and by country the USA published the most papers followed by Japan. With only two articles from 1980 to 1989, the temporal analysis of articles was commenced from 1990 and was approximately even from 1990 to 2019.

Risk of Bias

Risk of bias was deemed as low for 30 articles [16, 35–60, 63–65], and moderate for two articles [61, 62]. Of these 35 articles, 22 did not use the ARA 1956 or ACR 1987 criteria [16, 36, 38, 41–54, 57–61], and 20 did not provide adequate definitions of complications [16, 36, 38, 41–43, 46–53, 56, 59–62, 65]. As a result, it was deemed that 25 articles did not provide adequate definitions [16, 36, 38, 40–43, 45–54, 56–62, 65]. From the 35 articles, seven had potentially biased cohorts [56–58, 60–62, 65], and four had a risk of non-response bias [16, 39, 55, 59]. Three studies were potentially biased in participant selection [55, 59, 61], and two did not gather information directly from patients or their medical records [54, 62]

Findings

Results are presented in the text if three or more studies were available for quantitative analysis, as it was deemed that the analysis of fewer than three studies might be unrepresentative. For completeness, the full set of results, including where the threshold of three studies was not achieved, is illustrated in Table 2 and 3. Additionally, for the full set of forest plots, see the supplementary file.

Table 2.

Summary of the incidence of THA in patients with RA analysed by decade, continent, and diagnosis

Category Incidence per 1000 PYs (CI)
Overall rate 1980–2019 7 (6–9)
By decade
 1990–1999 46 (29–68)a
 2000–2009 11 (7–16)
 2010–2019 7 (6–9)
By continent
 Europe 8 (6–10)
 North America 6 (2–13)a
 Asia 6 (6–7)a
By diagnosis
 OA specifically excluded 7 (3–12)a
 OA not specifically excluded 7 (5–9)
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aNot enough studies to meet the three studies required for quantitative analysis, and rate should be used and interpreted with caution as it may not be representative of the broader population

Table 3.

Summary of the estimated postoperative complication rates for patients with RA receiving THA

Percentage of complications (CI)
1980–1989 1990–1999 2000–2009 2010–2019 1980–2019
VTE 2 (0–6.1)a No studies 1.9 (0–7.9)a 0.3 (0–0.6) 0.4 (0–1.2)
Dislocation No papersb 1.1 (0–4.3)a 0.4 (0.1–0.8) 1.5 (0.5–3) 0.8 (0.2–1.7)
Periprosthetic fracture No papersb 0.6 (0.2–1.1)a 1.0 (0–3.9) 0.4 (0.1–0.8) 0.3 (0.1–0.6)
Aseptic loosening 16.2 (5.8–30.1)a 2.8 (1.5–4.5) 3.8 (1.4–7.2) 3.8 (0–11.9) 4.0 (2.2–6.4)
Infection 2.7 (0.3–6.7)a 2.3 (1.1–3.9) 2.3 (0–8.7) 2.6 (0.8–5.2) 2.6 (1.4–4.2)
Revision 12.9 (0–42.3)a 8.1 (4.4–12.8) 8.5 (4.7–13.2)a 6.2 (2.3–11.5) 8.8 (6.1–11.9)
90-day mortality No papersb 0a 0.7 (0.3–1.4)a 0.6 (0.2–1.1) 0.6 (0.2–1.1)
Complication rate 25.1 (0–70.8)a 9.9 (6.2–14.4) 12.7 (7.3–19.2) 5.3 (2.5–8.9) 12.8 (8.4–17.9)
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aInsufficient number of studies to meet the cut-off criteria of three studies, and hence these results should be used and interpreted with caution as they may not be representative of the broader population

bCategory could not be calculated as a result of limited studies

THA Incidence Rate in RA

THA incidence decreased by almost 40% from 11/1000 with a 95% confidence interval (CI) of 7–16/1000 in the 2000s, to 7/1000 PY (CI 6–9) in the 2010s, resulting in a THA incidence rate of 7/1000 PY with CI 6–9/1000 (Fig. 2) across the full observation period (1990–2019). By continent, Europe had an incidence rate of 8/1000 PY (CI 6–10 PY), while estimates of incidence in North America (6/1000 PY; CI 2–13) and Asia (6/1000 PY; CI 6–7) were based on a limited number of studies. See Table 2.

Fig. 2.

