Deoxynucleoside therapy for respiratory involvement in adult patients with thymidine kinase 2-deficient myopathy

Abstract

Background

Recessive mutations in the thymidine kinase 2 (TK2) gene cause a rare mitochondrial myopathy, frequently with severe respiratory involvement. Deoxynucleoside therapy is currently under investigation.

Research question

What is the impact of nucleosides in respiratory function in patients with TK2-deficient myopathy?

Study design and methods

Retrospective observational study of patients treated with deoxycytidine and deoxythymidine. Evaluations were performed every 3 to 4 months after treatment during approximately 30 months. Forced vital capacity (FVC), maximuminspiratory and expiratory pressures (MIP/MEP), sniff nasal inspiratory pressure (SNIP), cough peak flow (CPF), arterial blood gas and nocturnal pulse oximeter (SpO2) were collected.

Results

We studied six patients, five of which were women, with a median age at onset of symptoms was 35.8 (range 5 to 60) years old. Patients presented a restrictive ventilatory pattern (median FVC of 50 (26 to 71)%) and severe neuromuscular respiratory weakness (MIP 38 (12 to 47)% and SNIP 14 (8 to 19) cmH2O). Four patients required ventilatory support before starting the treatment. FVC improved by 6%, proportion of sleep time with SpO2 <90% diminished from 14% to 0%, CPF increased by 23%, MEP increased by 73%, production and management of bronchial secretions improved and respiratory infections diminished.

Interpretation

Early detection of respiratory involvement requires an active search, even in asymptomatic patients. The nucleosides therapy may improve respiratory function, and stabilise the loss of respiratory capacity.

Key messages.

• Can this new therapy with nucleosides actually improve and maintain respiratory function in adults with thymidine kinase 2-deficient myopathy?

• The nucleosides therapy improves and stabilises respiratory function in adult patients with thymidine kinase 2-deficient myopathy.

• These is the only paper describing the results of a new experimental therapy in respiratory function of a rare neuromuscular disease. Very few neuromuscular disorders have an effective treatment, and this could be one of them.

Introduction

Late-onset thymidine kinase 2 (TK2)-deficient myopathy is a rare and only recently recognised disorder¹ (MIM #609560) that is caused by recessive mutations in the TK2 gene.

TK2 deficiency predominantly manifests as a mitochondrial myopathy, with a broad spectrum of severity. It includes both extremely severe and rapidly progressive early-onset forms, with a survival of less than 2 years, and less severe forms with a childhood, late or very late onset, and a slower rate of progression, but with frequent respiratory involvement that shortens the patient’s life expectancy.^2–4

A detailed description of the late onset form of the disease has only been reported in a recently published series of 18 cases.³ This review suggests preferential effects on the diaphragm and other respiratory muscles. Indeed, respiratory insufficiency is the most common cause of death. Diaphragmatic weakness was identified in all cases reported in this series, as 66.6% of the patients required mechanical ventilation during the course of the disease. Diaphragmatic weakness was the cause of the first medical consultation in approximately half of the patients. Other symptoms included progressive proximal and distal limb muscle weakness, facial weakness, neck flexor weakness and axial weakness, that was often associated with isolated ptosis or ptosis with chronic external ophthalmoplegia. Neck flexor weakness was more severe than limb weakness.

The respiratory involvement of patients with neuromuscular disorders has generally been evaluated with standard spirometry, using forced vital capacity (FVC) as the main prognostic value. Nevertheless, since FVC can be preserved even with severe respiratory muscle weakness,⁵ additional respiratory tests may be necessary to improve accuracy and early detection of respiratory insufficiency. In addition, more sensitive tests are needed to detect minor positive changes during treatment, such as maximum inspiratory and expiratory pressures (MIP and MEP), sniff nasal inspiratory pressure (SNIP), cough peak flow (CPF) and nocturnal blood oxygenation (CT90).^6–8

A new treatment for TK2 deficiency, based on the administration of oral deoxynucleosides, is currently under investigation. Its efficacy was reported in preclinical studies^9–11 and recently in patients treated under a compassionate use/expanded access programme. Without any major side effects, the therapy exerted striking effects on patients with early-onset severe myopathy, produced considerable functional improvements in childhood-onset cases and at least stabilised late-onset cases.¹²

Here, we describe a series of six adult patients with TK2-deficient myopathy who were treated under a compassionate use protocol with oral deoxythymidine (dT) and deoxycytidine (dC) and evaluated the response to treatment by focussing on the respiratory impairment. We analysed respiratory functional tests and non-invasive mechanical ventilation parameters by comparing the basal records with post-treatment evaluations.

