Abstract
目的
探讨白细胞介素(IL)17A通过调控细胞自噬对卵巢癌细胞顺铂(DDP)化疗敏感性的影响。
方法
体外培养卵巢癌SKOV3细胞并分别用不同浓度DDP(1、2、4、6、8、10、15、20 μg/mL)处理,MTT法测定细胞增殖活性以及IL-17A(100 ng/mL,处理24 h)对DDP诱导SKOV3细胞凋亡的影响;流式细胞术检测人卵巢癌细胞SKOV3中IL-17A受体(IL-17RA)的表达水平;Annexin V-FITC/PI双染法检测细胞凋亡;线粒体膜电位检测试剂盒(JC-1)检测细胞早期凋亡情况;IL-17RA中和抗体(IL-17RA mAb)进行IL-17RA阻断实验;合成针对IL-17RA基因的siRNA片段(siRNA-IL-17RA),转染SKOV3细胞,沉默IL-17RA表达;3-甲基腺嘌呤(3-MA)抑制细胞自噬水平;Western blot检测细胞凋亡相关蛋白(Bcl2、Bax、Cleaved Caspase3)、自噬相关蛋白(P62、Beclin-1)表达。
结果
DDP可以增加卵巢癌SKOV3细胞IL-17RA表达水平;IL-17A降低SKOV3细胞对DDP的敏感性(P < 0.05);DDP诱导SKOV3细胞内自噬相关蛋白Beclin-表达增强,自噬降解底物P62蛋白减少;IL-17A/IL-17RA增强了DDP自噬诱导作用(P < 0.05);3-MA阻断自噬后,SKOV3细胞凋亡率较干扰前明显升高,细胞抗凋亡蛋白Bcl2表达水平降低、凋亡蛋白Bax表达水平升高,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。
结论
IL-17A/IL-17RA可能通过上调DDP诱导的自噬水平降低人卵巢癌SKOV3细胞化疗敏感性。
Keywords: 卵巢癌, IL-17A, 顺铂, 自噬, 耐药
Abstract
Objective
To investigate the effect of interleukin-17A (IL-17A) on chemosensitivity of ovarian cancer cells to cisplatin (DDP) and explore the mechanism in light of autophagy regulation.
Methods
Ovarian cancer SKOV3 cells cultured in vitro were treated with different concentrations of DDP (1-20 μg/mL). MTT assay was used to observe the changes in proliferation of the treated cells and the effect of treatment with 100 ng/mL IL-17A for 24 h on DDP-induced apoptosis of SKOV3 cells. We then examined the expression of IL-17A receptor (IL-17RA) in SKOV3 cells using flow cytometry. Annexin V-FITC/PI double staining was used to detect the cell apoptosis rate, and early apoptosis of the cells was detected with JC-1 assay. A neutralizing monoclonal antibody (mAb) against IL-17RA was used to block IL-17RA. We also observed the effects of IL-17RA silencing mediated by a siRNA targeting IL-17RA (siRNA-IL-17RA) and treatment with 3-methyladenine (3-MA) for inhibiting autophagy on DDP-induced apoptosis of SKOV3 cells. The expressions of apoptosis-related proteins (Bcl-2, Bax, and cleaved caspase-3) and autophagy-related proteins (P62 and Beclin-1) in the treated cells were detected using Western blotting.
Results
DDP increased the expression of IL-17RA in ovarian cancer SKOV3 cells. Treatment with IL-17A significantly reduced the susceptibility of SKOV3 cells to cisplatin-induced apoptosis (P < 0.05). DDP obviously augmented the expression of Beclin-1 and reduced the autophagy degradation substrate P62 protein in the cells (P < 0.05). IL-17A/IL-17RA strongly enhanced the DDPinducted autophagy of the cells (P < 0.05). Blocking autophagy with 3-MA significantly increased DDP- induced apoptosis of SKOV3 cells with IL-17RA silencing, lowered the expression of Bcl-2 and enhanced Bax expression in the cells (P < 0.05).
