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Journal of Southern Medical University logoLink to Journal of Southern Medical University
. 2020 Nov 20;40(11):1634–1638. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2020.11.15

七叶皂苷通过诱导自噬缓解化疗引起的外周神经病理性疼痛

Escin alleviates chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathic pain by inducing autophagy in the spinal cord of rats

Fang YAN 1, Dongtai CHEN 1, Jingdun XIE 1, Weian ZENG 1, Qiang LI 1,*
PMCID: PMC7704370  PMID: 33243746

Abstract

Objective

To investigate the effect of escin in relieving chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathic pain in rats and explore and the underlying mechanism.

Methods

Eighteen SD rats were randomly divided into 3 groups (n=6), including an escin preconditioning group (treated with 4 mg/kg escin on days 1-7 and then with 2 mg/kg taxol on days 8, 10, 12, and 14), an escin postconditioning group (treated with 2 mg/kg taxol on days 1, 3, 5, and 7 and then with 4 mg/mg escin on days 8-14) and control group (treated with 2 mg/kg taxol on days 1, 3, 5, and 7 and then with saline on days 8-14). Mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia of the mice were tested on days 4, 7, 10 and 14, and the expression levels of LC3II and p62 in the spinal cord of the rats were detected using Western blotting.

Results

The rats in both the escin preconditioning group and escin postconditioning group showed obviously increased thresholds of mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia as compared with those in the control group (P < 0.01). Western blotting showed that the expression level of LC3II was significantly increased while p62 expression was lowered in escin preconditioning group as compared with those in the control group (P < 0.05). The escin postconditioning group also showed significantly higher LC3II expression and lower p62 expression levels than the control group (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

Escin can alleviate chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathic pain in rats possibly by upregulating the expressions of autophagy-related proteins in the spinal cord.

Keywords: escin, peripheral neuropathic pain, LC3II, p62, chemotherapy


紫杉醇是治疗乳腺癌、卵巢癌、肺鳞状细胞癌等实体瘤的一线广谱化疗药,但其易导致化疗外周神经病理性疼痛(CIPN)[1, 2, 3]。CIPN的特征性症状为手足部感觉异常、自发痛、痛觉过敏、针刺痛、麻木等[4, 5]。研究显示,在接受紫杉醇化疗的患者中CIPN发生率高达44%~98%,而接受高剂量紫杉醇化疗的患者中发生率接近100%[6, 7]。CIPN不但严重影响患者的生活质量,还会使化疗剂量因之减少甚至停药,进而导致不良的长期预后[8]。即使在抗癌成功的患者中,仍然有47%的患者存在CIPN症状,并可持续数月甚至数年[9, 10]。然而,目前治疗CIPN的方法都收效甚微[11]。因此,寻找行之有效的预防及治疗CIPN的药物极其重要。

七叶皂苷是一种天然植物提取药,提取七叶树科植物的种子可得到七叶皂苷钠[12, 13]。七叶皂苷钠具有抗渗出、稳定细胞膜、阻断炎症介质释放、增加毛细血管阻力等作用,临床上常被用来治疗脑水肿、炎症渗出性水肿、静脉回流障碍性疾病等[12, 14]。有研究表明在大鼠福尔马林实验中鞘内注射七叶皂苷有镇痛作用[15]。另有研究显示对脊神经结扎所致的神经病理性疼痛大鼠进行鞘内注射七叶皂苷可缓解其疼痛的程度,且呈剂量依赖[16]。但目前尚无文章证实七叶皂苷钠在化疗外周神经病理性疼痛中是否也有镇痛作用。

越来越多的研究提示自噬与神经病理性疼痛之间有千丝万缕的联系,自噬是一个普遍存在的对细胞内物质进行重复利用的重要过程,通过消化分解细胞质内的成分进而为细胞提供新的蛋白或细胞器、维持细胞稳态[17]。自噬主要包括自噬体的起始、形成以及自噬溶酶体的融合,自噬相关蛋白在以上过程中起重要作用。参与自噬膜延长的自噬相关蛋白LC3包括LC3Ⅰ和LC3Ⅱ,LC3Ⅰ与磷脂酰乙醇胺结合成LC3Ⅱ是自噬调节中的关键过程,普遍认为自噬相关蛋白LC3Ⅰ/Ⅱ的表达水平可用来估计自噬水平的高低[18, 19]。在脊神经结扎、脊神经损伤、脊髓慢性压缩性损伤神经病理性疼痛模型中,自噬过程均参与疼痛的产生[20, 21, 22]。但自噬过程是否参与化疗外周神经病理性疼痛还未有相关报道。因此,本研究探讨七叶皂苷在大鼠化疗外周神经病理性疼痛中的作用以及其是否通过影响自噬而导致疼痛的产生。

