Abstract
Sarcophaga brevicornis (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) was of utmost forensic importance due to their wide distribution, ubiquitous, and synanthropic nature. The complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of S. brevicornis was first sequenced and assembled in this study. The length of circular mitogenome was 15,152 bp, which showed in a typical arthropod genome, including 13 protein-coding genes (13 PCGs), two ribosomal RNA (two rRNA) genes, 22 transfer RNA (22 tRNA) genes, and an AT-rich region. Its nucleotide composition was A 39.0%, C 12.7%, G 10.6%, and T 37.7%. Furthermore, phylogenetic relationships of S. brevicornis and the published sarcophagid species were evaluated based on 13 PCGs. The results indicated that S. brevicornis was clearly separated from the other sarcophagid species, but it was closed to the species of Sarcophaga similis. This study provided a significant database reference for genetic structure and phylogenetic analysis of Sarcophagidae.
Keywords: Mitogenome, Sarcophaga brevicornis, phylogenetic analysis
The Sarcophagidae family was considered as a crucial source of information involved in medical, hygienical and forensic investigations (Tomberlin and Benbow 2015; Ren et al. 2018). Sarcophaga brevicornis Ho, 1934, which belonged to the Sarcophagidae family and Diptera order, was mainly spread at Asia and usually found in decomposed carcasses and garbage (Sugiyama et al. 1988; Pérez-Moreno et al. 2006). The length of circular mitogenome was 15,152 bp (GenBank accession No. MK820720), which showed in a typical arthropod genome, including 13 protein-coding genes (13 PCGs), two ribosomal RNA (2 rRNA) genes, 22 transfer RNA (22 tRNA) genes, and an AT-rich region. Its nucleotide composition was A 39.0%, C 12.7%, G 10.6%, and T 37.7%.
The specimens were trapped in Beijing, China (39°26′N; 115°25′E) in May 2017. These species were identified by an expert according to traditional morphological approaches and then deposited in Guo’s lab (Changsha, Hunan, China) with a unique number (CSU19040902). Sequencing was performed in the Illumina HiSeq2500 platform after genomic DNA was isolated using the QIANamp Micro DNA Kit; de novo assembly and annotation were performed utilizing the MITObim V1.9 and SOAPdenovo v. 2.0 (Ren et al. 2019).
Phylogenetic trees of S. brevicornis and 11 published sarcophagid species were generated using neighbour-joining inference methods (NJ) based on the 13 PCGs, with Calliphora vomitoria and Chrysomya pinguis as outgroups (Figure 1). The tree showed that S. brevicornis was clearly separated from the other sarcophagid species, but it was closed to the species of S. similis. This study enriched the reference data of dipteran mitogenomes for species identification and evolution analysis of Sarcophagidae.
Figure 1.
Phylogenetic analyses of 12 sarcophagid species were constructed using NJ method based on 13 PCGs. Morphological species identification and voucher ID were given in the label. Numbers on branches showed the bootstrap support value. The out-group consists of two specimens of Calliphora.
Acknowledgements
We are grateful to Prof. Lushi Chen (Guizhou Police Officer Vocational College) for species identification.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.
References
- Pérez-Moreno S, Marcos-Garcia MA, Rojo S. 2006. Comparative morphology of early stages of two Mediterranean Sarcophaga Meigen, 1826 (Diptera; Sarcophagidae) and a review of the feeding habits of Palaearctic species. Micron. 37:169–179. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ren LP, Shang YJ, Chen W, Meng FM, Cai JF, Zhu GH, Chen LS, Wang Y, Deng JQ, Guo YD. 2018. A brief review of forensically important flesh flies (Diptera: Sarcophagidae). Forensic Sci Res. 3:16–26. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ren LP, Shang YJ, Yang L, Shen X, Chen W, Wang Y, Cai JF, Guo YD. 2019. Comparative analysis of mitochondrial genomes among four species of muscid flies (Diptera: Muscidae) and its phylogenetic implications. Int J Biol Macromol. 127:357–364. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Sugiyama E, Shinonaga S, Kano R. 1988. Sarcophagine flies from Nepal with the description of a new species (Diptera: Sarcophagidae). Med Entomol Zool. 39:355–362. [Google Scholar]
- Tomberlin JK, Benbow ME. 2015. Forensic entomology: international dimensions and frontiers: CRC Press. Fla Entomol. 98:1015–1016. [Google Scholar]