Fig. 2

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Forest plot representing the distribution of the studies analysed for the incidence of THA in patients with RA. Events are the numbers of THA occurring in patients with RA in each study, while the total is the number of PY observed. The dotted line represents the mean effect, where mean and confidence intervals of each of study are represented by the box and whiskers. The total effect is represented by the diamond at the bottom. Rates in the right-hand column are quoted in THA per single PY

THA Complication Rates in RA (Overall)

Complication rates for the full observation period (1980–2019) averaged 12.8% (CI 8.4–17.9%), but over time increased from 9.9% (CI 6.2–14.4%) in 1990–1999 to 12.7% (CI 7.3–19.2%) in 2000–2009, and decreased to 5.3% (CI 2.5–8.9%) in 2010–2019 (Fig. 3). Complication rates were highest in Europe (9.9% CI 6.6–13.7%), followed by North America (7.2% CI 3.4–12.3%) and Asia (4.5% CI 1.9–8.0%). Again, there was significant heterogeneity despite subgroup analysis by complication (revision, VTE, dislocation, aseptic loosening, and infection) and decade (1980–1989, 1990–1999, 2000–2009, 2010–2019).

Fig. 3.

Fig. 3

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Forest plot representing the distribution of the studies analysed for postoperative complications of THA in patients with RA. Events are the total numbers of VTE, dislocation, aseptic loosening, revision, infection, and dislocation reported for each study, while the total is the number of patients observed for each study. The dotted line represents the mean effect, where the mean and confidence intervals of each study are represented as box and whiskers plots. The total effect is represented by the diamond at the bottom

THA Complication Rates by Individual Complications

The overall rate of revision from 1980 to 2019 was 8.8% (CI 6.1–11.9%) but decreased from 8.1% (CI 4.4–12.8%) and 8.5% (CI 4.7–13.2%) in the 1990s and 2000s, respectively, to 6.2% (CI 2.3–11.5%) in the 2010s. Similarly, periprosthetic fracture rates decreased from 1.0% (CI 0–3.9%) in the 2000s to 0.4% (CI 0.1–0.8) in the 2010s, resulting in an overall rate from 1990 to 2019 of 0.3% (CI 0.1–0.6%).

Infection rate from 1980 to 2019 was 2.6% (CI 1.4–4.2%) with similar rates observed in all three decades. Aseptic loosening rates from 1980 to 2019 were 4.0% (CI 2.2–6.4%), but increased from 2.8% (CI 1.5–4.5%) in the 1990s to 3.8% (CI 1.4–7.2 in 2000s and CI 0–11.9 in 2010s) in the subsequent decades.

The dislocation rate for 1990–2019 was 0.8% (CI 0.2–1.7%) but increased from 0.4% (CI 0.1–0.8%) in the 2000s to 1.5% (CI 0.5–3.0%) in the 2010s.

VTE and 90-day mortality had insufficient data to determine a temporal trend. Overall rates of suspected VTE and mortality were 0.4% (CI 0–1.2%) and 0.6% (CI 0.2–1.1%), respectively.

These results are summarised in Table 3.

Discussion

This meta-analysis demonstrates that THA incidence and postoperative complications rates have decreased over the last 30 years. The change in complication rates results from the rates of revision and periprosthetic fracture decreasing, infections and aseptic loosening remaining stable, and dislocation increasing. As for mortality and VTE, there was insufficient data to determine a trend.

Incidence

Temporal Variations

Decreasing rates of THA in patients with RA are consistent with numerous other studies [67–69] with a current incidence rate of 7/1000 PY. Interestingly, this differs to the findings from the UK Early RA Study and UK Early RA Network, which suggest that there has been no significant change for THA rates in patients with RA. This difference may be because the study by Nikiphorou et al. (2014) was not large enough (did not have adequate power), was UK specific, or did not exclude secondary THA (excluded in our review) [70]. It has previously been identified that worse disease activity is associated with poorer functioning and increased incidence of orthopaedic surgery [5]. Hence, while there are multiple potential reasons for decreasing THA incidence, a major contributing factor may be the more effective management protocols and treatments that focus on minimising RA disease activity [3, 71, 72]. Specific changes to management protocol include the widespread acceptance of MTX as first-line in the 1990s [3, 71, 73], earlier initiation of sDMARDs from the late 1980s to the mid 2010s [3, 71, 74–76], and introduction of bDMARDs in the early to mid 2000s [3, 72, 77, 78]. Since the time between RA diagnosis and THA is approximately 15 years [79], the almost 40% decrease decreasing incidence of THA from the 2000s to 2010s is likely the result of changes that occurred in the 2000–2009 decade. While earlier initiation of sDMARD therapy now results in approximately half of patients with incident RA receiving sDMARD therapy in the first year [74–76], it is difficult to quantify the significance of this earlier initiation in THA incidence. Another potential contributing factor to the decreasing incidence of THA is a less severe natural course of RA [80, 81]. However, this would be expected to result in a gradual change in THA incidence and not the nearly 40% decrease that was observed in the study. In summary, while it is difficult to select any single one of these scenarios, on the basis off the timeline of change and the almost 40% decrease in the incidence of THA between the 2000s and 2010s, there would appear to be considerable support for the significance of early MTX and bDMARD therapy in the prevention of THA.

