BIRC7 and STC2 Expression Are Associated With Tumorigenesis and Poor Outcome in Extrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma

Abstract

Background:

Extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (EHCC) is a highly aggressive epithelial malignancy and has a poor prognosis for the insensitivity to therapies and difficulty in detection. Novel targets and biomarkers are urgently needed to develop for functional, diagnostic and prognostic application on EHCC.

Methods:

Immunohistochemical staining technique using the EnVision antibody complex was performed on the samples obtained from 100 EHCC, 30 peritumoral extrahepatic biliary tract (EHBT), 10 EHBT adenomas and 15 normal EHBT tissues.

Results:

The positive rates of BIRC7 and STC2 expression in tissues obtained from peritumoral EHBT, EHBT adenomas and normal EHBT were significantly lower than those in EHCC tissues. BIRC7 and STC2 proteins were expressed at significantly higher levels in patients with lymph node metastasis, invasion of adjacent tissues, and higher TNM stage (III and/or IV) and unable to undergo resection (biopsy only). Kaplan-Meier survival curves indicated that significantly decreased overall survival rate in patients with positive-BIRC7 or positive-STC2 expression compared with patients of negative-BIRC7 or negative-STC2 expression, respectively. Cox-proportional regression analysis demonstrated that positive-BIRC7 and positive-STC2 expression, along with poor differentiation of EHCC, tumor size >3 cm, lymph node metastasis, invasion of adjacent tissues and unable to undergo resection are independent prognostic factors of EHCC patients.

Conclusions:

The levels of BIRC7 and STC2 expression were correlated with clinicopathological characteristics of EHCC, and positive expression of BIRC7 and STC2 are associated with progression and poor clinical outcomes of EHCC. BIRC7 and STC2 might be a potential biomarker for EHCC in clinic.

Introduction

Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a highly aggressive epithelial malignancy, representing 10-25% of primary hepatic malignancies worldwide.^1-3 It is defined anatomically as intrahepatic CCA (IHCC) and extrahepatic CCA (EHCC), the EHCC is further divided into perihilar CCA and CCA of the distal bile duct. The diagnosis of EHCC is complex and usually requires a combination of clinical symptoms, imaging techniques, endoscopic techniques and cytopathological tests. Although there are promising advances in the diagnosis and treatment of EHCC, it remains challenging in clinical practice because of the insensitivity to therapies and difficulty in detection.^4,5 Recent studies suggested that IL-6 signaling plays a central role in cholangiocarcinogenesis and provided the rationale for the evaluation of IL-6 targeting agents as sensitizers or cytotoxic agents useful in cholangiocarcinoma treatment.^6,7 In clinical practice, carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9) is the most widely used tumor marker. However, it has a wide variation in sensitivity (50%-90%) and specificity (54%-98%) and is often falsely elevated in benign biliary disease and/or cholangitis, with levels falling after relief of biliary obstruction and sepsis.^8,9 In addition, the serum marker has its own caveat that is not specific associated with EHCC. Thus, novel targets and biomarkers involved in the diagnosis, metastasis and prognosis of the EHCC are urgently needed.

Baculoviral IAP repeat-containing 7 (BIRC7), also known as Livin, encodes a member of the inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP) family, and contains a single copy of a baculovirus IAP repeat (BIR) as well as a RING-type zinc finger domain.^10,11 The BIR domain plays a pivotal role in interacting with caspases and inhibiting apoptosis, while the RING finger domain sometimes increases anti-apoptotic activity but does not inhibit apoptosis alone.^11,12 Previous studies have shown that expression levels of BIRC7 were associated with the clinical biological behaviors, progress and prognosis of melanoma, breast, colon, prostate, bladder and gastric cancer.^12-16 The elevated expression of BIRC7 is mainly a risk factor for cancer progression, poor prognosis and resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy.^17,18 It might serve as a valuable biomarker of increased recurrence risk in prostate cancer.¹⁶ Moreover, recent studies showed that siRNA-mediated down-regulation of BIRC7 expression resensitizes tumor cells to apoptosis and chemotherapy^18,19 and induces apoptosis in colon cancer in vitro and in vivo.²⁰ In short, BIRC7 might serve as a valuable biomarker and target for future diagnosis and treatment of tumor.