Conclusion
IL-17A/IL-17RA can decrease chemosensitivity of SKOV3 cells to DDP by upregulating DDP-induced autophagy.
Keywords: ovarian cancer, interleukin-17A, cisplatin, autophagy, drug resistance
以铂类为基础的化疗在卵巢癌治疗中占有重要地位,随着新药的不断研发应用,多样化的联合化疗可增加其有效率,但中晚期卵巢癌的5年生存率仍低于30%[1]。原发或继发性铂耐药的产生是导致临床卵巢癌化疗失败的主要原因,因此深入研究卵巢癌化疗耐受的机制,探索逆转化疗耐受的策略及方法,具有重要意义。IL-17A主要来源于辅助型T细胞17(Th17),是IL-17家族的一个原型成员。IL-17家族包括6种细胞因子,IL-17A到IL-17F,其中IL-17A是构成肿瘤微环境的重要成分之一[2]。作为一种细胞因子,IL-17A主要通过与膜上的受体(IL-17RA)结合调控细胞内信号转导通路发挥生物学效应。研究表明,在结肠癌、非小细胞肺癌、肝癌及乳腺癌等患者,IL-17A表达明显升高,并参与调节肿瘤的发生、增殖、凋亡和转移等[3-6]。我们前期临床研究显示卵巢癌患者血清中IL-17A水平显著升高,并与临床分期相关[7]。自噬是真核生物中进化保守的细胞内循环途径,有利于维持细胞内稳态和生长[8]。目前研究发现,许多抗肿瘤药物引起肿瘤细胞凋亡的同时诱导了自噬的活化,激活的自噬协同或拮抗药物的抗肿瘤效应[9-10]。在骨损伤重建、神经元缺血损伤等非肿瘤性疾病中研究显示IL-17A通过上调细胞自噬水平,调控细胞的凋亡或增殖[11-12]。肝癌细胞中IL-17A通过激活JAK/STAT3信号通路诱导自噬相关蛋白表达,降低了肝癌细胞对奥沙利铂敏感性[13]。然而,卵巢癌中两者相关性研究未见报道。因此,结合前期临床研究结果,本文拟从细胞水平研究外源性重组人IL-17A对卵巢癌SKOV3细胞顺铂(DDP)敏感性的影响,探究卵巢癌DDP耐药机制,为卵巢癌的化疗和基因治疗提供可能的治疗靶点和新的思路。
1. 材料和方法
1.1. 材料
人卵巢癌SKOV3细胞(中科院上海细胞库);DMEM培养液(Sigma);四甲基唑盐(MTT)(北京索莱宝公司)、二甲基亚砜(DMSO)(北京索莱宝公司),胎牛血清(GIBCO);重组人IL-17RA的中和抗体[IL-17RA mAb(MAB177)](R&D);重组人IL-17A[rhIL17A(200- 17)](PeproTech);Annexin V-FITC细胞凋亡检测试剂盒(中国上海贝博生物科技公司);顺铂(DDP)(江苏豪森医药公司);Bcl2(12789-1-AP)、Bax(50599-2-Ig)、P62(18420-1-AP)、Beclin-1(11306-1-AP)抗体、HRP-conjugated anti-Rabbit(A21020)二抗(中国武汉Proteintech公司);Cleaved Caspase3(ABP50003)(Abbkine);siRNA-IL-17RA、siRNA-control(A10001)(中国苏州吉玛基因公司);线粒体膜电位检测试剂盒(JC-1)(上海碧云天生物技术公司)。
1.2. 方法
1.2.1. 细胞培养、转染
人卵巢癌SKOV3细胞系以含10%FBS的DMEM培养液于5%CO2培养箱培养,至对数生长期后,0.25%胰蛋白酶消化,制成单细胞悬液,再以2.5×105/孔均匀铺于6孔板,待细胞生长面积达40%~ 50%,按说明书转染48 h后收集细胞。
1.2.2. MTT法检测细胞存活率