Methods

Patients and public involvement

Six adult patients with a genetic diagnosis of TK2 deficiency who were treated and followed in the Neuromuscular Unit of the 12 de Octubre University Hospital in Madrid, Spain, were included. Informed consent with study details was obtained from patients, and the written consent was gained from each enrolled subject. Abnormal results and the patient-reported symptoms were reviewed by the clinical principal investigator to determine the severity of the abnormality. The clinical investigator informed the participants if abnormalities were clinically significant. All but one of these patients (P6) have been described elsewhere.^{3 12}

Treatment

All patients were treated with oral doses of both nucleosides (dT and dC), ranging from 200 to 400 mg/kg/day during an average period of 30 months (range 8 to 48) by the end of the data collection process. Doses administered to patients were based on the dosages used in preclinical studies of H126N Tk2 mutant mice^{2 9} and titrated depending on tolerance.

Study design

A retrospective observational study aimed at evaluating respiratory involvement in adult patients with a TK2 deficiency and analysing the respiratory effects of deoxynucleoside therapy. Data were collected between July 2015 and June 2019.

Respiratory function tests

Respiratory evaluations were performed before starting treatment and at different time points during follow-up (4, 7, 12, 18, 26 and 30 months after treatment). The following measurements of respiratory function were recorded in each visit: standard spirometry for FVC (Jaeger MasterScope, Carefusion, Hoechberg, Germany), MIP, MEP and SNIP (MicroRPM, Carefusion, Hoechberg, Germany), CPF (MicroPeak, Carefusion, Hoechberg, Germany), blood arterial gas for pH, paCO₂, paO₂ and HCO₃ (Gem Premier 4000, Instrumentation Laboratory, Bedford, Massachusetts, USA), nocturnal pulse oximeter for SpO₂ and CT90 (Pulsox 300i, Konica Minolta, Tokyo, Japan), a BiPAP (Bilevel Positive Airway Pressure) built in software assessment for IPAP (inspiratory positive airway pressure), EPAP (expiratory positive airway pressure), daily use of the device in hours and average number of spontaneous breaths (Philips DirectView, Murrysville, Pennsylvania, USA, and Resmed ResScan, Australia) and the need for mechanical cough assistance techniques (CoughAssist, Philips Respironics, Murrysville, Pennsylvania, USA). All respiratory function tests were performed according to international ATS/ERS (American Thorax Society / European Respiratory Society) guidelines.¹³

Non-invasive mechanical ventilation

Patients were adapted to non-invasive mechanical ventilation if meeting the criteria of national guidelines and experts’ recommendations on hypoventilation symptoms, orthopnoea, daytime hypercapnia, nocturnal hypercapnia or pathological results in lung function tests in neuromuscular diseases.^{14 15}

Statistical methods

For the analysis of the studied variables, a statistical software (SPSS 26, IBM) was used. Due to the small size of the sample, central and dispersion measurements were estimated using descriptive analyses with median and range, and a non-parametric test (Wilcoxon signed-rank) was used to evaluate the respiratory changes during the treatment in each patient. Statistical significance was defined as p<0.05.

Results

We studied six adult patients with a TK2 deficiency, five women and one man. The median age was 47.5 (range 31 to 73 years), and the median age at onset was 35.8 (range 5 to 60) years old.

General characteristics of these patients are listed in table 1.

Table 1.

