Abstract
目的
探讨急性髓细胞白血病(AML)免疫表型和非髓系分化抗原表达特征及其临床应用价值。
方法
采用BD FACSCalibur流式细胞仪对109例AML患者进行免疫表型检测,分析AML免疫表型、非髓系分化抗原表达的特点及与预后疗效完全缓解(CR)率的关系。
结果
免疫表型显示AML细胞髓系分化抗原阳性率由高到低依次为CD13、CD117、CD33、MPO、CD15,其中CD117、CD13、CD33、MPO阳性率差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05),并且均高于CD15阳性率(P < 0.05);AML细胞非髓系分化抗原CD9、CD200、CD56、CD7阳性率依次降低,均高于CD25、CD19、CD2、CD10、CD4、CyCD79a、CyCD3阳性率(P < 0.05);109例AML中CD7、CD34、CD56、CD25呈阳性的患者CR率均低于阴性患者(P < 0.05);MPO、CD19呈阳性的患者CR率均高于阴性患者(P < 0.05);伴AML1-ETO阳性表达的15例AML-M2b患者中CD56阳性组1疗程CR率低于CD56阴性组,CD56阳性组1年内复发率高于CD56阴性组(P < 0.05)。
结论
免疫表型和非髓系分化抗原表达分析对AML的诊断及预后判定有重要临床意义,是AML诊疗的主要依据之一。
Keywords: 急性髓细胞白血病, 免疫表型, 非髓系分化抗原, 流式细胞仪
Abstract
Objective
To investigate the characteristics of immunophenotypes and expressions of non-myeloid differentiation antigens in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and their value in diagnosis and prognostic evaluation of AML.
Methods
We examined the immunophenotypes of 109 patients with AML using BD FACSCalibur flow cytometry and analyzed the association of the immunophenotypes and expressions of non-myeloid differentiation antigens with the prognosis and complete remission (CR) rate of the patients.
Results
Immunophenotype analysis showed that the positivity rates of the myeloid differentiation antigens of AML cells decreased in the order of CD13, CD117, CD33, MPO and CD15; the positivity rates of CD117, CD13, CD33 and MPO did not differ significantly (P > 0.05) and were all significantly higher than that of CD15 (P < 0.05). The positivity rates of AML cell non-lineage antigens CD34, CD38, HLA-DR, and CD123 did not differ significantly (P > 0.05). The positivity rates of non-myeloid differentiation antigens decreased in the order of CD9, CD200, CD56 and CD7 in AML cells and were all significantly higher than those of CD25, CD19, CD2, CD10, CD4, CyCD79a and CyCD3 (P < 0.05). Among the 109 AML patients, the CR rates of patients positive for CD7, CD34, CD56 and CD25 were significantly lower than those negative for these antigens (P < 0.05); the CR rates were significantly higher in patients positive for MPO and CD19 than in the negative patients (P < 0.05). Among the 15 AML-M2b patients with AML1-ETO positivity, the CR rate following a single treatment course was significantly lower in patients positive for CD56 than in CD56-negative patients, and CD56-positive patients also had a significantly higher relapse rate within 1 year (P < 0.05).
Conclusion
Immunophenotyping and analysis of non-myeloid differentiation antigens can be of great clinical significance for the diagnosis and prognostic evaluation of AML, and serve also as one of the important bases for the diagnosis and treatment of AML.