取对数生长期的人卵巢癌SKOV3细胞,细胞浓度7000/孔,接种于96孔板,37 ℃培养箱培养24 h后以含有5% FBS的DMEM培养液继续培养24 h,转染换液,分别培养24、48、72 h,终止培养避光加入MTT(终浓度0.5 mg/mL),继续培养4 h,弃去培养液,每孔加入150 μL DMSO,37 ℃烘箱中孵育30 min,酶标仪测定波长为490 nm的吸光度值(A490 mm)。
1.2.3. Western blot检测蛋白表达
取对数生长期的人卵巢癌SKOV3细胞,制成浓度2.5×103/mL的单细胞悬液,种于6孔板,培养24 h后更换成新鲜的DMEM培基液(含5% FBS的)继续培养24 h,转染换液,孵箱中培养24 h。收集细胞及裂解细胞,提取蛋白进行电泳、转膜、封闭等操作,加入相应的一抗溶液,于4 ℃摇床孵育过夜,次日TBST洗3次,10 min/次,加入相应的二抗溶液,室温孵育2 h,TBST洗膜3次,10 min/次,最后加入发光液后显影。
1.2.4. IL-17RA受体表达检测
取对数生长期的人卵巢癌SKOV3细胞,制成浓度2.5×103/mL的单细胞悬液,种于6孔板,培养24 h后更换成DMEM培基液(含5% FBS的)继续培养24 h,对照组加入5% FBS处理,实验组以DDP 4 μg/mL处理细胞,37 ℃培养箱培养24 h后收集细胞,0.1%BSA-PBS洗涤2次,弃上清,对照组、试验组分别加入0.1%BSA-PBS 100 μL,实验组加入IL-17RA抗体2.5 μL,4 ℃孵育30 min,用预冷0.1%BSA-PBS洗涤2次,细胞经过300目筛网过滤成单细胞悬液,流式细胞仪分析。
1.2.5. Annexin V-FITC/PI双染检测细胞凋亡率
取对数生长期的人卵巢癌SKOV3细胞,消化后制成浓度2.5×103/mL的单细胞悬液,种于6孔板内,放回培养箱中培养24 h,将原培养液更换成新鲜的DMEM培基液(含5% FBS的)培养24 h,以DDP联合IL-17A100 ng/ mL及IL-17RA mAb 5 μg/mL处理细胞,每组设3个复孔,37 ℃培养箱培养24 h,培养结束后,用0.25%胰酶(不含EDTA)消化收集细胞。使用预冷的0.1%BSA-PBS300 g,4 ℃,离心5 min洗涤细胞洗2次。加入400 μLAnnexin V缓冲液重悬细胞,加入5 μLAnnexin V-FITC,避光4 ℃孵育10 min。加入5 μL碘化丙啶(PI),避光4 ℃孵育5 min。以300目滤网过滤成单细胞悬液,流式细胞仪检测。
1.2.6. 线粒体膜电位检测
取对数生长期的人卵巢癌SKOV3细胞,制成浓度2.5×103/mL的单细胞悬液,种于6孔板,培养24 h后更换成DMEM培基液(含5% FBS的)继续培养24 h,转染换液,37 ℃培养12 h。收集细胞重悬于0.5 mL DMEM培养液(可以含血清和酚红)中。加入0.5 mL JC-1染色工作液混匀,37 ℃孵育20 min。配制JC-1染色缓冲液(1×)(按照每1 mL JC-1染色缓冲液(5×)加入4 mL蒸馏水的比例)。4 ℃离心3~4 min弃上清收集细胞,1 mL JC-1染色缓冲液(1×)洗涤2次,弃上清,400 μL JC-1染色缓冲液(1×)重悬,300目筛网过滤成单细胞悬液,流式细胞仪分析。
1.3. 统计学方法
使用SPSS 22.0软件进行统计学处理,实验数据以均数±标准差表示,用单因素方差分析和q检验对数据进行比较检验,以P < 0.05表示差异有统计学意义。
2. 结果
2.1. IL-17A降低卵巢癌SKOV3细胞DDP敏感性
