Abstract
In 2018 and 2019, spotted fever was suspected in 3 dogs in 3 US states. The dogs had fever and hematological abnormalities; blood samples were Rickettsia seroreactive. Identical Rickettsia DNA sequences were amplified from the samples. Multilocus phylogenetic analysis showed the dogs were infected with a novel Rickettsia species related to human Rickettsia pathogens.
Keywords: Spotted-fever group Rickettsia, tickborne diseases, vector-borne diseases, parasites, bacteria, Rickettsia, zoonoses, United States, dogs
In the United States, tickborne Rickettsia parkeri, R. philipii (Rickettsia 364D), and R. rickettsii, causative agents of Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF), are well-documented human spotted fever group (SFG) rickettsioses (1). R. rickettsii is the only known cause of SFG rickettsioses in dogs (2). The extent to which other SFG Rickettsia are pathogenic in dogs is unclear; however, SFG Rickettsia seroprevalence is high among dogs in the United States and Mexico (3,4). The increased R. rickettsii seroprevalence in humans in the United States during the past decade has been attributed to SFG Rickettsia cross-reactivity (1,5).
We report 3 dogs with febrile illness located in different US states. Samples from the dogs were R. rickettsii seroreactive. Identical Rickettsia DNA gene sequences were obtained from each dog’s blood specimen and used to investigate Rickettsia spp.
The Cases
On May 15, 2018, a 10-year-old male neutered mixed breed dog (case 1) from Tennessee was examined by a veterinarian for lethargy and hyporexia. The owner reported removing a tick (species unknown) within the previous 2 weeks. On physical examination, the dog had fever (39.8°C) and possible hepatomegaly. Radiographic imaging results were unremarkable. Thrombocytopenia was the only abnormality noted on complete blood count (CBC). Serum biochemistry panel (SBP) abnormalities included hyperglobulinemia, increased serum alkaline phosphatase activity, hypoglycemia, and hyponatremia (Table 1). Results of urine dipstick and sediment examination were unremarkable. The dog’s samples were R. rickettsii seroreactive and PCR positive for Rickettsia (Table 2). Clinical abnormalities resolved after treatment with doxycycline, and the dog remained healthy during the 1-year follow-up period.
Table 1. Findings from physical examination, laboratory results, treatment regimens for 3 dogs infected with a novel Rickettsia species, United States*.
| Examination and treatment | Case 1 | Case 2 | Case 3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Physical examination |
Febrile (39.8°C); lethargy; +/− hepatomegaly |
Febrile (40.1°C); lethargy; dehydration; joint effusion (elbow, carpus, and tarsus); arthropathy; shifting leg lameness |
Febrile (39.8°C); lethargy; abdominal pain |
| CBC |
Platelets 141 × 103 cells/µL (RI 200–500 × 103 cells/µL) |
Platelets 139 × 103 cells/µL (RI 170–400 × 103 cells/µL) |
Platelets 60 × 103 cells/µL (RI 125–500 × 103 cells/µL); Hct 35.2% (RI 36%–55%); 2 d later platelets 25 × 103 cells/µL and Hct 26.8% |
| SBP |
Globulins 4.5 g/dL (RI 2.1–4.4 g/dL); ALP 177 U/L (RI 11–140 U/L); glucose 73 mg/dL (RI 75–125 mg/dL); sodium 136.5 mmol/L (RI 143–153 mmol/L) |
Albumin 2.2 g/dL (RI 2.7–4.4 g/dL); ALT 1,158 U/L (RI 12–118 U/L); ALP 1,702 U/L (RI 5–131 U/L); cholesterol 352 mg/dL (RI 92–324 mg/dL); calcium 8.4 mg/dL (RI 8.9–11.4 mg/dL) |
Albumin 1.0 mg/dL (RI 2.5–4.3 mg/dL); calcium 8.4 mg/dL (RI 8.9–11.4 mg/dL); BUN 35 (35, RI 7–28 mg/dL) |
| Urinalysis |
USG 1.007 |
Microalbuminuria 3.1 (RI <2.5 mg/dL) |
USG 1.033; 3+ proteinuria; UPC 14.7 (RI 0.00–1.00) |
| Treatment regimen | Doxycycline (6 mg/kg every 12 h for 21 d) | Doxycycline (7 mg/kg every 12h for 28 d); prednisone (1 mg/kg every 12 h for 9 mo with gradual taper); omeprazole (1.4 mg/kg every 12h for 9 mo); ondansetron (0.5 mg/kg every 12h for 15 d); and metronidazole (17 mg/kg every 12 h for 15 d) | Doxycycline (7.5 mg/kg q12 h for 40 d); prednisone (1 mg/kg every 12 h for 14 d, then 0.5mg/kg every 12 h for 6 d, then every 24 h for 22 d until death), mycophenolate (12.5 mg/kg every 12 h for 22 d until death) |
*ALP, alkaline phosphatase activity; ALT, alanine amino transferase activity; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; CBC, complete blood count; Hct, hematocrit; RI, reference interval; SBP, serum biochemistry panel; UA, urinalysis; UPC, urine protein/creatinine ratio; USG, urine specific gravity.