General characteristics of the studied population

P	Current age	Sex	Age at disease onset	Genotype	First symptom	Phenotype	Ambulant (yes/no)	Age at NIV initiation (years)	Age at beginning of treatment (years)	Dose of treatment (mg/kg/day)	Duration of treatment* (months)
1	32	F	20	Homozygous p.Thr108Met	Muscle weakness	Facial, neck flexion, axial and limb weakness. Respiratory insufficiency. Dysphagia.	yes	25	29	300	38
2	60	F	30	Homozygous p.Lys202del	Ptosis	Ocular, facial, neck, axial and limb weakness. Respiratory insufficiency.	yes	59	57	400	39
3	59	M	50	Homozygous p.Lys202del	Respiratory insufficiency	Ptosis, facial, axial and limb weakness. Respiratory insufficiency.	yes	53	55	200	43
4	31	F	14	Homozygous p.Thr108Met	Muscle weakness	Facial, neck flexion, axial and limb weakness. Respiratory insufficiency. Dysphagia.	yes	30	27	400	48
5	73	F	60	Homozygous p.Lys202del	Muscle weakness	Facial, neck, axial and limb weakness. Respiratory insufficiency.	yes	71	72	400	15
6	36	F	5	Homozygous p.Thr108Met	Muscle weakness	Facial, neck flexion, axial and limb weakness. Respiratory insufficiency.	yes	35	35	300	8

*Until the date of data collecting.

F, female; M, male; NIV, non-invasive mechanical ventilation; P, patient.

Respiratory function prior to treatment initiation

At baseline visit, patients presented a restrictive ventilatory pattern characterised by a substantial decrease in the FVC (median of 1780 (880 to 1920) mL, 50 (26 to 71)% of the predicted value), MIP (median of 38 (12 to 47) %) and SNIP values (median of 14 (8 to 19) cmH2O) (table 2).

Table 2.

Median values and range of the lung function tests performed in the studied population at baseline and follow-up visits

	Baseline visit		Follow-up 1 visit		Follow-up 2 visit		Follow-up 3 visit		Follow-up 4 visit		Follow-up 5 visit
Time of treatment (months)	–	n	4 (1–8)	n	7 (4–16)	n	14 (8–20)	n	21 (11–27)	n	27 (15–32)	n
FEV1/FVC	85 (76–97)	6	85 (78–93)	6	83 (77–92)	6	83 (77–92)	5	83 (75–92)	5	83 (75–88)	5
FVC (ml)	1780 (880–1920)	6	1940 (1080–2090) *	6	1885 (1020–2050)*	6	1880 (990–2010)	5	1620 (930–2050)	5	1780 (1040–1990)	5
FVC (%)	50 (26–71)	6	55 (33–80)*	6	56 (31–79)*	6	52 (30–75)	5	47 (29–84)	5	47 (32–83)	5
MIP (%)	38 (12–47)	6	38 (30–45)	6	37 (24–49)	6	34 (26–53)	5	38 (24–47)	3	40 (21–50)	3
MEP (%)	51 (19–113)	6	62 (24–115)	6	48 (27–85)	6	43 (26–134)	5	36 (27–137)	3	124 (30–125)	3
SNIP (- cmH2O)	14 (8–19)	2	NA	0	NA	0	13	1	22 (15–28)	2	39	1
CPF (l/min)	192 (133–250)	2	135	1	185 (120–249)	2	225 (100–350)	2	113	1	235 (150–320)	2
SpO2 nocturnal mean (%)	94 (92–95)	2	92	1	95	1	92	1	96	1	93	1
CT90 (%)	14 (6–21)	2	3	1	2	1	4	1	4	1	0	1

*P < 0.05 between values of follow-up and baseline visits (Wilcoxon signed-rank test).

CPF, cough peak flow; CT90, proportion of sleep time with SpO2 under 90%; FEV1, Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 second; FVC, forced vital capacity; MEP, maximum expiratory pressure; MIP, maximum inspiratory pressure; NA, not available; SNIP, sniff nasal inspiratory pressure; SpO2, oxygen pulse oximeter saturation.

At the time of starting the treatment, four of the six patients required ventilatory assistance with home non-invasive mechanical ventilation (NIV) (average usage of 7.75±2.06 hours per day), two of them had a respiratory debut: one of them had developed an acute respiratory failure triggered by a respiratory tract infection (P3) and the other triggered by the anaesthesia required for a hip fracture surgical intervention (P5).

The two patients who were not on home NIV before starting treatment also presented respiratory symptoms at the time of the first neurological evaluation (orthopnoea, excessive daytime sleepiness, morning headache or drowsiness and unrestful sleep), suggesting diaphragmatic involvement and/or nocturnal hypoventilation.