1. 材料和方法

1.1. 材料

1.1.1. 实验药物及试剂

七叶皂苷粉末(纯度大于95%)(Sigma),七叶皂苷粉末用无菌生理盐水溶解至浓度1 mg/mL,现用现配;BCA蛋白质定量试剂(ThermoFisher Scientific);牛血清白蛋白(Sigma Aldrich);LC3Ⅰ/Ⅱ(Cell Signaling Technology),使用时1:1000稀释;β-actin和二抗(Cell Signaling Technology),使用时1:10 000稀释。

1.1.2. 实验动物

实验动物由中山大学实验动物中心提供。SD雄性大鼠,体质量180~220 g,饲养于中山大学肿瘤防治中心动物中心。饲养环境为标准条件,即室内亮度每12 h明/暗循环,室内温度22±1 ℃,湿度50%~60%,实验动物可自由摄取水和食物。整个实验过程,严格按照标准操作规程,且符合实验动物福利与伦理审查要求。

1.2. 方法

1.2.1. 紫杉醇诱导外周神经病变动物模型制备

该模型的建立基于化疗外周神经病理性疼痛造模流程。紫杉醇(Bristol-Myers Squibb)与无菌生理盐水混合稀释至6 mg/mL后置于4 ℃冰箱中保存。使用时,用无菌生理盐水稀释至1 mg/mL,按照2 mg/kg予SD大鼠腹腔内注射。注射次数共4次,分别为第1、3、5、7天,至总的累计注射量达到8 mg/kg[23]。对空白对照组SD大鼠使用同样体积的无菌生理盐水腹腔内注射。CIPN造模成功标准为大鼠机械撤足阈值小于4 g[24]

1.2.2. 实验动物分组

将SD大鼠随机分成3组:七叶皂苷预处理组、七叶皂苷后处理组和对照组,每组6只。对照组的SD大鼠予紫杉醇腹腔内注射(2 mg/kg),于第1、3、5、7天进行注射,第8~14天注射等体积的生理盐水,1次/d。七叶皂苷预处理组的SD大鼠在CIPN造模前按照4 mg/kg予腹腔内注射七叶皂苷,注射1次/d,共注射7 d;第8、10、12、14天腹腔内注射紫杉醇(2 mg/kg)。七叶皂苷后处理组的SD大鼠则先按照2 mg/kg腹腔内注射紫杉醇进行CIPN造模,共注射4次,分别为第1、3、5、7天;第8~14天予腹腔内注射七叶皂苷4 mg/kg,1次/d,3个实验分组的给药方案详见图 1

1.

1

3个实验分组的给药方案

Dosage regimen of 3 groups.

1.2.3. 机械痛热痛的测试

机械痛热痛的行为学检测方法根据既往测试流程操作。行为学检测者不予告知分组情况以达到单盲的目的。机械痛测试时使用Von Frey纤维笔,包括9种不同的刺激强度,分别为0.4、0.6、1.0、2.0、4.0、6.0、8.0、10.0、15.0 g。按照up-down方法进行测试,测试从2.0 g刺激强度开始,每次持续6~8 s,间隔5 min。若刺激大鼠后足时出现撤足反射,则更换小一号的刺激笔测试;若刺激大鼠后足时没有反应,则换大一号的刺激笔测试,以此类推[25]。热痛测试时将大鼠放置在特制的玻璃板上,高强度热源发射器放置于玻璃板下;热刺激大鼠后足至出现撤足反射,终止刺激并记录刺激持续时间;测试次数不少于3次,且间隔至少5 min[26]。机械痛热痛行为学测试于实验开始前、实验第4、7、10、14天分别进行检测。

1.2.4. 样品制备

2%异氟烷麻醉大鼠后,解剖分离出脊髓和各条神经根,用预冷的PBS冲洗掉血液后剥除组织表面神经膜,最终获取腰膨大段脊髓,保存在-80 ℃冰箱待用。使用时在脊髓组织中加入含有蛋白酶抑制剂和磷酸酶抑制剂,随后置于冰上匀浆并静置30 min。4 ℃,13 000 g,离心15 min后,提取上清液,并使用BCA蛋白质浓度测定法得到每一个样品的蛋白浓度。