Table 2. Canine vector-borne disease diagnostic results for blood and serum samples from 3 dogs infected with a novel Rickettsia species*.
| Sample dates |
CVBD panel† |
IFA‡ |
Rickettsia PCR§ |
|||||||||
| 23S-5S ITS |
htrA (17kDa) |
mmpA-purC ITS |
gltA region |
ompA region |
||||||||
| 1 |
2 |
3 |
|
1 |
2 |
3 |
||||||
| Case 1 | ||||||||||||
| 2018 May 5¶ |
– |
1:512 |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
|
+ |
+ |
–** |
| Case 2 | ||||||||||||
| 2019 May 8¶ | – | 1:256 | + | + | + | + | NA†† | + | + | + | NA†† | |
| 2019 May 15 | – | 1:8,192 | – | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | |
| 2019 May 28 | – | 1:1,024 | – | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | |
| 2019 Jul 16 | NA | 1:2,048 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | |
| 2019 Oct 2 | – | 1:2,048 | – | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | |
| 2019 Nov 12 |
– |
1:2,048 |
– |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
|
NA |
NA |
NA |
| Case 3 | ||||||||||||
| 2019 Aug 28¶‡‡ | – | 1:1,024 | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | |
| 2019 Sep 10 |
NA |
1:8,192 |
– |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
|
NA |
NA |
NA |
| *CVBD, canine vectorborne disease; IFA, immunofluorescence assay; NA, not applicable; +, positive; –, negative. †Panel includes IFA serology for Babesia canis vogeli, B. gibsoni, Bartonella henselae, B. koehlerae, B. vinsonii berkhoffii, and Ehrlichia canis; point-of-care ELISA serology test SNAP 4DX Plus for Dirofilaria immitis antigen and antibodies against Anaplasma phagocytophilum, A. platys, Borrelia burgdorferi, Ehrlichia canis, and E. ewingii; and PCR for Anaplasma, Babesia, Bartonella, Ehrlichia, hemotropic Mycoplasma, Neoehrlichia, and Neorickettsia. ‡IFA results are reported as reciprocal titers. All samples were positive for R. rickettsii. §PCR assay gene targets 23S-5S ITS, htrA (17 kDa), mmpA-purC ITS, gltA, and ompA. ¶Sample tested before doxycycline treatment administered. **The PCR was negative despite repeated attempts. ompA region 3 PCR assay was designed to bridge ompA regions 1 and 2 to obtain an additional 281 bps. The total amplicon size of ompA region 3 is 533 bp (Appendix Table). DNA from case 1 was >1 year old when retrospective PCRs were performed. Poor DNA quality might have prevented amplification of the larger amplicon. ††PCR assays were not performed due to depleted blood sample for DNA extraction and testing. ‡‡GenBank accession nos. for sequences from case 3: 23S-5S ITS, MT050448; htrA (17 kDa), MT050446; mmpA-purC ITS, MT066187; gltA, MT050445; and ompA, MT050447. | ||||||||||||
On May 8, 2019, a 9-year-old male neutered Boston terrier (case 2) from Illinois was examined by a veterinarian for lethargy, difficulty walking, and painful elbows. Clinical signs developed 3 days after returning from a tick-infested area in Arkansas. Abnormalities noted on physical examination included fever (40.1°C), dehydration, joint effusion, elbow pain, and shifting leg lameness. Thrombocytopenia and mild leukocytosis were the only CBC abnormalities (Table 1). SBP abnormalities included hypoalbuminemia, increased alanine amino transferase activity, alkaline phosphatase activity, hypercholesterolemia, and hypocalcemia (Table 1). Mild microalbuminuria was noted. Neutrophilic inflammation was documented by synovial fluid cytology in the right and left stifle joints, right tarsus, and left elbow joint. The left carpus contained moderate, chronic inflammation with very rare extracellular cocci; however, culture resulted in no bacterial growth. The dog experienced cardiorespiratory arrest during sedated arthrocentesis but recovered after CPR and sedative reversal. Thoracic radiographs were unremarkable. The dog’s samples were R. rickettsii seroreactive and PCR–positive for Rickettsia and convalescent titers demonstrated 4-fold seroconversion (Table 2). Most clinical abnormalities resolved after administration of doxycycline to treat rickettsiosis, prednisone to treat potential immune-mediated component, omeprazole to prevent gastric ulcers, and metronidazole to treat assumed dysbiosis. All SBP changes resolved within 5 months of treatment and the dog remained healthy during the 5-month follow-up.