Stanniocalcin 2 (STC2) encodes a secreted, homodimeric glycoprotein that is expressed in a wide variety of tissues and has autocrine or paracrine functions.²¹ STC2 and its homologues, STC1, may play a role in cellular calcium/phosphate homeostasis.²² Previous studies have revealed that STC2 plays an oncogenic role in many human cancers.^23-29 The aberrant STC2 expression has certain guiding significance for the prediction, occurrence, metastasis and prognosis of gastric cancer,²⁶ colorectal cancer,²⁴ prostate cancer,²⁵ breast cancer,²³ laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma and,²⁷ head and neck squamous cell carcinoma,²⁸ endometrial cancer,²⁹ and so on. Moreover, recent studies have found that STC2 might represent a potential marker for cancer progression, as well as a new valuable biomarker for poor prognosis.^26-29

Little is currently known about the role of BIRC7 and STC2 in EHCC. The present study aimed to investigate the clinicopathological significance and prognostic values of BIRC7 and STC2 in a large cohort of EHCC by immunohistochemistry.

Materials and Methods

Case Selection

Between Jan 2001 and Dec 2013, 100 EHCC, 30 peritumoral extrahepatic biliary tract tissues (EHBT), 10 EHBT adenomas and 15 normal EHBT tissues were obtained randomly at the Second and Third Xiangya Hospitals of Central South University. The patients who received chemotherapy or radiation therapy before surgery were ruled out in the study. All specimens were confirmed by 2 experienced pathologists who were blinded to all clinical data. The study protocol was approved by the ethical committee of Central South University and written consent was obtained from the patients. The follow-up time for EHCC was 30 months, and patients who survived more than 30 months were treated as censored cases. The clinic characteristics of EHCC were shown in Table 1.

Table 1.

Correlation Between BIRC7/STC2 Expression and the Clinicopathological Features in 100 EHCC Tissues.

Characteristics	n	BIRC7			STC2
		Pos (n, %)	χ2	P value	Pos (n, %)	χ2	P value
Age (year)
≤45 years	17	10 (58.8)	0.066	0.797	11 (64.7)	0.378	0.539
>45 years	83	46 (55.4)			47 (56.6)
Sex
Male	61	37 (60.7)	1.376	0.241	32 (52.5)	1.971	0.160
Female	39	19 (48.7)			26 (66.7)
Differentiation
Well	31	12 (38.7)	5.560	0.062	14 (45.2)	3.064	0.216
Moderately	34	21 (61.8)			22 (64.7)
Poorly	35	23 (65.7)			22 (62.9)
Tumor size
≤3cm	62	32 (51.6)	1.274	0.259	35 (56.5)	0.161	0.689
>3cm	38	24 (63.2)			23 (60.5)
Lymphnode metastasis
No	62	26 (41.9)	13.098	0.000	25 (40.3)	20.930	0.000
Yes	38	30 (78.9)			33 (86.8)
Invasion
No	33	13 (39.4)	5.512	0.023	12 (36.4)	9.465	0.002
Yes	67	43 (67.2)			46 (68.7)
TNM stage
Ⅰ+Ⅱ	35	13 (37.1)	10.303	0.006	11 (31.4)	18.751	0.000
III	38	22 (57.9)			24 (63.2)
IV	27	21 (77.8)			23 (85.2)
Surgery
Radical	54	22 (40.7)	12.097	0.002	22 (40.7)	14.371	0.001
Palliative	36	28 (77.8)			28 (77.8)
Biopsy	10	6 (60.0)			8 (80.0)

30 cases precancerous EHBT tissues (0.5-1 cm to the tumor boundary) were collected randomly from EHCC patients who underwent surgery. The age of them ranged from 35 to 72 (48.5 ± 9.2) years, including 20 males and 10 females. The biliary tract adenoma tissues collected from 10 patients (6 males and 4 females) who underwent surgery, the age of them ranged from 33 to 70 (46.7 ± 10.2) years. The normal biliary tract tissues (n = 15, 9 males and 6 females) were obtained from donors of liver transplantation.

