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. 2020 Aug 13;9(4):941–953. doi: 10.1007/s40123-020-00290-6

Prospective Interventional Cohort Study of Ocular Surface Disease Changes in Eyes After Trabecular Micro-Bypass Stent(s) Implantation (iStent or iStent inject) with Phacoemulsification

Justin A Schweitzer 1,✉, Whitney H Hauser 2, Mitch Ibach 1, Brandon Baartman 1, Subba R Gollamudi 2, Andrew W Crothers 2, John E Linn 2, John P Berdahl 1
PMCID: PMC7708605  PMID: 32789800

Abstract

Introduction

This study sought to assess ocular surface disease changes following cataract surgery combined with trabecular micro-bypass stent(s) implantation (iStent or iStent inject).

Methods

This prospective interventional single-arm clinical trial enrolled 47 eyes with mild-to-moderate open-angle glaucoma (OAG) on 1–4 glaucoma medications who underwent phacoemulsification and trabecular micro-bypass stent(s) implantation. Key glaucoma and ocular surface data through 3 months postoperatively included the Ocular Surface Disease Index score (OSDI), corneal/conjunctival staining (Oxford Schema), fluorescein tear break-up time (FTBUT), conjunctival hyperemia (Efron Scale), glaucoma medications, and intraocular pressure (IOP).

Results

Mean OSDI scores improved from 40.1 ± 21.6 (severe) preoperatively to 17.5 ± 15.3 (mild) at 3 months (p < 0.0001). While 73% of eyes had moderate or severe OSDI scores preoperatively, 29% had such scores at 3 months, and the OSDI score was normal in 57% of eyes versus 9% preoperatively. Mean FTBUT increased from 4.3 ± 2.4 s preoperatively to 6.4 ± 2.5 s at 3 months (p < 0.0001); mean Oxford corneal/conjunctival staining reduced from 1.4 ± 1.0 preoperatively to 0.4 ± 0.6 at 3 months (p < 0.0001); mean Efron conjunctival hyperemia score reduced from 1.4 ± 0.7 preoperatively to 1.2 ± 0.6 at 3 months (p = 0.118). The number of glaucoma medications decreased from 1.5 ± 0.9 to 0.6 ± 0.8 mean medications (60% reduction, p < 0.0001), with all eyes maintaining or reducing medications versus preoperatively and 55% of eyes becoming medication-free (versus 0% preoperatively). Mean IOP reduced from 17.4 ± 4.2 mmHg to 14.5 ± 3.2 mmHg (p < 0.0001). The safety profile was excellent.

Conclusion

Implantation of trabecular micro-bypass stent(s) (iStent or iStent inject) with cataract surgery produced significant improvements in ocular surface health, alongside significant reductions in IOP and medications.

Trial registration

ClinicalTrials.gov identifier, NCT04452279.

Keywords: Dry eye, Medication, MIGS, Ocular surface, Quality of life, Trabecular micro-bypass

Key Summary Points

Why carry out this study?
Topical glaucoma medications are widely known to cause or worsen ocular surface disease, while trabecular micro-bypass stent implantation with iStent or iStent inject is proven to consistently reduce medication burden and intraocular pressure (IOP) in glaucomatous eyes.
This prospective cohort study is one of the first to examine the direct linkage between stent implantation with phacoemulsification and postoperative changes in ocular surface disease.
Specifically, this 3-month study measured the Ocular Surface Disease Index score (OSDI), corneal/conjunctival staining (Oxford Schema), fluorescein tear break-up time (FTBUT), conjunctival hyperemia (Efron Scale), glaucoma medications, and IOP.
What was learned from the study?
Implantation of iStent or iStent inject with cataract surgery produced meaningful improvements in all measures of ocular surface health, alongside significant reductions in IOP and medications.
Specifically, mean OSDI score improved from 40.1 (severe) to 17.5 (mild) (p < 0.0001), with a ~2.5-fold decrease in the proportion of eyes with moderate/severe OSDI and a ~6-fold increase in the proportion of eyes with normal OSDI. Mean FTBUT increased from 4.3 to 6.4 s (p < 0.0001); mean Oxford corneal/conjunctival staining reduced from 1.4 to 0.4 (p < 0.0001); mean Efron conjunctival hyperemia reduced from 1.4 to 1.2 (p = 0.118).
Meanwhile, the mean number of glaucoma medications decreased from 1.5 to 0.6 medications (p < 0.0001); mean IOP reduced from 17.4 to 14.5 mmHg (p < 0.0001); the safety profile was excellent.
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Introduction