On August 28, 2019, a 9-year-old male neutered terrier mixed-breed (case 3) from Oklahoma was examined by a veterinarian for lethargy, hyporexia, and polydipsia. Physical examination revealed fever (39.8°C) and palpable abdominal tenderness. CBC abnormalities included a normocytic normochromic anemia and thrombocytopenia. SBP abnormalities included hypoproteinemia, hypocalcemia, and mild azotemia. A protein-losing nephropathy (PLN) was documented by urine dipstick and protein/creatinine ratio. Blood samples were R. rickettsii seroreactive and Rickettsia PCR positive, and convalescent titers demonstrated 4-fold seroconversion (Table 2).
The year before, in August 2018, the dog described in case 3 was examined by a veterinarian for lethargy after tick attachment. At that time, fever (39.7°C), anemia, thrombocytopenia, hyperbilirubinemia, and hypoproteinemia were documented. IFA serology tests performed by 1 diagnostic laboratory showed samples were R. rickettsii seroreactive (1:320) but seronegative for Anplasma spp., Borrelia burdorferi, and Ehrlichia spp. by SNAP 4Dx Plus (IDEXX Laboratories, https://www.idexx.com). Doxycycline and immunosuppressive doses of prednisone were administered concurrently for RMSF and potential immune-mediated disease. Clinical and hematologic abnormalities resolved, and treatment was transitioned from prednisone to cyclosporine due to adverse side effects. Cyclosporine was discontinued in January 2019 and serial monthly CBCs remained normal through March 2019. When rechecked on August 9, 2019, for joint pain, hematocrit and platelet count were normal, but hypoproteinemia, hypoalbuminemia, and hypocalcemia were detected. By August 30, 2019, the dog’s anemia and thrombocytopenia worsened, despite treatment with doxycycline and prednisone. Marked abdominal effusion was documented by abdominal ultrasound, without evidence of an intra-abdominal mass. Prednisone and mycophenolate were administered for presumptive immune-mediated thrombocytopenia, and within 3 weeks, the platelet count normalized and titers increased by 4-fold. Despite medical therapy for PLN, nephrotic syndrome developed, and the dog was euthanized.
We obtained identical Rickettsia DNA gene sequences from each dog’s blood specimen. We confirmed novel Rickettsia sp. by PCR targeting 3 genes (gltA, htrA, and ompA) and 2 intergenic spacer regions (23S-5S and mmpA-purC) (Table 2). Rickettsia amplicons were 100% identical among the 3 dogs. We amplified a larger region of the ompA and gltA genes by using 3 different quantitative PCRs from case 3. We submitted sequences from this dog’s serum samples to GenBank (accession nos. MT050445–8 and MT066187). We also used the Rickettsia sequences from case 3 to generate a phylogenetic tree (Table 2) based on concatenated novel Rickettsia sp. DNA sequences and reference Rickettsia spp. We generated the phylogenetic tree by using the maximum-likelihood method based on the Tamura-Nei model (Figure) (6,7). Multilocus phylogenetic analysis placed the novel Rickettsia sp. in a clade among SFG Rickettsia between the human pathogens R. heilongjiangensis and R. massiliae. We attempted cell culture isolation of the Rickettsia sp. from whole blood but were unsuccessful (Appendix).