Other relevant clinical characteristics at baseline

All patients experienced moderate muscle weakness involving the face, neck flexion (all patients were unable to lift the head while lying in the supine position) and proximal limb weakness with difficulties climbing stairs, rising to a standing position from the ground, jumping or running, but all patients were able to walk without assistance. Two patients had dysphagia: Patient 1 (P1) had a percutaneous gastrostomy tube placed due to recurrent pneumonias related to bronchoaspiration episodes and patient 4 (P4) had a low body mass index.

Respiratory evaluations during treatment

Patients started treatment with dT+dC for an average of 32 months by the end of the data collection period.

Table 2 as well as figure 1, show the results of the baseline respiratory function tests and their changes over time in patients receiving treatment.

Figure 1.

Evolution of principal lung function test at baseline and after treatment. FVC, forced vital capacity; MEP, maximumexpiratory pressure; MIP, maximum inspiratory pressure.

After an average of 4 months of treatment, the median FVC improved both in terms of absolute volume (+160 mL plus) and the percentage of reference values (+5% increase). This improvement of FVC was maintained during the second evaluation (median of 7 months after treatment) and the third evaluation (median of 13 months after treatment) (table 2) and it showed statistical significance despite the small sample that we were analysing (p<0.05). In the fifth and last evaluation (median of 30 months after treatment) the median FVC returned to the same value as the initial evaluation (table 2).

Nocturnal blood oxygenation (measured using nocturnal oximetry) improved. The median CT90 was reduced from 14 (6 to 21)% to 3% in the first evaluation after treatment and the improvement persisted in subsequent evaluations (table 2). This recovery of nocturnal oxygenation was not only observed in patients with BiPAP but also in a patient who was not yet receiving ventilatory support (Patient 2 (P2)), decreasing from 21% before the treatment to 0% after a median of 30 months.

Expiratory muscle strength, assessed by CPF and MEP, exhibited a market but not statistically significant increase. After 12 months of treatment, CPF increased by 17% (+33 l/min), and then continued to increase for up to a maximum of 23% above the baseline measurement (+43 l/min) after 26 months of treatment. The MEP increased from 51% to 124%, reaching even normal values, after a median of 30 months of treatment (table 2). The production and management of bronchial secretions improved significantly. Prior to treatment, P1 and P3 required daily sessions of mechanically assisted cough techniques for the management of bronchial secretions, and after 6 and 11 months of treatment, respectively, the devices were no longer needed. The frequency and severity of respiratory infections also decreased. Prior to treatment P1, P2 and P3 presented repetitive bronchial infections, with frequent hospitalisation requirements. However, after 4 months of treatment, hospitalisations for respiratory infections were no longer necessary, and none were recorded after 18 months of treatment.

Arterial blood gas (ABG) samples were obtained, and its parameters (paCO2, paO2, HCO3 and pH) remained stable throughout the follow-up period. Since most of the patients at the beginning, and all patients at the end of the study, received NIV which clearly affects ABG, these parameters probably do not show the progression of the disease, nor the evolution with the nucleosides therapy.

As we previously described, two patients had no home NIV before the treatment although they did have hypoventilation suggesting symptoms. However, after the initiation of treatment, the symptoms improved and NIV was not required to be initiated until 2 and 3 years after, respectively (P2 and P4). No increase in ventilation requirements (hours of use or pressure support levels) was observed in any patient throughout the study (table 3).

Table 3.

Median and range values of ventilatory parameters and adherence to NIV

Visit	Baseline	Follow-up 1	Follow-up 2	Follow-up 3	Follow-up 4	Follow-up 5
Time of treatment (months)	–	4 (1–8)	7 (4–16)	13 (7–20)	21 (11–27)	30 (21–33)
Patients requiring NIV (#)	4	4	4	4	4	6
IPAP (cmH2O)	17 (14–17)	17 (14–18)	16 (14–8)	16 (14–18)	16 (15–17)	17 (14–19)
EPAP (cmH2O)	5 (5–6)	6 (5–6)	6 (5–6)	6 (5–6)	6 (5–7)	7 (5–8)
Use (hours/day)	8 (5–8)	8 (5–10)	8 (4–9)	8 (6–9)	8 (8–10)	8 (6–10)

EPAP, expiratory positive airway pressure; IPAP, inspiratory positive airway pressure; NIV, non-invasive mechanical ventilation.