Keywords: acute myeloid leukemia, immunophenotypes, non-myeloid differentiation antigens, flow cytometry
AML是临床常见的以髓系造血干细胞克隆性异常增生为特征的恶性血液系统疾病。形态学FAB分型是诊断AML的基础,但人为主观性较大,诊断符合率仅70%左右。流式细胞仪免疫学检测技术以其高通量、客观且对样本要求低等优势成为了AML诊断不可缺少的方法。AML细胞常展示正常细胞不存在的异常抗原表达模式[1-2],免疫表型正是通过不同荧光素结合相应的单克隆抗体来检测AML细胞的胞膜和胞浆分化抗原,能在短时间内定量检测分析大量白血病细胞的来源系列、克隆类型及分化程度,从而将AML分类为不同亚型,使AML诊断的符合率达90%以上[3]。AML细胞分化抗原异质性强,正确判断分析AML细胞分化抗原表达缺失、表达过强或过低、跨阶段或不同阶段共表达及跨系交叉表达等紊乱现象有利于指导临床诊疗和预后评估。目前关于AML非髓系分化抗原表达与预后疗效CR率之间关系的文献报道较少,且缺乏系统性研究。为此本研究通过对阜阳市人民医院2018年1月~2019年12月收治入院的109例AML患者的骨髓流式免疫表型进行分析,以探究AML患者白血病细胞免疫表型特点、非髓系分化抗原表达特征及其与预后疗效CR率的关系。
1. 资料和方法
1.1. 一般资料
选取阜阳市人民医院2018年1月~2019年12月入院的AML患者109例,其中男性73例,女性36例,年龄15~92(53.9±18.5)岁,其中3例AML-M1、19例AML-M2a、15例AML-M2b、13例AML-M3、5例AML-M4、54例AML-M5,诊断依据急性髓系白血病中国诊疗指南[4-5]、血液病诊断及疗效标准[6],所有患者均行形态学、免疫学、细胞遗传学、分子生物学检查,FAB分型不同AML亚型患者被检测到相应重现性克隆性遗传学异常:inv(16)(p13.1;q22)或(t 8;21)(q22;q22)或(t 15;17)(q22;q12)或(t 16;16)(p13.1;q22)等,本次临床研究遵循阜阳市人民医院医学伦理委员会制定的医学伦理学标准,并与所有受试者签署临床《知情同意书》。
1.2. 方法
1.2.1. 标本制备
抽取患者骨髓1~2 mL于EDTA-K2抗凝真空采血管中颠倒混匀,细胞计数后,调整细胞浓度为(10~20)×109/L。细胞膜表面抗原染色:按照试剂盒的要求,分别加入相应的荧光素(FITC、PE、PerCP、APC)标记抗体(5~20 μL)和适量体积(50~100 μL)的抗凝骨髓于流式管充分混匀,首先于室温下避光温育15 min,然后把1×FACSLysing溶血素2 mL置于流式管,并且低速涡旋混匀,在室温避光下静置8~10 min,待溶血后以300 g离心5 min弃上清,然后加入1 mL PBS洗液300 g离心5 min,最后倾去上清加入PBS 200~500 μL于流式管混匀,待上机检测;细胞内分化抗原染色:按照试剂盒的要求,分别加入适量体积(50~100 μL)的抗凝骨髓和500 μLBD FACS透膜剂于流式管,然后低速并涡旋混匀,在室温下避光温育10 min,加入1 mLPBS洗液300 g离心5 min弃上清加入对应的荧光素标记的单克隆抗体(5~ 20 μL),低速并涡流混匀,在室温下避,光温育30 min,再加入1 mL PBS洗液,然后300 g离心5 min,最后倾上清,并把PBS 200~500 μL加入到流式管混匀,待上机检测。
1.2.2. 仪器与试剂
BD公司FACSCalibur流式细胞仪、CD7-FITC、CD117-PE、CD33-APC、CD19-APC、CD34- PE、CD123-PE、CD10-FITC、CD13-PE、CD2-FITC、CD56-APC、CD15-FITC、CD9-FITC、CD38-APC、HLA-DR-FITC、CD200-PE、CD25-PE、CD4-APC、MPO-PE、CD45-PerCP、CD79a-PerCP、CyCD3-FITC、FACSLysing溶血素、Cell Permeabilization Kit透膜剂(BD)。AML1-ETO融合基因定性筛查送合肥金域医学检验中心检测。
1.2.3. 免疫表型检测
根据诊断需求,设计抗体组合方案,第一轮筛选方案采用CD7、CD117、CD33、CD10、MPO、CD13、CyCD79a、CyCD3、CD34、CD45对白血病细胞系列进行鉴别,第二轮采用CD123、CD19、CD2、CD56、CD15、CD9、CD38、HLA-DR、CD200、CD25、CD4对白血病细胞分化程度进行鉴定。每管收集10000个细胞,Cellquest软件分析,以CD45联合侧向光SSC设门,分析异常幼稚细胞群分化抗原表达情况。