不同浓度DDP处理SKOV3细胞后,MTT法检测细胞的增殖抑制情况,结果显示,SKOV3细胞株曝光于不同浓度的DDP后,细胞存活率均出现下降,并呈现时间依赖性。根据DDP作用细胞的增殖抑制率情况(图 1A),选择药物处理24 h的接近IC50时的药物浓度4 μg/mL用于后续研究。MTT法检测不同浓度的IL-17A对人卵巢癌SKOV3细胞增殖水平的影响,结果显示,不同浓度的IL-17A作用于SKOV3细胞后,细胞的增殖水平没有明显变化(图 1B,P>0.05)。选择IL-17A100 ng/mL用于后续研究。IL-17A100 ng/mL和DDP 4 μg/mL共同处理SKOV3细胞24 h后,发现IL-17A可降低DDP诱导的SKOV3细胞死亡率(P < 0.05),并且IL-17A的这个效应可以被IL-17RAmAb阻断(P < 0.05,图 1C)。
1.
IL-17A对人卵巢癌SKOV3细胞DDP敏感性的影响
Effect of IL-17A on susceptibility of SKOV3 cells to cisplatin (DDP). A: DDP-induced inhibition of SKOV3 cells. B: Effect of IL-17A on SKOV3 cell viability. C: IL-17A reduces the susceptibility of SKOV3 cells to DDP-induced apoptosis (n=3). *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01.
2.2. DDP诱导SKOV3细胞IL-17RA的表达水平
分别收集对照组SKOV3细胞及DDP处理后的细胞,进行表面染色,流式细胞技术检测,结果显示,卵巢癌细胞表面有一定量的IL-17AR表达,DDP作用后,代表蛋白表达水平的蓝色峰右移(图 2)。
2.
DDP对人卵巢癌SKOV3细胞表面IL-17RA受体表达的影响
Effects of cisplatin (DDP) on expression of IL-17RAin SKOV3 cells.
2.3. siRNA阻断IL-17RA表达增强人卵巢癌SKOV3细胞株DDP敏感性
为进一步探讨IL-17A在卵巢癌SKOV3细胞株对DDP敏感性中的作用,应用siRNA-IL-17RA下调IL-17RA的表达。Western blot检测显示,与siRNAControl转染组比,siRNA-IL-17RA转染组SKOV3细胞中IL-17RA蛋白的表达水平下调(P < 0.05),siRNAIL-17RA抑制SKOV3细胞中IL-17RA蛋白的表达(图 3A)。在此基础上,进一步检测IL-17A对DDP诱导细胞凋亡的影响,流式细胞仪检测结果显示,siRNA-IL-17RA阻断卵巢癌细胞表面的IL-17RA表达后,DDP诱导的SKOV3细胞凋亡率较干扰前升高,线粒体膜电位明显降低,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05,图 3B、C)。
3.
siRNA-IL-17RA增强人卵巢癌SKOV3细胞对DDP敏感性
IL-17RA silencing by siRNA-IL-17RA enhances the susceptibility of SKOV3 cells to DDP. A: Expression of IL-17RA protein in SKOV3 cells transfected with IL-17RA siRNA detected by Western blotting. B: IL-17RA silencing promotes apoptosis of SKOV3 cells induced by DDP. C: IL-17RA silencing markedly reduces mitochondrial membrane potential of SKOV3 cells. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01.