Discussion

A TK2 deficiency is a mitochondrial myopathy that is responsible for premature death in all its clinical forms, due to the severe, early and progressive involvement of the respiratory muscles. Recently, a deoxythymidine/deoxycytidine substrate enhancement therapy showed very promising results, particularly in early-onset cases. In adults, the response to treatment remains unclear, and it may be limited by metabolic changes, as suggested in recent preclinical studies.¹¹ Here, we describe a series of six adult patients focussing on respiratory involvement and its response to treatment.

In this series, TK2 deficiency caused respiratory impairments in all patients, who exhibited respiratory symptoms since the very beginning of the disease. Four of the six patients included in this series (67%) were receiving respiratory support with NIV, two of them prior to the diagnosis of the TK2 deficiency and the other two prior to the initiation of treatment with deoxynucleosides. In the most detailed series reported to date describing a late-onset TK2 deficiency,³ 66% of patients required NIV during the course of the disease, and severe ventilatory insufficiency was the cause of the first consultation in 44% of patients.³ Eventually, all of our six patients required nocturnal NIV a few years after the diagnosis, even during the continuous deoxynucleoside therapy.

Interestingly, there is no correlation between diaphragmatic and limb weakness, and patients can suffer severe respiratory insufficiency in the presence of a mild limb muscle impairment. Therefore, the identification of signs of nocturnal hypoventilation is critical during the clinical evaluation of these patients, regardless of the severity of the skeletal myopathy as even patients with the ability to walk independently may require ventilatory support due to nocturnal hypoventilation.

According to spirometry tests, after starting the treatment, a relevant and statistically significant improvement in the FVC was noted, mainly during the first year of treatment. Other tests evaluating inspiratory muscle function, such as SNIP and MIP, also improved, although the differences were not statistically significant. After treatment, SNIP tripled its baseline value in 4 months, while MIP exhibited a slower but consistent improvement in 2 years.

By the end of the follow-up period, all patients were treated with NIV, regardless of treatment with deoxynucleoside therapy, but no progression on the requirements for ventilatory support was noticed. This result reinforces the observation that respiratory functional performance improved or at least maintained its baseline status, but definitively did not decrease after 30 months of follow-up. In addition, we hypothesised that deoxynucleosides would have delayed the initiation of NIV treatment in the two non-ventilated patients at baseline, since these patients already had symptomatic restrictive ventilatory dysfunction before starting treatment but did not need the ventilatory support until 2 and 3 years later, respectively.

After 1 year of treatment, the results of tests performed to evaluate expiratory muscle function improved notably. The CPF improved and MEP reached a normal value. These changes were clinically relevant, since frequency and severity of respiratory tract infections systematically decreased and the use of devices for mechanically cough assist were discontinued in two patients, but did not achieve statistical significance, probably due to the small size of the studied population.

We recognise important limitations of this study: (1) The absence of a control group and the small sample of patients included. However, late-onset TK2 deficiency is an ultra-rare disease and this series represent a high proportion of adult patients treated worldwide. (2) The great variation in follow-up times and the absence of some important data (such as nocturnal transcutaneous capnography before the initiation of non-invasive mechanical ventilation), due to the fact that it is a retrospective study.

In summary, this study is the first one that specifically focusses on the respiratory impairment in adult patients with mitochondrial myopathy due to a TK2 deficiency. Without treatment, patients exhibit a high risk of early and progressive respiratory insufficiency that becomes the most common cause of death. Furthermore, a severe acute respiratory failure may be the first manifestation of the disease in a subset of patients. Early detection of respiratory involvement requires an active search in the clinics, even in patients with only mild limb weakness, as a preferential diaphragmatic involvement has been suggested. Deoxynucleoside therapy may improve the results of functional tests and diaphragmatic function in the short-term and stabilise the loss of respiratory capacity in the medium-term in patients with a TK2 deficiency. This finding is very relevant since respiratory insufficiency exerts substantial effects on the quality of life and survival, and is the main factor of poor prognosis in patients. Nevertheless, longitudinal studies with a longer follow-up period are needed to confirm the beneficial effects of the deoxynucleoside therapy on the respiratory function and survival of patients with a TK2 deficiency.