1.2.4. 结果判断
膜表面分化抗原(除MPO、CD79a、CD3外抗原)表达≥20%为阳性,胞内分化抗原(MPO、CD79a、CD3)表达≥10%为阳性[1]。
1.3. 统计学方法
资料数据处理采用SPSS18.0统计软件进行分析,计数资料用百分率表示(%),χ2检验用于多个独立样本率的比较,对差异有统计学意义的结果再进行组间多重两两比较,若P < 0.05为差异具有统计学意义。
2. 结果
2.1. 109例AML髓系分化抗原的表达
AML细胞髓系分化抗原阳性率由高到低依次为CD13、CD117、CD33、MPO、CD15,其中CD117、CD13、CD33、MPO阳性率差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05,表 1),但均高于CD15阳性率(P均 < 0.05,表 1)。
1.
109例AML髓系分化抗原表达分布
Expressions and distribution of myeloid differentiation antigens in the 109 patients withAML[%(n)]
| Subtype | n | CD13 | CD117 | CD33 | MPO | CD15 |
| M1 | 3 | 100 (2/3) | 100 (3/3) | 100 (3/3) | 100 (3/3) | 33.3 (1/3) |
| M2a | 19 | 100 (19/19) | 100 (19/19) | 89.5 (17/19) | 78.9 (15/19) | 36.8 (7/19) |
| M2b | 15 | 100 (15/15) | 86.7 (13/15) | 73.3 (11/15) | 100 (15/15) | 33.3 (5/15) |
| M3 | 13 | 100 (13/13) | 100 (13/13) | 100 (13/13) | 100 (13/13) | 23.1 (3/13) |
| M4 | 5 | 100 (5/5) | 100 (5/5) | 100 (5/5) | 100 (5/5) | 60 (3/5) |
| M5 | 54 | 88.9 (48/54) | 87.0 (47/54) | 85.2 (46/54) | 77.8 (42/54) | 42.6 (23/54) |
| Sum | 109 | 93.6 (102/109) | 91.4 (100/109) | 87.2 (95/109) | 85.3 (93/109) | 38.5 (42/109) |
2.2. 109例AML非系列特异性分化抗原的表达
AML细胞非系列特异性抗原CD34、CD38、HLADR、CD123阳性率差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05,表 2)。
2.
109例AML非系列特异性分化抗原分布
Distribution of non-lineage-specific differentiation antigens in the patients [%(n)]
| Subtype | n | CD34 | CD38 | HLA-DR | CD123 |
| M1 | 3 | 100 (3/3) | 66.7 (2/3) | 100 (3/3) | 66.7 (2/3) |
| M2a | 19 | 100 (19/19) | 84.2 (16/19) | 100 (19/19) | 89.5 (17/19) |
| M2b | 15 | 93.3 (14/15) | 100 (15/15) | 100 (15/15) | 86.7 (13/15) |
| M3 | 13 | 23.1 (3/13) | 100 (13/13) | 7.7 (1/13) | 100 (13/13) |
| M4 | 5 | 80 (4/5) | 80 (4/5) | 100 (5/5) | 100 (5/5) |
| M5 | 54 | 98.1 (53/54) | 92.6 (50/54) | 88.9 (48/54) | 92.6 (50/54) |
| Sum | 109 | 88.1 (96/109) | 91.7 (100/109) | 87.2 (95/109) | 91.7 (100/109) |
2.3. 109例AML非髓系分化抗原的表达
AML细胞表达CD9、CD200、CD56、CD7较为常见,其阳性率依次降低,高于CD25、CD19、CD2、CD10、CD4、CyCD79a、CyCD3阳性率(P均 < 0.05,表 3),CyCD3未见表达;AML亚型中M5型非髓系分化抗原的种类较多且阳性率较高,M3型CD9阳性率高频高强度表达。
3.