2.4. siRNA-IL-17RA对DDP诱导人卵巢癌SKOV3细胞凋亡相关蛋白表达的影响
为探讨IL-17A对DDP诱导人卵巢癌SKOV3细胞凋亡影响,应用siRNA-IL-17RA阻断卵巢癌细胞IL-17RA表达,Western blot检测凋亡相关蛋白表达情况,结果显示,DDP联合IL-17A组凋亡蛋白Bax、cleaved caspase-3表达较DDP单药组降低,抗凋亡蛋白Bcl2表达增加(P < 0.05)。转染siRNA-IL-17RA后,DDP联合IL-17A组中凋亡蛋白Bax、Cleaved Caspase3表达较未干扰组及siRNA-Control转染对照组增加,抗凋亡蛋白Bcl2表达降低,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05,图 4)。
4.
siRNA-IL-17RA上调DDP诱导的人卵巢癌SKOV3细胞凋亡
IL-17RA silencing promotes apoptosis of SKOV3 cells induced by DDP. *P < 0.05 vs control.
2.5. IL-17A上调DDP诱导的SKOV3细胞自噬水平
为进一步探讨IL-17A对DDP诱导的SKOV3细胞自噬的影响,DDP4 μg/mL或DDP4 μg/mL联合IL-17A 100 ng/mL分别作用SKOV3、siRNA-IL-17RA SKOV3及siRNA-Control SKOV3细胞24 h,Western blot检测自噬相关蛋白的表达,结果显示,DDP诱导SKOV3细胞自噬相关蛋白Beclin-1表达,DDP联合IL-17A组自噬相关蛋白Beclin-1表达明显增强,自噬降解底物P62蛋白水平降低,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05),siRNA-IL-17RA可以逆转IL-17A协同作用(图 5)。
5.
IL-17A对DDP诱导人卵巢癌SKOV3细胞自噬的影响
Effects of IL-17A on autophagy of SKOV3 cells induced by DDP. *P < 0.05 vs control.
2.6. 阻断自噬上调人卵巢癌SKOV3细胞DDP敏感性
为明确自噬对SKOV3细胞DDP化疗敏感性的影响,以3-MA阻断SKOV3细胞自噬,MTT法检测细胞增殖活性,结果显示,3-MA阻断SKOV3细胞自噬后细胞增殖率较阻断前明显降低,分别为(38.93±0.99)%、(66.18±2.21)%(图 6A);Western blot法进一步检测凋亡相关蛋白表达,3-MA处理组细胞抗凋亡蛋白Bcl2表达水平降低、凋亡蛋白Bax表达水平升高,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05,图 6B)。
6.
抑制自噬增强DDP诱导的人卵巢癌SKOV3细胞凋亡
Inhibition of autophagy enhances DDP-induced apoptosis of SKOV3 cells. A: 3-MA promotes apoptosis of SKOV3 cells induced by DDP. B: Expressions of Bcl- 2 and Bax in SKOV3 cells in different groups. *P < 0.05
3. 讨论