Ocular surface disease (OSD), a top cause of patient visits to eye care providers, is characterized by inadequate tear quantity, unstable tear film, and ocular surface breakdown as well as symptoms of dryness, burning, photophobia, irritation, and blurred vision [1, 2]. The prevalence of OSD within the USA is estimated to be approximately 15% in individuals aged ≥ 65 years [3]. However, OSD is more frequent in patients with glaucoma, with reported rates of disease in up to 59% [4] of patients and OSD symptoms in up to 74% of patients [5]. A major reason cited for this higher prevalence is the use of preservative-containing eyedrops, which are known to promote the development or worsening of OSD [6–9]. Ocular surface disease, in turn, has been shown to reduce patient adherence to therapy [10, 11], increase the risk of future glaucoma surgical failure [12, 13], and worsen patient quality of life [1, 14, 15].

As an alternative to topical medications for glaucoma treatment, patients may undergo a range of interventions, from more conservative laser procedures on one end of the spectrum to more invasive filtering surgeries (e.g., trabeculectomy, tube shunt) on the other. Between these two extremes, micro-invasive glaucoma surgery (MIGS) has gained a growing role in the glaucoma treatment algorithm. The first US FDA-approved MIGS technology, the iStent trabecular micro-bypass (Glaukos Corp., San Clemente, CA), has the most published evidence of any MIGS device in patients with glaucoma. The more recent second-generation iStent inject, FDA-approved in 2018, is being increasingly utilized as well. Both micro-scale devices are designed to create a patent pathway through the diseased trabecular meshwork into Schlemm’s canal, thereby increasing aqueous humor outflow from the anterior chamber and decreasing intraocular pressure (IOP). Stent implantation has been examined in the setting of cataract surgery or as a standalone procedure, in varying glaucoma severities ranging from glaucoma suspect to refractory glaucoma, and in various glaucoma subtypes (e.g., pseudoexfoliative, pigmentary, normal-tension) as well as in primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) [16–31]. In both long- and short-term follow-up, stent implantation has consistently demonstrated substantial reductions in IOP and medication burden. Despite this substantive evidence base showing medication reduction after iStent or iStent inject implantation, to our knowledge, no publication to date has exclusively examined the effect of stent implantation on OSD after surgery.

The current prospective study evaluates OSD parameters through 3 months following iStent or iStent inject implantation in combination with cataract surgery in patients with mild-to-moderate OAG treated with topical medication(s). The study uses four of the most widely accepted and well-validated measures of ocular surface health: the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) patient questionnaire [32], Oxford Schema for corneal/conjunctival staining [33], Efron Scale for conjunctival hyperemia [34], and fluorescein tear break-up time (FTBUT). The OSDI is broadly referenced in the literature [1–5, 8, 9, 32] and is the most widely used test in OSD clinical trials; it is regarded as the gold standard OSD diagnostic test because of its high reliability and validity [32], and it is the consensus recommendation of the Tear Film and Ocular Surface Society Dry Eye Workshop II (TFOS DEWS II) Diagnostic Methodology Subcommittee due to the test’s strong establishment in the field [35]. The present study used these tests to prospectively examine the connection between stent implantation with phacoemulsification and postoperative changes in ocular surface disease.

Methods

Study Design, Participants, and Data Analysis

This prospective interventional multi-surgeon study enrolled participants at two private ophthalmology centers in the US. Consecutive patients scheduled for stent-cataract surgery were asked if they were interested in participating in the study, in which case they completed the OSDI questionnaire to determine study eligibility. Inclusion criteria consisted of a diagnosis of mild-to-moderate open-angle glaucoma (including primary open-angle, pseudoexfoliative, and pigmentary), cataract requiring surgery, current treatment with one or more ocular hypotensive medications, and baseline OSDI score ≥ 8.

Ethics approval was obtained from the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of the Southern College of Optometry (Memphis, TN, USA). All procedures performed were in accordance with the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. Informed consent was obtained from all participants. The study was registered in the clinicaltrials.gov registry (#NCT04452279).