1.2.5. 蛋白质印迹法

蛋白样品使用SDS-PAGE凝胶电泳进行分离,随后转移到孔径为2.2 μm的聚乙二烯氟化物膜上。将膜置于5%牛血清白蛋白溶液中室温封闭1 h后,LC3和β-actin一抗稀释液4 ℃孵育过夜。用TBST清洗30 min后,该膜置于二抗稀释液中室温孵育1 h。在膜上滴加增强型化学发光液曝光显示目标条带[27]

1.3. 统计学分析

使用SPSS 23.0软件进行统计学分析。定量数据都以均数±标准差的形式表示,组间差异比较采用单因素方差分析检验。P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2. 结果

2.1. 动物模型行为学检测

2.1.1. 动物模型机械痛结果

对照组大鼠双足机械痛阈值第4天下降,第7天开始机械痛阈值降到最低并可持续至第14天,同时大鼠有舔足等行为学改变。预处理组大鼠双足机械痛阈值在第4、7、10、14天均高于对照组大鼠(P < 0.01);而后处理组大鼠双足机械痛阈值在第10、14天较高于对照组大鼠(P < 0.05,图 2A)。

2.

2

动物模型行为学检测结果

Behavioral test of the rat models with different treatments. A: Mechanical sensitivity test. B: Thermal hypersensitivity test. *P < 0.01 vs control group; #P < 0.05 vs control group.

2.1.2. 动物模型热痛结果

对照组大鼠双足热痛阈值与机械痛阈值变化趋势一致,第4天出现热痛阈值下降,第7天开始热痛阈值降到最低并可持续至第14天,同时观察到大鼠有舔足等行为学改变。预处理组大鼠双足热痛阈值在第4、7、10、14天均高于对照组大鼠(P < 0.01);而后处理组大鼠双足热痛阈值在第10、14天较高于对照组大鼠(P < 0.05,图 2B)。

2.2. 自噬相关蛋白Western blot检测结果

2.2.1. 大鼠脊髓自噬相关蛋白LC3Ⅱ的表达

预处理组大鼠脊髓自噬相关蛋白LC3Ⅱ的表达量高于对照组(P < 0.05),后处理组大鼠脊髓自噬相关蛋白LC3Ⅱ的表达量较对照组升高(P < 0.05,图 3A)。

3.

3

LC3Ⅱ和p62在各组大鼠脊髓上的蛋白表达

Expression of autophagy-related proteins in the spinal cord of the rats. A: LC3 Ⅰ/Ⅱ; B: p62. *P < 0.05.

2.2.2. 大鼠脊髓自噬相关蛋白p62的表达

预处理组大鼠脊髓自噬相关蛋白p62的表达量低于对照组(P < 0.05),后处理组大鼠脊髓自噬相关蛋白p62的表达量较对照组降低(P < 0.05,图 3B)。

3. 讨论

紫杉醇广泛用于治疗乳腺癌、卵巢癌等实体肿瘤,其导致的外周神经病理性疼痛发生率较高,不仅严重影响患者生活质量,甚至导致肿瘤患者预后不良[4, 5, 8]。找到一个能有效缓解外周神经病变所致的病理性疼痛的药物是目前亟待解决的问题。关于治疗神经病理性疼痛药物的研究很多,有研究表明富含氢气的生理盐水、阔胺、奈福泮等对神经病理性疼痛有缓解作用,但以上药物较难获得,而七叶皂苷为常用的药物,临床上使用较为方便[28, 29, 30]。有研究表明七叶皂苷在福尔马林炎性痛和脊神经结扎所致神经病理性疼痛的大鼠中有镇痛作用[15, 16]。然而,目前尚无七叶皂苷在化疗外周神经病理性疼痛中的作用研究。本研究发现七叶皂苷预处理组大鼠的机械痛和热痛阈值较对照组高,提示在紫杉醇使用前予以七叶皂苷预处理可缓解疼痛。同时,七叶皂苷后处理组大鼠的机械痛和热痛阈值与对照组相比升高,由此可知七叶皂苷用于治疗紫杉醇所致CIPN是有效的。这提示七叶皂苷可能是预防及治疗CIPN的潜在有效药物。

