Figure 7.

Soluble mediators released from ion-exchange resin crystal-induced neutrophil extracellular traps drive cell death in intestinal epithelial cells. (A) Schematic showing work flow. Human blood neutrophils were isolated from healthy individuals and stimulated with or without sevelamer crystals (1000 µg/mL). After 2 h, supernatants with or without neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) were collected and incubated with Caco2 cells for 24 h. (B,C) After stimulation, the percentage of live (AnnexinV-PI), apoptotic (AnnexinV+PI-), and late apoptotic/necrotic (AnnexinV+PI+) neutrophils was quantified by flow cytometry (n = 3). Data are means ± SD. * p ≤ 0.05; ** p ≤ 0.01; ns, not significant (p > 0.05) using two-way ANOVA.