Table 5.
List of key studies on babesiosis and theileriosis of small ruminants in Pakistan.
| State(s) | District(s) | Host(s)/Ticks | Method(s) of Detection | Target Animal Population | Pathogen(s) Detected | % Test-Positive (Proportion; 95% CI) | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Punjab | Lahore | Sheep | Morphological | Suspected of piroplasmosis | Theileria sp. | 22.0 (44/200; 16.3–27.7) | [27] |
| Molecular | Theileria ovis | 27.5 (55/200; 21.3–33.7) | |||||
| T. lestoquardi | 7.5 (15/200; 3.8–11.2) | ||||||
| Ticks from sheep | Not applicable | T. ovis | 65.9 (27/41; 51.3-80.4) | ||||
| T. lestoquardi | 66.7 (30/45; 52.9-80.4) | ||||||
| Bahawalnagar, Dera Ghazi Khan, Layyah, Multan, Muzaffargarh | Sheep | Molecular | Healthy | T. lestoquardi | 8.2 (4/49; 0.5-15.8) | [125] | |
| Goats | 0.0 (0/66; 0.0-5.4) | ||||||
| Lahore | Sheep | Morphological | Suspected of piroplasmosis | Babesia sp. | 23.5 (57/243; 18.1–28.8) | [99] | |
| Goats | 13.5 (51/377; 10.1–17.0) | ||||||
| Bahawalnagar, Dera Ghazi Khan, Khanewal, Layyah, Multan, Muzaffargarh, Vehari | Sheep | Molecular | Healthy | Babesia ovis | 50.0 (20/40; 34.5–65.5) | [118] | |
| Goats | 23.9 (16/67; 13.7–34.1) | ||||||
| Lahore | Sheep | Morphological | Suspected of piroplasmosis | Theileria sp. | 13.9 (38/273; 9.8–18.0) | [123] | |
| Goats | 8.2 (21/256; 4.8–11.6) | ||||||
| Sahiwal | Sheep | Morphological | Healthy | Babesia sp. | 9.7 (30/310; 6.4–13.0) | [100] | |
| Multan | Sheep and goats | Morphological | Healthy | Theileria sp. | 3.7 (11/300; 1.5–5.8) | [126] | |
| Sheep | Molecular | T. ovis | 15.3 (23/150; 9.6–21.1) | ||||
| T. lestoquardi | 10.7 (16/150; 5.7–15.6) | ||||||
| Goats | T. ovis | 5.3 (8/150; 2.5–10.6) | |||||
| T. lestoquardi | 4.0 (6/150; 1.6–8.9) | ||||||
| Multan | Sheep and goats | Morphological | Healthy | Theileria sp. | 12.4 (31/250; 8.3–16.5) | [127] | |
| Sheep | Molecular | 16.0 (25/156; 10.3–21.8) | |||||
| Goats | 69.1 (65/94; 59.8–78.5) | ||||||
| Attock, Bahawalpur, Gujranwala, Kasur, Khanewal, Multan, Okara, Rahim Yar Khan, Vehari | Ticks from sheep and goats | Molecular | Healthy | Babesia and Theileria spp. | Not provided | [86] | |
| Multan | Sheep and goats | Morphological | Healthy | Theileria sp. | 12.5 (25/200; 7.9–17.1) | [128] | |
| Molecular | 39.5 (79/200; 32.7–46.3) | ||||||
| Livestock Experimental Stations, Okara | Sheep | Morphological | Healthy | B. ovis | 29.0 (58/200; 22.7–35.3) | [28] | |
| T. ovis | 37.0 (74/200; 30.3–43.7) | ||||||
| Molecular | B. ovis | 55.0 (110/200; 48.1–61.9) | |||||
| T. ovis | 7.5 (15/200; 3.8–11.2) | ||||||
| Multan | Goats | Morphological | Healthy | Theileria | 5.4 (25/463; 3.3–7.5) | [54] | |
| Molecular |
T. ovis,
T. lestoquardi |
16.0 (74/463; 12.6–19.3) | |||||
| Okara | Sheep | Morphological | Healthy | Theileria sp. | 16.5 (66/400; 12.9–20.1) | [129] | |