109例AML非髓系分化抗原分布
Distribution of non-myeloid differentiation antigens in the 109 AML patients
| Subtype | n | CD7 | CD10 | CD19 | CD2 | CD56 | CD9 | CD200 | CD25 | CD4 | CyCD79a | CyCD3 |
| M1 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| M2a | 19 | 7 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 7 | 11 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| M2b | 15 | 1 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 10 | 7 | 10 | 2 | 1 | 4 | 0 |
| M3 | 13 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 13 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| M4 | 5 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| M5 | 54 | 22 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 23 | 39 | 30 | 8 | 3 | 2 | 0 |
| Sum | 109 | 34 | 3 | 13 | 4 | 48 | 70 | 58 | 16 | 4 | 7 | 0 |
2.4. AML患者的免疫表型与诱导化疗后疗效的关系
109例AML患者接受化疗后,预后CR者为71例,CR率为65.1%。其中CD7、CD34、CD56、CD25表达呈阳性的AML患者CR率均低于呈阴性患者的CR率(均P < 0.05,表 4);MPO、CD19表达呈阳性的AML患者的CR率均高于呈阴性患者的CR率(P均 < 0.05,表 4)。
4.
109例AML相关抗原表达呈阳性和阴性者的CR率比较
Comparison of complete remission (CR) rates among the 109 patients with different positivity status of AMLassociated antigens [%(n/n')]
| Antigen type | CD7 | CD34 | MPO | CD19 | CD56 | CD25 | CD13 | CD33 | CD117 |
| CR rate (%)=n/n'×%, where n represents the number of patients with CR in a certain antigen positive or negative patient, and n' the total number of patients with positive or negative antigen; CR represents a complete remission of AML after chemotherapy. | |||||||||
| Antigen positive | 44.1 | 45.8 | 70.9 | 61.5 | 43.8 | 37.5 | 62.7 | 48.4 | 56 |
| (15/34) | (44/96) | (66/93) | (8/13) | (21/48) | (6/16) | (64/102) | (46/95) | (56/100) | |
| Antigen negative | 70.7 | 76.9 | 31.3 | 31.3 | 75.4 | 62.4 | 57.1 | 42.9 | 55.6 |
| (53/75) | (10/13) | (5/16) | (30/96) | (46/61) | (60/93) | (4/7) | (6/14) | (5/9) | |
| χ2 | 7.027 | 4.427 | 9.483 | 4.625 | 11.368 | 4.171 | 0.088 | 0.151 | 0.001 |
| P | 0.008 | 0.035 | 0.002 | 0.032 | 0.001 | 0.041 | 0.767 | 0.697 | 0.979 |
2.5. 伴AML1-ETO阳性表达的15例AML-M2b中CD56阳性和CD56阴性两组患者1疗程缓解率及1年内复发率比较
伴AML1-ETO阳性表达的15例AML-M2b患者中CD56阳性组l疗程CR率低于CD56阴性组(P < 0.05,表 5);15例伴AML1-ETO阳性表达的AML-M2b患者中CD56阳性组1年内复发率高于CD56阴性组(P < 0.05,表 5)。
5.