The principal OSD efficacy measures were scores on the OSDI questionnaire, Oxford Schema for corneal/conjunctival staining, Efron Scale for conjunctival hyperemia, and FTBUT. Standard glaucoma outcomes of IOP and medications also were recorded. Patients were followed for 3 months postoperatively, with efficacy outcomes compared at 3 months vs. preoperatively. Pre- and postoperative OSD measurements were compared using paired t-tests, with the significance threshold set at a p value < 0.05. Continuous variables are presented as mean ± standard deviation, and categorical variables are measured in terms of proportions.

OSD Testing Protocols

The four OSD tests and their respective grading scales are depicted in Fig. 1a–d. The OSDI is a patient-completed questionnaire, while the other three tests are determined by the clinician at the slit lamp. The OSDI (Fig. 1a) is a 12-item subjective questionnaire designed to assess a patient’s symptoms related to chronic dry eye, its severity, and its impact on ability to function [32]. OSDI scores range from 0 to 100, with severity defined as normal (0–12), mild (13–22), moderate (23–32), and severe (33–100). The Oxford Schema (Fig. 1b) is based on the level of lissamine green and sodium fluorescein staining of the cornea and conjunctiva, as observed after instillation of each solution to the non-anesthetized lower palpebral conjunctiva [33]. The Efron Scale (Fig. 1c) is used to classify conjunctival hyperemia according to standardized images; it is scored from 0 (normal) to 4 (severe) [34]. The FTBUT (Fig. 1d) is tested by instilling approximately 5 µl of 2% sodium fluorescein solution into the inferior cul-de-sac, asking the patient to blink normally, and measuring the time for tear break-up under non-anesthetized conditions. FTBUT is classified as normal (≥ 10 s), mild to moderate (5–9 s), or severe (< 5 s) [4].

Fig. 1.

Fig. 1

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a Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI). b Oxford schema for corneal and conjunctival staining. c Efron Scale for conjunctival hyperemia. d Sample images of fluorescein tear break-up time (FTBUT) assessmenta. Footnote: aFTBUT classifications: normal, ≥ 10 s; mild to moderate, 5–9 s; severe, < 5 s

iStent and iStent Inject Devices, Implantation Technique, and Postoperative Medication Regimen

The iStent and iStent inject are biocompatible, titanium, micro-scale stents designed to provide a patent bypass through the trabecular meshwork into Schlemm’s canal, thereby facilitating aqueous outflow and decreasing IOP. The dimensions and design of each device have been detailed previously [16, 24]. Following successful cataract surgery, the surgeon advanced ab internally through the existing phacoemulsification incision to the nasal trabecular meshwork, where he/she implanted either the iStent device (1 first-generation stent) or the iStent inject (2 s-generation stents). At the close of surgery, some eyes (40/47) received an intracameral injection of DexMoxiKetor (Imprimis Pharma, San Diego, CA), followed by once-daily topical PredGatiBrom or PredGatiNep (Imprimis Pharma for both) for 1 month. Eyes that did not receive an intraoperative injection were prescribed a topical regimen of antibiotic for 1 week, NSAID for 1 month, and corticosteroid taper over 1 month.

Results

Study Participants

All eyes (n = 47) underwent uncomplicated phacoemulsification cataract surgery with concomitant iStent (n = 45) or iStent inject (n = 2) implantation. Mean baseline age was 70.9 years, approximately 57% of eyes were from female patients, and all patients were using topical glaucoma medication (range 1–4 medications). Mean preoperative OSD grades ranged from severe (OSDI 40.1) to mild (Oxford 1.4 and Efron 1.4), and mean FTBUT (4.3 s) was less than half the normal value of ≥ 10 s. Preoperative demographic and clinical characteristics are shown in Table 1.

Table 1.

