Table 1.

Factors Determining the Impact of GMs on Bacterial Growth and Metabolism and Potential Applications

Factors with a Positive or Negative Impact
Size, morphology, SSA, roughness, hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity, GM composite, bacterial species, bacterial growth stage, culture and environmental conditions, low or high GM dose
Factors with a positive impact only Anaerobic growth condition
Applications based on positive interactions between bacteria and GMs MFC, MES, CIET, and methane production by anaerobic digestion, bacterial reduction of GO into rGO
Factors with a negative impact only Toxic carryover from synthesis, presence of O2
Applications based on negative interactions between bacteria and GMs Environmental Packaging, PPE fabrics, antifouling membranes for water treatment and metal recovery, photocatalysts for water disinfection, hydrogel filters, aggregates for water treatment, coatings to prevent MIC Medical Drug delivery systems, tissue engineering scaffolds, wound dressings, medical equipment, and implantable device coatings

GM, graphene material; SSA, specific surface area; MFC, microbial fuel cell; MES, microbial synthesis; CIET, conductive-material-mediated interspecies electron transfer; GO, graphene oxide; rGO, reduced graphene oxide; PPE, personal protective equipment; MIC, microbially influenced corrosion.