伴AML1-ETO阳性表达的15例AML-M2b中CD56阳性和CD56阴性两组患者1疗程缓解率及1年内复发率比较
Comparison of CR rate following a single treatment course and relapse rate within 1 year between CD56-positive and CD56-negative patients withAML-M2b positive forAML1-ETO expression [%(n/n')]
| Parameter | CD56+ group (n=10) | CD56- group (n=5) | χ2 | P |
| 1 course CR rate | 20 (2/10) | 80 (4/5) | 5.000 | 0.025 |
| Relapse rate within 1 year | 80 (8/10) | 20 (1/5) | 5.000 | 0.025 |
3. 讨论
目前对AML细胞分化抗原表达特点的分析研究较多,但与AML预后疗效CR率相关的白血病细胞分化抗原如非髓系分化抗原表达之间关系的文献报道甚少,且某些观点存有争议。本研究侧重上述存在的问题进行系统性分析讨论,以期为临床AML的诊断及预后评估提供更丰富更合理的实验室诊断依据。
本文采用流式细胞仪对109例AML患者进行免疫分型检测,对比分析研究免疫表型特点及其与诱导化疗后CR率的关系。此次研究显示CD13、CD117、CD33、MPO阳性率均高达85.0%以上,提示上述CD可以作为鉴别髓系的标记[7],CD13,CD33阳性的AML患者CR率与表达阴性的AML患者比较无差异,提示CD13,CD33表达与预后CR率无关联。MPO是特异性的髓系分化抗原,但原始髓系细胞分化较差时,可能无表达,这种情况下需要阳性率较高的髓系抗原CD117,CD33和CD13来确定[8]。MPO阳性程度越高表明细胞分化越好,预示疗效佳,文献报道[9]MPO的低表达是AML患者CR的独立危险因素,在评估AML患者治疗效果和预后时,可以作为简便而又行之有效重要指标,本研究结果MPO表达阳性的患者CR率高于阴性患者,与该文献结论一致。CD117是C-Kit基因相关分化抗原,主要在较早期的髓系干细胞中表达,早期研究发现CD117在部分T-ALL可以表达,目前研究得知其在AML中表达特异性很强[10]。最新一项研究显示[11]CD117表达与CR无相关性,本研究资料数据显示CD117阳性的患者CR率与阴性者的比较无差异,与该文献报道结论基本一致。CD15表达于除原始粒细胞外的所有粒细胞,可以作为髓系分化成熟标记,若CD15与CD34共表达即可以作为白血病细胞跨期抗原表达的证据,本研究显示CD15在AML表达的阳性率仅为38.5%,研究资料中有数例髓系幼稚细胞CD15与CD34共表达的AML,同时CD15与CD34共表达可以为微量残留病检测提供线索。非系列特异性抗原是细胞较为原始幼稚的标志之一,CD34是白血病干细胞特征性标识[12],Bhattacharyya等[13]研究结果显示CD34表达的NPM1突变AML患者预后不良。Zhou等[14]报道CD34弱表达或阴性对AML的NPM1突变具有较强的提示价值。本研究示CD34阳性表达的患者CR率低于阴性患者,以上提示CD34可以作为诊断AML及评估预后的有效指标。
AML细胞非髓系分化抗原表达是髓系白血病细胞表达紊乱的直接证据,通过流式细胞术易于被识别。本研究非髓系分化抗原CD9、CD200、CD56、CD7表达较CD25、CD19、CD2、CD10、CD4、CyCD79a常见,这与文献报道较为一致[15-16]。多项研究结果表明,CD7呈阳性表达的AML患者预后不佳,临床主要表现CR率低以及生存期短等不良结果。本研究结果显示CD7表达阳性AML患者的CR率显著低于阴性患者,研究结果与Zhu等[17]文献报道相符。CDl9是淋系抗原标志物,文献研究报道显示AML中CDl9阳性率为2.68~8.39%,CDl9阳性提示其可能作为AML预后良好的标记物[18],本研究CDl9阳性率稍高于以往文献结果,这可能与研究的病例数、检测方法及因种族不同所致的生物学特性差异等因素有关,本文结果显示CDl9呈阳性患者的CR率高于阴性患者,但关于CDl9表达与疗效预后关系的差异国内文献报道不一,需要大宗病例数据去求证。