Baseline demographic and ocular characteristics

Baseline characteristics n = 47
Age (years; mean ± SD) 70.9 ± 6.8
Gender (% M/F) 43%/57%
Race

94% White (44/47)

6% African American (3/47)
Surgery
 iStent + phaco 45 (96%)
 iStent inject + phaco 2 (4%)

IOP (mmHg)

Mean ± SD

 17.4 ± 4.2
Glaucoma medications
 Mean ± SD 1.5 ± 0.9
 Range (1–4)
Prescription ocular surface medications % (n) 2.1% (1/47)a
Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI)
 Mean ± SD 40.1 ± 21.6
 Range (8.3–95.8)
OSDI quartiles
 0–12 Normal 4 (9%)
 13–22 Mild 9 (19%)
 23–32 Moderate 6 (13%)
 33–100 Severe 28 (60%)
Conjunctival hyperemia (Efron Scale)
 Mean ± SD 1.4 ± 0.7
 Range (0–3)
Efron severities
 0: Normal, no action required 3 (6%)
 1: Trace; action rarely required 22 (47%)
 2: Mild; action may be required 21 (45%)
 3: Moderate; action usually required 1 (2%)
 4: Severe; action certainly required 0 (0%)
Corneal/conjunctival staining (Oxford Schema)
 Mean ± SD 1.4 ± 1.0
 Range (0–3)
Oxford severities
 0: Absent 9 (19%)
 1: Minimal 19 (40%)
 2: Mild 12 (26%)
 3: Moderate 7 (15%)
 4: Marked 0 (0%)
 5: Severe 0 (0%)
Fluorescein tear break-up time (FTBUT) in (seconds)b
 Mean ± SD 4.3 ± 2.4
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aOne eye was on Restasis preoperatively

bAbnormal if < 10 s

Efficacy

Significant improvements in OSDI, corneal/conjunctival staining, and fluorescein tear break-up time were observed at 3 months compared to preoperatively. The mean preoperative OSDI score was 40.1 ± 21.6, which decreased to 17.5 ± 15.3 at 3 months postoperatively (p < 0.0001) (Fig. 2a); this equated to reducing the mean OSDI severity from severe to mild disease. While 73% of eyes had moderate or severe OSDI scores preoperatively, only 29% had such scores at 3 months; by 3 months, 57% of eyes had an OSDI score in the normal range (vs. 9% preoperatively) (Fig. 2b). Mean preoperative FTBUT was 4.3 ± 2.4 s, less than half of the normal value of ≥ 10 s. At 3 months, mean FTBUT had increased to 6.4 ± 2.5 s (p < 0.0001) (Fig. 3a). The mean Oxford corneal/conjunctival staining score also reduced significantly, from 1.4 ± 1.0 preoperatively to 0.4 ± 0.6 at 3 months (p < 0.0001) (Fig. 3b). The mean Efron score for conjunctival hyperemia reduced from 1.4 ± 0.7 preoperatively to 1.2 ± 0.6 at 3 months (p = 0.118) (Fig. 3c).

Fig. 2.

Fig. 2

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a Mean Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) score. Preoperative vs. month 3. b Proportional analysis of OSDI score. Preoperative vs. month 3

Fig. 3.

Fig. 3

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a Mean fluorescein tear break-up time (FTBUT). Preoperative vs. month 3. b Mean corneal/conjunctival staining (Oxford Schema). Preoperative vs. month 3. c Mean conjunctival hyperemia (Efron score). Preoperative vs. month 3

Medication burden pre- and postoperatively is shown in Fig. 4a–c. At 3 months postoperatively, mean medication burden decreased from 1.5 ± 0.9 to 0.6 ± 0.8 medications (60% reduction, p < 0.0001). All eyes either maintained or decreased their medication regimen versus preoperatively, with 55% of eyes eliminating medications entirely (versus 0% medication-free preoperatively). By 3 months, 72% of eyes had eliminated 1–3 medications from their preoperative regimen, and only 12% of eyes were on ≥ 2 medications (versus 30% preoperatively). Meanwhile, mean IOP reduced significantly, from 17.4 ± 4.2 mmHg to 14.5 ± 3.2 mmHg (17% reduction, p < 0.0001) (Fig. 5).

Fig. 4.

Fig. 4

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a Mean number of medications. Preoperative vs. month 3. b Change in medication burden at 3 months vs. preoperativelya. Footnotes: aAt 3 months postoperatively, 100% of eyes either maintained or reduced medication burden vs. preoperatively. Preop, preoperative; Med, medication. c Proportional analysis of medication burden. Preoperative vs. month 3

Fig. 5.

Fig. 5

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Mean intraocular pressure (IOP). Preoperative vs. month 3

Ocular surface measurements, IOP, and medications also were analyzed for the subgroup of eyes undergoing iStent implantation with phacoemulsification (i.e., excluding two iStent inject cases). Outcomes were similar to those of the overall cohort; see Table 2.