| Punjab and Islamabad Capital Territory | Livestock Experimental Stations located at Attock and Islamabad Capital Territory | Sheep | Morphological | Healthy | Theileria sp. | 7.4 (7/95; 2.1–12.6) | [57] |
| Goats | 3.8 (7/184; 1.0–6.6) | ||||||
| Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa | Kohat, Multan | Sheep | Molecular | Healthy | Theileria sp. | 31.7 (26/82; 21.6–41.8) | [88] |
| Goats | 5.3 (6/114; 1.2–9.4) | ||||||
| Multan | Sheep and goats | 5.5 (7/128; 1.5–9.4) | |||||
| Kohat | 34.7 (25/72; 23.7–45.7) | ||||||
| Dera Ghazi Khan, Kohat, Layyah, Multan, Rahim Yar Khan | Sheep | Molecular | Healthy | T. ovis | 11.1 (11/99; 4.9–17.3) | [130] | |
| Goats | 0.9 (1/111; 0.0–4.9) | ||||||
| Sheep and goats | Morphological | 1.0 (2/210; 0.1–3.4) | |||||
| Dera Ghazi Khan, Layyah, Multan, Rahim Yar Khan | Molecular | 1.7 (2/118; 0.3–6.6) | |||||
| Kohat | 10.9 (10/92; 4.5–17.2) | ||||||
| Khyber Pakhtunkhwa | Charsadda, Mardan, Nowshera, Peshawar | Sheep | Morphological | Suspected of piroplasmosis | Theileria sp. | 15.7 (17/108; 8.9–22.6) | [107] |
| Babesia sp. | 14.8 (16/108; 8.1–21.5) | ||||||
| Goats | Theileria sp. | 0.0 (0/60; 0.0–7.5) | |||||
| Babesia sp. | 41.7 (25/60; 29.2–54.1) | ||||||
| Lower Dir | Sheep | Molecular | Healthy |
T. annulata, T. luwenshuni, T. ovis, Theileria sp. MK, Theileria sp. OT1 |
72.5 (58/80; 62.7–82.3) | [89] | |
| Goats | 40.8 (49/120; 32.0–49.6) | ||||||
| Kohat, Peshawar | Sheep | Molecular | Healthy | T. lestoquardi | 4.5 (2/44; 0.6–15.5) | [131] | |
| Goats | 2.5 (3/121; 0.5–7.0) | ||||||
| Khyber, Peshawar | Sheep | Morphological | Healthy | Babesia sp. | 7.0 (21/300; 4.1–9.9) | [132] | |
| Goats | Theileria sp. | 6.0 (18/300; 3.3–8.7) | |||||
| Bannu, Dera Ismail Khan, Tank | Goats | Molecular | Healthy | Theileria ovis | 9.0 (54/600; 6.7–11.3) | [31] | |
| T. lestoquardi | 5.3 (32/600; 3.5–7.1) | ||||||
| Bannu, Dera Ismail Khan, Tank | Sheep | Morphological | Healthy | Theileria sp. | 20 (120/600; 16.8–23.2) | [133] | |
| Mansehra | Ticks from sheep | Morphological | Not applicable | B. ovis | 1.5 (3/200; 0.3–4.3) | [48] | |
| Ticks from goats | 1.0 (2/201; 0.1–3.5) | ||||||
| Bannu, Dera Ismail Khan, Tank | Sheep | Molecular | Healthy | T. ovis | 13.0 (78/600; 10.3–15.7) | [30] | |
| T. lestoquardi | 9.0 (54/600; 6.7–11.3) | ||||||
| Bajaur, Khyber, Mohmand, North Waziristan, Orakzai | Ticks from sheep | Molecular | Healthy | Theileria sp. | 30.4 (7/23; 11.6–49.2) | [22] | |
| Ticks from goats | 35.5 (11/31; 18.6–52.3) | ||||||
| Ticks from sheep | B. ovis | 0.0 (0/23; 0.0–17.8) | |||||
| Ticks from goats | 0.0 (0/31; 0.0–13.7) | ||||||
| Balochistan | Loralai, Quetta | Sheep | Morphological and molecular | Healthy | T. ovis | 5.5 (120/2200; 4.5–6.4) | [134] |
| T. lestoquardi | 15.4 (338/2200; 13.9–16.9) | ||||||
| Goats | T. ovis | 6.7 (45/670; 4.8–8.6) | |||||
| T. lestoquardi | 3.0 (20/670; 1.7–4.3) |