CD9可在激活的淋巴细胞及前-B细胞表达,本研究结果表明CD9在M5和M3型白血病细胞阳性表达较为常见,尤其M3中CD9呈高频高强度表达,阳性率达100.0%,与Ren等[19]报道一致,结合其它抗原表达情况如CD34阴性、HLA-DR阴性、CD33强表达、CD117和CD123阳性等,对M3的诊断具有重要价值[20-21]。Aref等[22]通过FCM评估分析了52例初诊AML患者的骨髓原始细胞CD200的表达,28.8%的AML患者表达CD200,CD200(+)AML患者的总生存率为19.2%,而CD200(-)AML患者为35.3%,预示CD200表达是预后不良的指标,并与不良的细胞遗传学发现相关,同时CD200可用作AML的治疗靶标。由于相关资料较少其在AML临床应用价值的重要性尚待确定,本研究显示CD200表达阳性率高于上述文献,有待对CD200表达的AML患者预后进行评估。本次临床实验数据显示CD25在AML表达阳性率仅为14.7%,虽然CD25对诊断AML价值不大,但对评估AML预后有一定的意义,本研究结果表明CD25表达阳性患者的CR率显著低于阴性患者,国内亦有研究报道表明AML患者若表达CD25,缓解率低,是独立于染色体核型预后不良的危险因素[23]。另有文献报道AML细胞CD25的表达与FLT3- ITD突变高度相关,FLT3-ITD突变者预后不良[24-25]。
Chen等[26]研究报道CD56+、CD34+、CD2+是高危型M3v患者的标志,研究中M3v的不良结局可能归因于CD2的表达,本病例资料中有2例M3患者属于此种情况表达CD2。Maenhout等[27]病例报告指出不应忽略在初诊时在APL中CD34/CD56共表达微量克隆细胞的存在,因为它可能与早期复发相关,本研究示2例M3共表达CD34、CD56提示预后不良,易复发。多项研究报道[28-29]提示部分AML-M2b患者表达CD56预后欠佳,需要关注患者是否伴有表达AML-ETO融合基因,为此本研究分析了伴AML-ETO阳性表达的AML-M2b患者,其中CD56阳性组1疗程CR率低于CD56阴性组,CD56阳性组1年内复发率高于CD56阴性组,目前关于伴有AML-ETO且表达CD56的AML预后不良的原因仍在探讨之中,可能与CD56阳性的AML有髓外浸润的特征有关[30],但CD56在伴有AML-ETO的AML预后不良中所起到的具体作用机制需大数据深入挖掘研究。本研究结果示M5型非髓系分化抗原表达的种类多且阳性率较高即异质性强,预示M5型是预后不良的AML亚型[31-32],M5型CD56阳性表达的患者易发生浸润症状,缓解率低且缓解期短、复发率高[33-34],本研究结果显示CD56呈阳性AML患者的CR率低于阴性患者,结合上述分析讨论CD56可以作为AML预后差的可靠标志物。
综上所述,采用流式细胞仪检测白血病细胞分化抗原,此种方法经济快速客观准确,免疫学分型对AML诊疗具有重要临床应用价值,尤其是正确分析判断非髓系分化抗原的表达为AML亚型疗效预后评估提供支撑依据,是AML分层治疗和预测临床结局的关键工具。本文研究的病例数有限,尚不能涵盖所有FAB分型AML的亚型、如M0、M6、M7等亚型,故关于AML免疫表型和非髓系分化抗原表达特点以及在临床中的应用价值仍需累积大样本临床资料,进行多方位、规模化、多领域多中心研究,进一步确定与预后疗效相关的白血病细胞分化抗原,从而为临床个体化诊疗提供确凿的实验室数据。
Biography
王伟伟,副主任技师,E-mail: rlxpojyxsi@163.com
Funding Statement
安徽省重点研究与开发计划立项(201904a07020049)
Contributor Information
王 伟伟 (Weiwei WANG), Email: rlxpojyxsi@163.com.
徐 元宏 (Yuanhong XU), Email: xyhong1964@163.com.
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