Figure.
Multilocus phylogenetic tree of Rickettsia spp. obtained from a dog with Rocky Mountain spotted fever–type symptoms in 2019 (bold) compared with reference sequences. We noted 3 dogs with RSMF symptoms. Rickettsia DNA were identical among all 3 cases; however, complete sequences from all 5 regions were obtained only from case 3, which we used to represent the novel Rickettsia species strain 2019-CO-FNY. We used 2,576 nucleotides concatenated from regions within 3 genes (gltA, htrA, and ompA) and 2 intergenic spacer regions (23S-5S and mmpA-purC). We used the maximum-likelihood method and Tamura-Nei model (6,7) optimized for branch length, topology, and substitution rate to assemble the tree by using the PhyML 3.3.20180621 plugin in Geneious Prime 11.0.0+7 (https://www.geneious.com). Numbers at nodes indicate bootstrap percentages obtained from 1,000 resamplings. Numbers in parentheses are GenBank accession numbers. The tree is drawn to scale. Scale bar indicated the number of nucleotide substitutions per site.
Conclusions
We report similar illnesses among 3 dogs from different US states associated with tick exposures occurring in summer months. All 3 cases demonstrated fever, lethargy, and thrombocytopenia, abnormalities commonly associated with RMSF. Case 1 had a typical acute onset fever and rapidly responded to treatment with doxycycline; case 2 had a neutrophilic polyarthritis, which has been associated with RMSF in dogs (8). Case 3 was examined for acute onset febrile illness 1 year before the novel Rickettsia sp. infection was documented; Rickettsia IFA seroreactivity was documented on both occasions. This dog likely had an unidentified, concurrent disease process that contributed to PLN.
The cases were geographically distributed among 4 states; the dogs resided in Illinois, Oklahoma, and Tennessee, but the dog from Illinois had traveled to a tick-infested area of Arkansas. The tick species were not identified, but ticks common to these states include Amblyomma americanum, Dermacentor variabilis, and Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato, all of which are known to transmit Rickettsia (3). Haemophysalis longicornis, an invasive tick species recently confirmed in the United States, including in Tennessee and Arkansas, should be considered a potential vector for Rickettsia spp. (9,10).
Based on serologic cross-reactivity, presence of ompA, and phylogenetic tree analysis, the new Rickettsia sp. is an SFG Rickettsia, phylogenetically related to human pathogenic R. heilongjiangensis and R. massiliae, with only 95% identity to each (11,12). Thus, we report a previously unknown and unique Rickettsia sp. with clinical significance for dogs and potentially humans. Because this novel Rickettsia cross-reacts with R. rickettsia on IFA, it could be underdiagnosed and more geographically widespread. Studies aimed at identifying the tick vector, potential animal reservoirs, and prevalence are ongoing. These 3 canine rickettsioses cases underscore the value of dogs as sentinels for emerging tickborne pathogens (13,14).
Additional methods used to investigate cases of a novel Rickettsia sp. among 3 dogs, United States.
Acknowledgments
We thank Brad L. Fry for providing the clinical and diagnostic information for case 1 in this manuscript.
B.A.Q. is co-director of the North Carolina State Vector Borne Disease Diagnostic Lab (NC State VBDDL); IDEXX Laboratories (https://www.idexx.com) funds a portion of her salary. E.B.B. codirects the NC State VBDDL and the Intracellular Pathogens Research Laboratory at NC State, is chief scientific officer at Galaxy Diagnostics (https://www.galaxydx.com), and is a paid consultant for IDEXX Laboratories, Inc. No other authors have competing interests to declare.
Biography
Mr. Wilson is a vectorborne disease research technician at the North Carolina State Vector Borne Disease Diagnostic Lab. His research interests include optimization of molecular testing and vectorborne infectious disease diagnoses.
Footnotes
Suggested citation for this article: Wilson JM, Breitschwerdt EB, Juhasz NB, Marr HS, de Brito Galvão JF, Pratt CL, et al. Novel Rickettsia species infecting dogs, United States. Emerg Infect Dis. 2020 Dec [date cited]. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2612.200272
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Associated Data
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Supplementary Materials
Additional methods used to investigate cases of a novel Rickettsia sp. among 3 dogs, United States.