Immunohistochemistry

The tissues were routinely fixed in 4% formaldehyde solution and embedded in paraffin. Immunohistochemical staining technique using the EnVision antibody complex was performed according to the manufacturer’s protocol. Briefly, formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue was cut into 4-μm-thick sections, and these sections were deparaffinized and dehydrated with 3% hydrogen peroxide for 15 min. The heat-induced epitope retrieval (HIER) was performed at 96°C for 30 min with sodium citrate buffer (10 mM Sodium citrate, 0.05%Tween 20, pH = 6.0). The sections were stained by the human BIRC7 or STC2 antibody (Carpentaria, CA, USA) at dilution of 1:100 for 2 hr after washed in PBS 3 times for 5 min at RT. Then, the sections were incubated with 50 µL Solution A (ChemMateTMEnVison+/HRP) at 37°C for 30 min and washed in PBS 3 times for 5 min. Subsequently, DAB and hematoxylin counter-staining were conducted. Lastly, the sections were dehydrated, cleared in xylene, and mounted with neutral Canada Balsam. Ten fields were randomly selected and 500 cells per section were independently examined by 2 pathologists. The average percentage of positive cells were calculated and cases with positive cells ≥25% were considered positive.

Statistical Analysis

Comparison between groups was performed using χ² test or Fisher’s exact test in SPSS 17.0 (IBM Corp., USA). Kaplan-Meier univariate survival analysis and log-rank tests were performed to analyze the overall survival (OS) of patients. Cox proportional hazards regression model analysis was performed and the 95% confidence interval was calculated. Differences with P-values <0.05 were considered statistically significant.

Results

The Expression of Birc7 and Stc2 Protein in EHCC, Peritumoral EHBT, EHBT Adenomas and Normal EHBT Tissues

As shown in Figures 1 and 2, BIRC7 and STC2 protein were located in the cytoplasm. In the 100 EHCC tissues, 56 and 58 of them were BIRC7 (56.0%) and STC2 (58.0%) positive, respectively (Table 2). In the 30 peritumoral EHBT tissues, 9 and 10 of them were BIRC7 (30.0%) and STC2 (33.3%) positive, respectively (Table 2). In 10 EHBT adenomas, 1 and 2 of them were BIRC7 (10.0%) and STC2 (20.0%) positive, respectively (Table 2). In all 15 normal EHBT tissues, the expressions of BIRC7 and STC2 were negative (Table 2). The positive rates of BIRC7 and STC2 expression in tissues obtained from peritumoral EHBT, EHBT adenomas and normal EHBT were significantly lower than those in EHCC tissues. (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01).

Figure 1.

Representative immunohistochemical staining of BIRC7, ×200. The technical negative (IgG) control in EHCC (A); The negative expression of BIRC7 in normal EHBT tissues (B) and well differentiated EHCC (C); The positive expression of BIRC7 in moderately-differentiated EHCC (D), precancerous EHBT (E) and EHBT adenomas (F).

Figure 2.

Representative immunohistochemical staining of STC2, ×200, The technical negative (IgG) contorl in EHCC (A); The negative expression of STC2 in normal EHBT tissues (B) and well differentiated EHCC (C); The positive expression of STC2 in moderately-differentiated EHCC (D), precancerous EHBT (E) and EHBT adenomas (F).

Table 2.

Different Levels of BIRC7 and STC2 Expression in EHCC Peritumoral EHBT, EHBT Adenomas and Normal EHBT Tissues.

Tissue type	n	BIRC7 positive (%)	STC2 positive (%)
EHCC	100	56 (56.0)	58 (58.0)
Peritumoral EHBT	30	9 (30.0) *	10 (33.3) *
EHBT adenomas	10	1 (10.0) *	2 (20.0) *
Normal EHBT	15	0 (0.0) †	0 (0.0) †

*, P < 0.05, vs EHCC; ^†, P < 0.01 vs EHCC.