Table 2.

Preoperative and month 3 ocular surface parameters, intraocular pressure, and number of medications eyes undergoing istent + phacoemulsification (n = 45)a

Conjunctival hyperemia (Efron Scale) Corneal/conjunc-tival staining (Oxford Schema) FTBUT (no. seconds) Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) Intraocular pressure (mmHg) Number of medications
Preoperative 1.4 ± 0.7 1.4 ± 1.0 4.4 ± 2.4 39.8 ± 21.9 17.5 ± 4.2 1.5 ± 0.9
Month 3 1.2 ± 0.6 0.4 ± 0.5 6.5 ± 2.5 16.4 ± 14.8 14.5 ± 3.3 0.6 ± 0.8
p value vs. preoperatively (paired t-test) 0.128  < 0.0001  < 0.0001  < 0.0001  < 0.001  < 0.0001
% Change vs. preoperatively 14% reduction 71% reduction 48% increase (improvement) 56% reduction 17% reduction 60% reduction
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aAnalysis does not include two eyes receiving iStent inject

Safety

Safety parameters were highly favorable. All eyes were successfully implanted with iStent or iStent inject with concomitant cataract surgery; there were no intraoperative complications. Through 3 months postoperatively, no adverse events were reported. Notably, there were no reported cases of persistent inflammation, peripheral anterior synechiae (PAS), hypotony, choroidal hemorrhage, hyphema, or corneal decompensation. No eyes underwent additional glaucoma surgery during follow-up.

Discussion

This prospective study in patients undergoing trabecular micro-bypass implantation (iStent or iStent inject) contributes some of the first data specifically analyzing the effect of a MIGS device on ocular surface health in patients with glaucoma. Three months after iStent or iStent inject implantation with cataract surgery, clinically and statistically significant improvements were observed in nearly all ocular surface parameters, including OSDI, corneal/conjunctival staining, and tear break-up time. The patient-level significance of these changes is that patients’ average OSDI severity improved from severe to mild, mean corneal staining decreased more than threefold, and eyes on average remained lubricated approximately 50% longer before break-up of tears, respectively. Conjunctival hyperemia also decreased, although this did not reach statistical significance (preoperative score was already in the Trace range).

In nearly all OSD studies, a central challenge is that patient symptoms (as measured by OSDI) do not necessarily match clinical signs (as measured by Oxford, Efron, FTBUT). However, the improvement of each measurement over time for a given patient is meaningful even if there is imperfect correlation between the various tests. By collecting such OSD data alongside traditional glaucoma outcomes (i.e., IOP, medications), this study may aid surgeons and patients in understanding the ocular surface effects of iStent and iStent inject implantation. Any observed effects may be expected to apply specifically to iStent and iStent inject devices, given they are the smallest available trabecular meshwork implants and have a longstanding evidence base showing favorable safety and minimal tissue disruption and inflammation. The same ocular surface benefits may not necessarily be transferrable to larger more invasive devices and procedures that could cause hyperemia and/or inflammatory cascades counteracting ocular surface improvements. Thus, any positive ocular surface effects may become part of the benefit-risk consideration of various medical and surgical treatment options for glaucoma.

Of the four OSD parameters measured in this study, the most dramatic improvements were observed in patients’ OSDI scores. Given the preeminence of this test in OSD clinical studies [32, 35], and its widespread utilization in clinical practice, these improvements are especially promising. It also deserves mention that by 3 months postoperatively, significant improvements were observed in both subjective symptoms (e.g., OSDI) and clinical signs (e.g., FTBUT and Oxford staining). In other words, clinically detectable changes were apparent to the eye care provider, but patients also felt a tangible improvement in their symptoms (and conceivably in their quality of life). A similar correspondence between subjective and objective findings was demonstrated in a recent study by Agnifili et al. [36], which showed OSDI scores to be directly correlated to the tear meniscus height and area measured by anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT). The findings of both the present study and that of Agnifili et al. are notable given that in many OSD studies, symptoms do not necessarily correlate with objective measures [37].