Variation in THA by Continent

The THA rate was higher in Europe than North America, but with overlapping confidence intervals the significance is uncertain. Considering that the reported prevalence of RA is higher in North America [82, 83], it seems unlikely that the higher rate of THA in European patients with RA can be explained on the basis of RA characteristics alone. With THA also being more prevalent in the general European population [84], this suggests that a non-RA-specific factor is involved in this intercontinental variation of THA rates. A probable cause is due to the difference in health care systems between Europe and North America (universal health care versus private health coverage), as cost and access to health care are known to influence the rate of TJR [85, 86].

Complications

Overall Complication Rates

The combined complication rate increased from the 1990s to 2000s and then decreased to the 2010s. In addition to the factors influencing individual complications discussed in the next section, more systemic causes, such as changes to training, could also have influenced the changes in complication rates. The 12.8% overall complication rate is greater than the 7% complication rate in the GLORY study, which looked at a similar set of complications [87]. Since the GLORY study was carried out in the general population receiving THA [87], the higher rate of complications found in this study would go on to suggest at an increased risk of complications in patients with RA following THA and that RA-specific management could help to reduce this complication rate.

Higher rates of THA complications in Europe followed by North America and Asia may seem contradictory to the earlier finding that THA rates are more common in Europe and North America, because of the previously suggested correlation between lower complication rates and higher operation volumes [88, 89]. However, incidence rates are a reflection of the proportion of patients requiring THA, and not the absolute operative volume. Additionally, if THA is interpreted as an indicator of disease severity [1, 4], and complications are a potential result of disease severity [90, 91, 92–94], this would explain the higher rates of complications in the places with higher incidence rates. An alternative explanation for the variation in complication rates might be that the demographics of patients considered for surgery differs between each of these continents.

Complication Rates by Individual Complications

THA revision rates appear to have remained constant from 1990 to 2009 and then decreased for the 2010–2019 period. Since this trend was not mirrored in the general population [95–97], it suggests that the causative factors of the trend were RA specific and not the result of general changes to THA pre- and postoperative management. The most common causes of THA revision in the general population are dislocation, loosening, and infection [96]. Nevertheless, as will be discussed, dislocation rates increased, while loosening and infection rates remained constant, which would suggest that revision rates should increase rather than decrease. One potential explanation for this is that clinicians are favouring less invasive methods of correction than full revisions. For example, in the case of infections, clinicians may be managing these more through more potent bone- and joint-specific antibiotics as opposed to surgical interventions in earlier years. Another potential explanation is that the wide confidence intervals due to a limited number of studies have obscured the actual trend in each of these subcategories. However, a further explanation is that the causes of revision other than dislocation, loosening, and infection have been the cause of decreasing revision rates.

Dislocation rates increased from the 2000s to the 2010s. Potential explanations for this increase include age, femoral head size, prosthetic development, and surgical approach/technique [97]. Of these potential factors, surgical approaches with lower dislocation rates have been gaining popularity [98]; and femoral head size has been increasing, which reduces rather than increase dislocation risk [99]. Age then seems a likely explanation as it has been documented that patients receiving THA are becoming younger and living longer, providing more time for a dislocation to occur [100].

Aseptic loosening rates appear to have remained constant from 1990 to 2019 in THA in patients with RA but decreased in the general population [101, 102]. This was likely the result of few aseptic loosening events being recorded, hence resulting in wide confidence intervals masking any changes. Since disease activity is a risk factor for aseptic loosening [92], then worsened RA control could be a potential explanation for the increased rates, but this would be contradictory to the other findings in this review, and thus it was deemed unlikely.

Rates of infection remained unchanged since the 1990s, at approximately 2.6%, which would appear to be two to six times that in the general population [103]. One likely reason for this elevated risk is the use of corticosteroids and their impacts on immune suppression [104, 105]. Interestingly, infection rates have remained unchanged, while sDMARD, bDMARD, and corticosteroid use has increased. But, mean corticosteroid dose has remained constant (mean 4.9–5.8 mg) [3, 72, 77, 78, 106]. This appears to contradict numerous studies which suggest that patients with RA receiving bDMARDs are at a higher risk of infection than those receiving sDMARDs [107–110]. It is also worth noting that there is no difference in infection risk between the various bDMARDs [111], and hence development of new bDMARDs has not impacted infection risk. Given the rates are unchanged, this would suggest that other changes in management, such as improved infection prophylaxis, or sDMARD and bDMARD breaks perioperatively, have compensated for the increased infection risk. Alternatively, this would lend support to the studies which suggest that patients on sDMARDs and bDMARDs are not at an elevated risk of infection [104, 105].