The Expressions of BIRC7 and STC2 Protein Were Related to Clinicopathological Features of EHCC

The expressions of BIRC7 and STC2 exhibited no significant association with clinicopathological characteristics of age, sex, tumor diameter and degree of differentiation (Table 1). However, BIRC7 and STC2 proteins were expressed at significantly higher levels in patients with lymph node metastasis, invasion of adjacent tissues, and higher TNM stage (III and/or IV) and unable to undergo resection (biopsy only). In the 100 EHCC tissues, there are 56 cases positive for BIRC7 expression, and in which 40 cases were positive for STC2 expression. There are 44 cases negative for BIRC7 expression in the 100 EHCC tissues, and in which 26 cases were negative expression for STC2. BIRC7 expression was positively correlated with STC2 expression in EHCC (Table 3).

Table 3.

Correlation Between BIRC7 and STC2 Expression in 100 EHCC Tissues.

	STC2		Total	Chi-square	P-value
	Positive	Negative
BIRC7				9.421	0.002
Positive	40	16	56
Negative	18	26	44
Total	58	42	100

Birc7 and Stc2 Expressions Have Negative Impact on OS of EHCC

Of the 100 EHCC patients, 58 patients survived no more than 12 months, 24 patients survived no more than 24 months, 10 patients survived no more than 30 months, and 12 patients who were alive at 30 months were treated as censored cases. The results indicated that the degree of differentiation, lymph node metastasis, invasion of adjacent tissues, and surgical procedure were significantly associated with the median OS of patients of EHCC (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01) (Table 4). Kaplan-Meier survival curves revealed that significantly decreased OS in patients with positive-BIRC7 (Figure 3A) or positive-STC2 (Figure 3B) expression compared with patients of negative-BIRC7 or negative-STC2 expression, respectively. The results of Cox-proportional regression analysis were shown in Table 5, the data suggested that positive expressions of BIRC7 and STC2, along with poor differentiation of EHCC, tumor size > 3 cm, lymph node metastasis, invasion of adjacent tissues and unable to undergo resection (biopsy only), are independent prognostic factors in EHCC (Table 4). ROC analysis was performed and the area under the curve (AUC) was calculated, AUC for BIRC7 and STC2 were 0.662 (95%CI: 0.574-0.750) and 0.681 (95%CI: 0.594-0.768), respectively (Figure 4).

Table 4.

The Relationship Between Clinicopathological Characteristics, BIRC7/STC2 Expression and Mean Survival Time of Patients With EHCC.

Characteristics	n	Mean survival (month)	Chi-square	P-value
Sex
Male	61	12.67(3-30)	0.001	0.980
Female	39	12.59(4-30)
Age (year)
≤ 45	17	13.82(3-30)	0.667	0.414
> 45	83	12.10(3-30)
Differentiation
Well	31	18.46(5-30)	27.655	0.000
Moderately	34	11.41(3-30)
Poorly	35	7.97(3-30)
Tumor size
≤3 cm	62	12.62(3-30)	0.235	0.628
>3 cm	38	12.03 (5-30)
TNM stage
Ⅰ+Ⅱ	35	18.57(7-30)	57.569	0.000
III	38	11.05(3-30)
IV	27	6.26(3-13)
Lymphnode metastasis
No	62	15.52(4-30)	39.001	0.000
Yes	38	7.18(3-25)
Invasion
No	33	17.52(4-30)	17.399	0.000
Yes	67	9.87 (3-30)
Surgery
Radical	54	16.62(3-30)	48.388	0.000
Palliative	36	7.58(4-24)
Biopsy	10	6.90(3-14)
BIRC7
Negative	44	17.86(6-30)	23.060	0.000
Positive	56	9.07(3-28)
STC2
Negative	42	18.07(5-30)	22.514	0.000
Positive	58	9.22(3-28)

Figure 3.

The correlation between the expression of BIRC7 or STC2 and OS of EHCC patients. A, The OS of EHCC patients with BIRC7-positive and BIRC7-negative expression; B, The OS of EHCC patients with STC2-positive and STC2-negative expression.