Likely the primary factor contributing to these ocular surface improvements after iStent or iStent inject implantation is the significant reduction in medications, which themselves are known to promote or worsen OSD (6–9). The negative ocular surface effects of medications are widely documented. For example, Baudouin et al. demonstrated that longer duration of exposure to glaucoma medication(s) resulted in significant increases in ocular surface inflammatory markers such as immunoglobulin E (IgE) and class II human leukocyte antigen-D related antigen (HLA-DR) [6]. The same investigators also showed increased inflammatory markers with multiple topical glaucoma medications as compared to monotherapy [7]. Similarly, Rossi et al. demonstrated a clear relationship between dry eye disease and number of glaucoma medications, with dry eye present in 11% of eyes on one eyedrop compared to 39% and 43% of eyes on two and three drops, respectively [8]. Fechtner et al. also reported incrementally higher OSDI scores in patients using more glaucoma medications, with mean OSDI scores of 12.9, 16.7, and 19.4 in eyes on one, two, and three glaucoma medications, respectively [9]. Alongside such studies correlating medications with ocular surface disease, the medication reductions consistently observed after stent implantation also are well known and widely documented [16–31]. Thus, it stands to reason that stent implantation would result in ocular surface improvement. However, to our knowledge, the present study contributes some of the first data on changes in ocular surface disease measurements before and after stent implantation.

Besides ocular surface benefits, reducing medication burden also can positively impact patient adherence. Suboptimal medication adherence is widely acknowledged to be a key limitation of topical glaucoma treatments, with an estimated 50% of patients not using medications as prescribed [38]. This is particularly relevant for the approximately 40–50% of glaucoma patients who are on multiple medications, as adherence is known to drop dramatically when more than 1 medication is prescribed [10, 11]. Reducing exposure to medications and preservatives also can preserve conjunctival health, thereby reducing the risk of failure of future subconjunctival glaucoma surgery [12, 13].

Although the study’s focus was on the impact of iStent or iStent inject surgery on ocular surface parameters and medication burden, the significant IOP reductions achieved also deserve mention. Even as medications were reduced 2.5-fold, mean IOP was reduced by nearly 3 mmHg. This reduction is especially noteworthy given the cohort’s relatively low preoperative mean IOP (17.4 mmHg) and the well-known observation of smaller IOP reductions with lower preoperative IOP [17].

This study is not without limitations. There was no control group of cataract surgery alone or fellow-eye control. As is frequently done in single-arm clinical studies, patients’ preoperative measurements served as their own control, although we acknowledge that this does not replace a true control group. The sample size was modest, as this was a pilot study, so future studies may include greater numbers of participants or sites. Another possible direction for future research could be to examine whether intracameral or preservative-free postoperative medications could have a different effect compared to topical medications containing preservatives. As is common in OSD studies, there was inconsistent correlation between patients’ symptoms (i.e., OSDI score) and objective clinical tests (i.e., Efron, Oxford, FTBUT). However, given that the tests were completed by the same clinicians in the same patients over time, the preoperative versus postoperative comparison is still meaningful. The study was unmasked, leaving open the possibility of bias in clinicians’ observations and patients’ perception of their own symptoms. Study follow-up extended up to 3 months, and longer-term data may be needed to detect chronic changes in corneal and conjunctival health after stent surgery.

Limitations notwithstanding, this study contributes useful evidence on a topic currently lacking in the MIGS literature. Ocular surface health plays a central role in patient adherence, quality of life, and outcomes of future conjunctival surgery in patients with glaucoma. Implantation of iStent or iStent inject with cataract surgery produced significant improvements in ocular surface health, alongside significant reductions in IOP and medications. Thus, ocular surface improvement may be an additional postoperative benefit for doctors and patients to consider as they are evaluating glaucoma treatment options.

Conclusions

This prospective interventional study evaluated changes in patients’ ocular surface symptoms and clinical signs through 3 months following iStent or iStent inject implantation with cataract surgery. Outcomes showed significant improvement in OSD parameters, as well as significant IOP and med reductions, with excellent safety. These findings constitute some of the first data on OSD changes after MIGS surgery. Given the high prevalence of OSD in glaucoma patients, and the increasing utilization of MIGS worldwide, such data are particularly germane to the ophthalmology community today.

Acknowledgements

We thank the participants in this study.

Funding

The investigators received an investigator-initiated study (IIS) grant, editorial assistance (Dana Hornbeak, MD, MPH of Glaukos Corporation), and Rapid Service Fees from Glaukos Corp. (San Clemente, CA, USA).