Since 2000, periprosthetic fracture rates appear to have decreased in patients with RA, but increased in the general population, resulting in a lower fracture rate in patients with RA than the general population (0.3% versus 0.9%) [94]. Reasons for the increasing rates in the general population include a demographic shift, whereby older and younger patients are operated on, and increasing life expectancy, resulting in more follow-up time for complications to occur [112]. The opposing trend for THA in patients with RA suggests the role of a change specific to patients with RA. One RA-specific change is the introduction of bDMARDs, which through decreased disease activity results in a slower decline of bone mineral density (BMD) [90, 91, 93, 94]. However, the periprosthetic fracture risk could also have been influenced by increased sDMARDs availability or caution when prescribing corticosteroids.

The 0.4% rate of VTE in patients with RA post THA is lower than the 0.7–1.6% rate of VTE found in the general population after THA [87, 113]. While this would suggest that patients with RA are at a decreased risk of VTE post surgery, there was a wide confidence interval. However, the VTE rate in patients with RA after THA does not exceed that of the OA and general population, as suggested by Ravi et al. [19]. Within the general population thrombophylaxis and minimally invasive surgical techniques have been identified as significant factors in achieving the current low rate of VTE [113–116] and our data indicate that this extends to patients with RA as well.

The 90-day mortality rate of 0.6% after THA in patients with RA is greater than the 0.1–0.24% mortality rate found in the general population [117, 118]. This differs from other studies where no difference in the rates of in-hospital mortality was observed following total knee arthroplasty (TKA) in patients with RA or OA [119]. This could either suggest that patients with RA have an increased risk of mortality in the time after leaving the hospital or that the relative risk of patients with RA versus patients with OA undergoing THA is greater than that of patients with RA versus patients with OA undergoing TKA.

Strengths and Limitations

At the time of writing, this is the first systematic review to estimate the rate of THA in patients with RA and the risk of complications, providing valuable information to patients, clinicians, and researchers. The use of multiple, diverse outcomes provides a broad and comprehensive overview of the state of surgical and medical management of patients with RA at a population level.

Throughout this report, emphasis has been placed on presenting clinically significant information. Specifically, complication rates have been used as outcomes as they are of clinical significance, but they are also a raw form of data significantly dependent on follow-up time. This can result in an apparent inconsistency between studies, making it less useful for research purposes. Furthermore, emphasis was placed on making the results relevant to as many clinicians and patients as possible, by not specifying any one treatment protocol or prosthesis in the inclusion and exclusion criteria. However, not specifying a management protocol or prosthesis has resulted in high levels of heterogeneity, making analysis difficult and uncertain. It should also be noted that values calculated are not specific to any one patient, but rather reflect an average rate within the RA population.

Conclusions drawn from temporal analysis are limited by the low number of studies published in the 1980s and 1990s. Similarly, there were a limited number of studies published outside of Europe and North America, which resulted in a risk of bias.

Conclusion

Across four decades, the incidence of THA in patients with RA is 7/1000 PY; and the overall rate of complication rate was 12.8%. Both incidence and overall complications rates of THA in patients with RA have been falling especially in the 2010–2019 decade. However, rates for dislocation increased while infection and aseptic loosening rates remained constant. The results indicate that improvements in medical care have reduced the rate of THA in patients with RA over the last decades, while improvement in surgical and medical management have reduced some, but not all postoperative complication rates for patients with RA.

Electronic Supplementary Material

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary material 1. (1.7MB, pdf)

Acknowledgements

We like to acknowledge Senior Librarian Karen Jones for help within the scope of UWA library support services, specifically in reviewing the search strategy.

Funding

Owen Taylor-Williams was supported by the Cottesloe Women’s Service Guild Seaman Scholarly Plus Award in Arthritis Research at the University of Western Australia. No Rapid Service Fee was received by the journal for the publication of this article.

Authorship

All named authors meet the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) criteria for authorship, take responsibility for the integrity of the work as a whole, and have given their approval for this version to be published.

Disclosures

Owen Taylor-Williams and Charles A. Inderjeeth have nothing to disclose. Johannes Nossent is a member of the journal's Editorial Board.

Compliance with Ethics Guidelines

This article is based on previously conducted studies and does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.

Data Availability

All data generated or analysed is available in this article or the supplementary file.

Footnotes

Digital Features

To view digital features for this article go to https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.12967229.

Contributor Information

Johannes Nossent, Email: johannes.nossent@health.wa.gov.au.

Charles A. Inderjeeth, Email: Charles.Inderjeeth@health.wa.gov.au

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