Table 5.

Multivariate Cox Regression Analysis of Prognostic Factors in Patients With EHCC.

Characteristics	Factors	B	SE	Wald	P	RR	95%CI
							Lower	Upper
Differentiated degree	Well/moderately/poorly	0.537	0.154	12.159	0.000	1.711	1.265	2.314
Tumor size	≤3cm/>3cm	0.530	0.248	4.567	0.033	1.699	1.045	2.762
Lymphnode metastasis	No/yes	0.917	0.295	9.663	0.002	2.502	1.403	4.460
Invasion	No/yes	1.078	0.368	8.581	0.003	2.939	1.429	6.045
TNM stage	I, II/III/IV	0.756	0.264	8.200	0.004	2.130	1.269	3.573
Surgery	Radical/ Palliative/ Biopsy	0.601	0.188	10.220	0.001	1.824	1.262	2.637
BIRC7	Negative /Positive	0.912	0.289	9.959	0.002	2.489	1.413	4.386
STC2	Negative /Positive	0.740	0.283	6.837	0.009	2.096	1.204	3.650

Figure 4.

Multivariate analysis. ROC of Diagonal segments was produced by ties of BIRC7 (A) and STC2 (B) in EHCC patients.

Discussion

The late-stage detection and poor outcomes of EHCC has led to an urgent need for potential biomarkers that can be applied in clinical settings.³⁰ To our knowledge, this is the first study that investigates BIRC7 and STC2 expression and their clinicopathological significances in EHCC. The present study demonstrated that the rate of overall positive staining with BIRC7 and STC2 was significantly increased in EHCC tumors than those in other tissues, and positive expressions of BIRC7 and STC2 were associated with progressive clinicopathological features. The study also revealed that positive-expression of BIRC7 and STC2 is an independent prognostic factor for poor outcome of EHCC.

Previous studies have demonstrated that BIRC7 plays a vital role in the development and progression of malignant tumors.^{10,12-16,31-33} Consistent with previous studies, the present study demonstrated that BIRC7 expression positively correlated with metastasis, invasion, TNM stage, unable to undergo resection and poor prognosis. BIRC7 has specifically high expression in malignant tumor tissues and can inhibit tumor cell apoptosis in multiple ways.¹⁴ Previous study revealed knockdown of BIRC7 inhibits cell growth and invasion of gastric cancer cells through inhibiting the phosphorylation of p38 and blockade of the MAPK pathway.¹⁴ Han et al¹⁵ showed that BIRC7 is involved in the regulation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in breast cancer, and BIRC7 promotes the progression and metastasis of breast cancer through the regulation of EMT via the p38/GSK3β pathway. However, Li et al³² revealed that BIRC7 induces EMT of breast cancer by activation of AKT signaling. The role of signaling pathways involved in the BIRC7-induced tumorigenesis and progression of EHCC requires further investigation.

Growing evidences indicated that STC2 protein played an oncogenic roles in many carcinomas.^23-29 We found that STC2 were also associated with progressive clinicopathological features and poor prognosis in patients of EHCC. STC2 has been reported to participate in many biological events of cancer development and progression, however, the underlying mechanisms remains largely unclear.^26-29,34,35 Yang et al²⁸ demonstrated that STC2 promotes cell proliferation, tumor growth, and metastasis through the PI3K/AKT/Snail pathway in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. Chen et al³⁴ found that STC2 promotes colorectal cancer cells tumorigenesis and epithelial-mesenchymal transition through activating ERK/MEK and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways. A recent study suggested that STC2 silencing suppressed the migration of colorectal cancer cells and the occurrence of EMT via Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.³⁵ Further studies are necessary in order to understand the role of STC2 played in cell proliferation, tumor growth and metastasis of EHCC.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the expression level of BIRC7 and STC2 were correlated with clinicopathological characteristics of EHCC, and positive expression of BIRC7 and STC2 are associated with progression and poor clinical outcomes of EHCC. All these findings suggest BIRC7 and STC2 can be used as a new biomarker in clinic as well as target candidate in future gene therapy.