Authorship

All named authors meet the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) criteria for authorship for this article, take responsibility for the integrity of the work as a whole, and have given their approval for this version to be published.

Disclosures

Justin Schweitzer: Bausch and Lomb: Speaker/Consultant, Sight Sciences: Consultant, Alcon: Speaker/Consultant, Sun Pharma: Consultant, Allergan: Speaker/Consultant, Equinox: Investor,Reichert: Consultant, Aerie: Speaker/Consultant, Ocular Therapeutix: Consultant, EyePoint Pharmaceuticals: Consultant, Johnson & Johnson: Speaker/Consultant, Horizon Pharma: Consultant,Glaukos: Speaker/Consultant, Quidel: Consultant. Whitney Hauser: TearLab: Advisory Board member, Paragon BioTeck: Advisory Board member, Johnson & Johnson Vision: Speaker/Consultant, Novartis: Speaker/Consultant, Lumenis: Consultant/Speaker, CoolDoctors: Consultant, Allergan: Speaker/Consultant, Alcon: Constant/Speaker, Bruder Medical: Consultant, BioTissue: Speaker/Consultant, Sight Sciences, Inc.: Consultant, Eyevance Pharmaceuticals: Consultant, Kala Pharmaceuticals: Consultant, Glaukos: Consultant/Research, Sun Pharmaceuticals: Consultant, BlephEx: Consultant, Science Based Health: Consultant, Bausch & Lomb: Consultant, Triad Life Science: Consultant, Horizon Therapeutics: Consultant, Sparca Corporation: Consultant, Osmotica Pharmaceuticals: Consultant, Keeler: Consultant, Oyster Point: Consultant, Dompe Pharmaceuticals: Consultant, Ocular Therapeutix: Consultant, Horizon Pharmaceuticals: Consultant, Keeler: Consultant, Signal Ophthalmic Consulting: Founder/Senior Consultant, DryEyeCoach.com: Founder/CEO, Ocular Surface Society of Optometry (OSSO): Board member, Optometric Cornea Cataract and Refractive Surgery (OCCRS): Board member, Primary Care Optometry News: Editorial Board member, Optometry Times: Editorial Board member, Optometric Management: Columnist. Mitch Ibach: Aerie Pharmaceuticals: Consultant/Lecturer, Alcon: Lecturer, Allergan: Consultant, Equinox: Investor, Glaukos: Consultant/Lecturer, Ocular Therapeutix: Consultant, SightSciences: Consultant. Brandon Baartman: Eyegate Pharmaceuticals: Investor, Equinox: Consultant, Glaukos: Lecturer, Investor, SightSciences: Consultant, Lecturer. John Berdahl: Alcon: Consultant, Allergan: Consultant, Avedro: Consultant/Lecturer, Aurea Medical: Consultant, Bausch and Lomb: Consultant, CorneaGen: Consultant/Lecturer, Dakota Lions Eye Bank: Advisory Board Member, Equinox: Investor, Expert Opinion: Investor. Glaukos: Consultant/Lecturer, Gore: Consultant, Imprimis: Consultant/Investor, iRenix: Consultant, Johnson & Johnson: Consultant, Kala: Consultant, Kedalion: Consultant. MELT Pharmaceuticals: Consultant, MicroOptx: Consultant, New World Medical Consultant/Lecturer, Ocular Surgical Data: Consultant, Ocular Theraputix: Consultant. Omage Ophthalmic: Consultant, Orasis: Consultant, Oyster Point: Consultant. RxSight: Consultant, Surface Inc: Consultant, Tarsus: Consultant, Tear Clear: Consultant, ViaLase: Consultant, Vittamed: Consultant, Verana Health: Consultant, Visionary Ventures: Consultant/Investor, Zeiss: Consultant. Subba Gollamudi, Andrew Crothers and John Linn have nothing to declare.

Compliance with Ethics Guidelines

Ethics approval was obtained from the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of the Southern College of Optometry (Memphis, Tennessee). All procedures performed were in accordance with the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. Informed consent was obtained from all participants.

Data Availability

The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Footnotes

Digital Features

To view digital features for this article go to 10.6084/m9.figshare.12753305.

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Associated Data

This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.

Data Availability Statement

The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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