有研究表明CIPN发生的可能机制包括:线粒体功能改变,钙离子稳态失衡,中枢敏化,炎症细胞增加,表皮内神经纤维丢失等;其中自噬介导的神经纤维丢失是CIPN发生的重要机制之一[31]。自噬是一个普遍存在于真核细胞中的生理过程,通过回收利用包被在自噬溶酶体中的内容物而维持细胞自身稳态[17]。但另一方面,自噬功能障碍又与很多疾病有千丝万缕的联系,如神经系统退行性变、肿瘤、代谢性疾病等[32, 33, 34]。因此通过调控自噬过程进而影响疾病进程是目前的研究热点。

既往有研究显示七叶皂苷可通过增加自噬从而降解更多的突变型亨廷顿蛋白,并抑制该蛋白导致的神经细胞凋亡,因而七叶皂苷可能是治疗亨廷顿综合征的潜在药物[35]。越来越多的研究显示在骨肉瘤、结直肠癌等肿瘤中七叶皂苷可通过调控自噬过程进而抑制肿瘤生长、促进肿瘤细胞凋亡,提示七叶皂苷具有抗肿瘤的作用[36]。同时,神经病理性疼痛研究中自噬也起到举足轻重的作用。在慢性压迫性神经损伤(CCI)所致的神经病理性疼痛大鼠模型中,自噬相关蛋白LC3Ⅱ表达升高、p62表达降低;使用自噬诱导剂雷帕霉素可进一步增加自噬相关蛋白LC3Ⅱ表达、降低p62表达,缓解CCI大鼠的触摸痛和机械痛;而使用自噬抑制剂3-甲基腺嘌呤可降低LC3Ⅱ表达、增加p62表达,加重CCI大鼠的触摸痛和机械痛[37]。而在脊神经结扎模型中自噬被认为是一种对脊神经损伤的防御机制,通过使用雷帕霉素增加自噬可缓解疼痛的程度[28]。有研究表明鞘内注射自噬诱导剂可缓解慢性癌痛和炎性痛[38]。但在神经病理性疼痛研究领域暂时没有相关文章。

本研究结果同样支持诱导自噬可缓解疼痛,结果显示七叶皂苷预处理组和七叶皂苷后处理组的自噬相关蛋白LC3Ⅱ在脊髓中的表达水平高于对照组,而自噬相关蛋白p62在脊髓中的表达水平低于对照组,提示七叶皂苷可诱导自噬增加。自噬相关蛋白在自噬体的起始、形成以及自噬溶酶体的融合过程中起重要作用。其主要包括调节自噬起始的Atg1/ULK复合物、参与自噬膜延长的泛素样蛋白Atg12和Atg8/LC3体系、参与自噬溶酶体膜早期形成的PI3K/Vps34复合物Ⅰ、参与自噬体膜传递的跨膜蛋白Atg9/mAtg9和VMP1蛋白[22]。其中LC3Ⅰ与磷脂酰乙醇胺结合成LC3Ⅱ是自噬调节中的关键过程,其表达水平可用来估计自噬水平的高低[19]。因此在本研究中聚焦比较两组之间自噬相关蛋白LC3的表达水平差异,进而探究七叶皂苷在化疗诱导的神经病理性疼痛中的作用机制。LC3的表达增加可能源于自噬起始阶段自噬增加,也可能是自噬溶酶体融合减少或物质降解减少[39]。但在本研究中,七叶皂苷预处理组和后处理组与对照组相比自噬相关蛋白LC3Ⅱ增多、自噬底物p62减少,提示LC3表达增加是源于自噬起始阶段自噬增加。后续我们将会对其他自噬相关蛋白做进一步的分析,深入探讨七叶皂苷影响自噬的具体机制。

综上所述,七叶皂苷是潜在的治疗化疗外周神经病理性疼痛的有效药物,且可能通过诱导自噬从而发挥其镇痛作用。未来,需要更深入的研究揭示七叶皂苷的确切作用机制。

Biography

闫芳,博士,医师,E-mail: yanfang@sysucc.org.cn

Funding Statement

国家自然科学基金(81971057)

Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (81971057)

Contributor Information

闫 芳 (Fang YAN), Email: yanfang@sysucc.org.cn.

李 强 (Qiang LI), Email: liqiang@sysucc.org.cn.

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