由于慢性炎症与肿瘤的侵袭、迁移和转移密切相关,IL-17在肿瘤进展中的意义越来越受到重视[14]。IL-17家族包括6种细胞因子,IL-17A到IL-17F。IL-17A是一种多效性细胞因子,具有增强炎性免疫反应的生物学活性,是构成肿瘤微环境的重要成分之一[2]。目前研究表明,L-17A在多种肿瘤中表达明显升高,并可能参与肿瘤的进展及治疗反应[15-16]。我们前期临床研究结果显示,卵巢癌患者血清中IL-17A水平明显升高,并与临床分期显著相关[7]。但在Pts4d/d小鼠肿瘤模型研究中,得到不一致的结果,减少IL-17A表达能促进肿瘤生长和转移,增强其表达后肿瘤生长受到限制[17]。可能由于肿瘤细胞的异质性导致研究结果的不同。IL-17A与肿瘤化疗反应方面,有研究显示在宫颈癌及B细胞急性淋巴细胞白血病细胞IL-17A分别增加了顺铂及柔红霉素的化疗抵抗[18-19]。IL-17A对卵巢癌细胞DDP敏感性影响目前不明确。结合前期临床研究结果,本研究进一步探讨IL-17A在卵巢癌细胞增殖及化疗反应中的作用。应用不同浓度的IL-17A处理人卵巢癌SKOV3细胞,结果显示,细胞的增殖水平没有明显变化,参考Wu等[13]研究,选择IL-17A100 ng/mL用于后续研究。IL-17RA在卵巢癌SKOV3细胞中低水平表达,但DDP处理后SKOV3细胞IL-17RA表达明显增加。IL-17A自身对卵巢癌细胞增殖或凋亡没有直接影响,但联合DDP作用时,明显降低了DDP诱导的SKOV3细胞凋亡,应用IL-17RAmAb阻断及siRNA-IL-17RA沉默IL-17RA表达均可逆转该效应。本研究结果显示IL-17A降低了人卵巢癌SKOV3细胞对DDP的化疗敏感性。
自噬作为细胞稳态的管家机制,其下调能导致基因组突变,细胞恶性表型增加等,促进肿瘤的发生与发展[20-24]。目前研究认为,自噬与肿瘤化疗敏感性密切相关。许多抗肿瘤药物诱导细胞凋亡的同时可诱导肿瘤细胞自噬活性增强。在不同条件下,这种自噬的增强在药物抗肿瘤效应中起到协同或拮抗的作用[8-9, 25]。在卵巢癌细胞株和BALB/c裸鼠荷瘤模型中研究显示,抑制自噬后卵巢癌细胞对顺铂等更敏感[26-27]。我们前期研究结果也证实DDP诱导卵巢癌细胞凋亡的同时促进细胞自噬活性增强,靶向ATG7阻断自噬可以增强卵巢癌SKOV3细胞DDP敏感性[28]。自噬在免疫细胞发育中发挥重要作用,同时免疫细胞分泌的细胞因子也可以对自噬进行调控[8, 29]。在一些非肿瘤性疾病如神经元损伤、骨重建中IL-17A能增强细胞自噬水平,调控细胞的凋亡或增殖[11-12]。肿瘤中两者相关性研究很少。在肝癌细胞IL-17A通过激活JAK/STAT3信号通路诱导自噬相关蛋白表达,降低了肝癌细胞奥沙利铂敏感性[13]。然而,卵巢癌中两者相关性研究未见文献报道。为揭示IL-17A诱导卵巢癌细胞顺铂耐药的潜在机制,本研究观察了IL-17A干扰下DDP诱导的细胞自噬水平变化。在本研究中,顺铂处理后SKOV3细胞中检测到Beclin-1自噬相关蛋白表达上调,自噬降解底物P62水平减少,DDP上调了卵巢癌SKOV3细胞自噬水平。联合IL-17A作用后DDP诱导的自噬水平明显增强。应用3-MA抑制细胞自噬,SKOV3细胞中抗凋亡蛋白Bcl-2表达明显下调,而凋亡蛋白Bax表达明显上调,DDP诱导的SKOV3细胞凋亡明显增强。本研究结果提示,IL-17A与DDP两者协同作用,通过上调卵巢癌细胞自噬水平,促进其耐药产生。
综上所述,本结果表明IL-17A对卵巢癌细胞的增殖或凋亡没有直接作用,但DDP诱导了卵巢癌SKOV3细胞IL-17RA表达,IL-17A/IL-17RA可以通过上调DDP诱导的自噬水平抑制卵巢癌细胞凋亡,阻断IL-17A/IL- 17RA可能是逆转卵巢癌顺铂化疗耐药的一种新方法。目前我们的研究局限在细胞水平,后续将进一步结合动物体内试验和临床进行深入探讨验证。
Biography
王丽华,副主任医师,副教授,E-mail: doctorwlh@163.com
Funding Statement
安徽省高校自然科学研究重点项目(KJ2019A0398)
Contributor Information
王 丽华 (Lihua WANG), Email: doctorwlh@163.com.
李 玉芝 (Yuzhi LI), Email: liyuzhi0518@sina.com.
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